Assignment 2 Solution CVL500 Dr.

Moradi @ Ryerson University

Question A2-1. Determine the factored axial compressive resistance of a 3.57 m long
W360×101 column made of ASTM A992 steel. Assume that the column sideway is
prevented and 𝐺𝑢 = 1.0 and 𝐺𝐿 = 0.3. For steel, E = 200,000 MPa.

(a) using manual calculations

𝐶𝑟⁄
(b) using 𝐴 tables in the CISC handbook (hint: Table 4-3). Compare 𝐶𝑟 with your
manual calculations result.

(c) using 𝐶𝑟 tables in the CISC handbook (hint: green pages). Compare 𝐶𝑟 with your
manual calculations result.
(d) If the designer decides to strengthen the section by adding a cover plate of
12mm×200mm to the top flange. Calculate the factored axial compressive
resistance of the column.
(e) Based on your manual calculations in (a) and (d), determine the percentage increase
in the section compressive resistance when the cover plate is used.

Solution:

(a) For W360×101

b 255 mm
t 18.3 mm
w 10.5 mm
h 320.4 mm
d 357 mm
A 12900 mm2
Ix 301000000 mm4
Iy 50600000 mm4

Steel grade: 𝐹𝑦 = 345 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝐸 = 200,000 𝑀𝑃𝑎

𝑛 = 1.34

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Assignment 2 Solution CVL500 Dr. Moradi @ Ryerson University

Check the column section for local buckling:

For the Flange:

𝑏/2 200
= 6.97 < 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 10.8
𝑡 √345

For the Web:

ℎ − 2𝑡 670
= 30.5 < 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 36.1
𝑤 √345

Therefore, the section is adequate to prevent local buckling.

Determine 𝑲 based on 𝑮𝒖 and 𝑮𝑳 using the nomograph in the CISC handbook:

𝐾 = 0.7

Determine KL/r:

For the W-section

Ix 301,000,000 mm4
rx 152.75 mm

Iy 50,600,000 mm4
ry 62.63 mm

𝐾𝐿
( ) = 16.36
𝑟 𝑥

𝐾𝐿
( ) = 39.90
𝑟 𝑦

We use the highest (KL/r).

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Assignment 2 Solution CVL500 Dr. Moradi @ Ryerson University

𝐾𝐿 𝐹𝑦 𝐹
𝜆= √ 2 = √ 𝑦 = 0.52
𝑟 𝜋 𝐸 𝐹𝑒

−1
𝐶𝑟 = (𝜑. 𝐴. 𝐹𝑦 )[1 + 𝜆2𝑛 ] 𝑛 = 3540 𝑘𝑁

𝐶𝑟⁄
(b) using 𝐴 tables (Table 4-3):

𝐶𝑟⁄
𝐴 = 274

𝐶𝑟 = 3535 𝑘𝑁

(c) using 𝐶𝑟 tables in the CISC handbook (hint: green pages)

From the factored axial compressive resistance tables:

𝐶𝑟 = 3540 𝑘𝑁

(d) The W-section is strengthened by adding a plate to the top flange. The total area of
the section, neutral axis location, and moment of inertia and radius of gyration values
will change. The solution is otherwise like that for a single W-section.

𝐴 = 𝐴𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = 12900 + (200 ∗ 12) = 15300 𝑚𝑚2

Check local buckling:

For the flange cover plate,

𝑏 670
= 16.7 < 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 36.1
𝑡 √345

For the W-section Flange:

𝑏/2 200
= 6.97 < 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 10.8
𝑡 √345

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Assignment 2 Solution CVL500 Dr. Moradi @ Ryerson University

For the W-section Web:

ℎ − 2𝑡 670
= 30.5 < 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 36.1
𝑤 √345

Therefore, the section is adequate to prevent local buckling.

Determine 𝑲:

Based on 𝐺𝑢 and 𝐺𝐿 using the nomograph in the CISC handbook:

𝐾 = 0.7

Locate neutral axis:

With reference to the top fiber, we have

∑ 𝐴. 𝑦
𝑦̅ = = 161.6 𝑚𝑚
∑𝐴

Using parallel axis theorem, we calculate the moment of inertia about the neutral axis (of
the entire section).

Ix 369,910,247 mm4
rx 155.5 mm

Iy 58,600,000 mm4
ry 61.9 mm

Determine KL/r:

𝐾𝐿
( ) = 16.1
𝑟 𝑥

𝐾𝐿
( ) = 40.4
𝑟 𝑦

We use the highest (KL/r).

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Assignment 2 Solution CVL500 Dr. Moradi @ Ryerson University

𝐾𝐿 𝐹𝑦 𝐹
𝜆= √ 2 = √ 𝑦 = 0.534
𝑟 𝜋 𝐸 𝐹𝑒

−1
𝐶𝑟 = (𝜑. 𝐴. 𝐹𝑦 )[1 + 𝜆2𝑛 ] 𝑛 = 4183 𝑘𝑁

(e) Based on your manual calculations in (a) and (d), the percentage increase in the
section compressive resistance due to the cover plate is:
4183 − 3540
× 100 = 𝟏𝟖%
3540

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Assignment 2 Solution CVL500 Dr. Moradi @ Ryerson University

Question A2-2. Determine the lightest, commonly used wide flange W250 section for
the column shown below to support the factored axial load of 𝑃𝑓 = 2500 𝑘𝑁 by
(a) Doing manual calculations. Your solution should include the iteration for
selecting the lightest section.
(b) Using tables in the CISC handbook.

Select a W250 section that is commonly used and is generally readily available. The
column CVL 500, Introduction to Structural Design
is 6m Midterm Fall 2017
long. Consider pin support conditions at both ends of the column. As
Department
shown below, of Civil
there areEngineering,
two lateralRyerson University
bracing members in the X direction, while no
bracing exists in the Y direction. The steel is ASTM A992 steel and E = 200,000 MPa.
𝑃𝑓 = 2500 𝑘𝑁

A A Y
2000 𝑚𝑚 X

(view A-A)
6000 𝑚𝑚
2000 𝑚𝑚

2000 𝑚𝑚

𝑃𝑓 = 2500 𝑘𝑁

Solution:
2500 × 1000
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 >
0.9 × 345
𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 > 8051.5 𝑚𝑚2

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Assignment 2 Solution CVL500 Dr. Moradi @ Ryerson University

Try W250×67, which has 𝐴 = 8580 𝑚𝑚2

𝑏 = 204 𝑚𝑚
𝑡 = 15.7 𝑚𝑚
𝑑 = 257 𝑚𝑚
𝑤 = 8.9 𝑚𝑚
𝑟𝑥 = 110 𝑚𝑚
𝑟𝑦 = 51.0 𝑚𝑚

KL/r:

𝐾𝐿 6000
( )𝑥 = = 54.54 < 200
𝑟 110

𝐾𝐿 2000
( )𝑦 = = 30.96 < 200
𝑟 64.6

Cr:

𝐹𝑒 = 663.4 𝑀𝑃𝑎

345
𝜆=√ = 0.7211
675.57

345
𝐶𝑟 = 0.9 × 9290 × 1 × 0.001 = 2224 𝑘𝑁
(1 + 0.72112×1.34 )1.34

2224 𝑘𝑁 < 2500 𝑘𝑁 therefore, we need to try a stronger section.

Try W250×80, which has 𝐴 = 10200 𝑚𝑚2

𝑟𝑥 = 111 𝑚𝑚
𝑟𝑦 = 65 𝑚𝑚

KL/r:

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Assignment 2 Solution CVL500 Dr. Moradi @ Ryerson University

𝐾𝐿
( ) = 54.1 < 200
𝑟 𝑥

𝐾𝐿
( ) = 30.8 < 200
𝑟 𝑦

Cr:

𝐹𝑒 = 675.57 𝑀𝑃𝑎

345
𝜆=√ = 0.7146
675.57

345
𝐶𝑟 = 0.9 × 10200 × 1 × 0.001 = 2455 𝑘𝑁
(1 + 0.71462×1.34 )1.34

2455 𝑘𝑁 < 2500 𝑘𝑁 therefore, we need to try a stronger section.

Try W250×89, which has 𝐴 = 11400 𝑚𝑚2

𝑟𝑥 = 112 𝑚𝑚
𝑟𝑦 = 65.1 𝑚𝑚

KL/r:

𝐾𝐿
( ) = 53.57 < 200
𝑟 𝑥

𝐾𝐿
( ) = 30.72 < 200
𝑟 𝑦

Cr:

𝐹𝑒 = 687.8 𝑀𝑃𝑎

345
𝜆=√ = 0.7082
687.8

345
𝐶𝑟 = 0.9 × 11400 × 1 × 0.001 = 2758 𝑘𝑁
(1 + 0.70822×1.34 )1.34

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Assignment 2 Solution CVL500 Dr. Moradi @ Ryerson University

2758 𝑘𝑁 > 2500 𝑘𝑁 therefore, the selected section is adequate in terms of compressive
strength.

Check for local buckling:

For the Flange:

𝑏/2 200
= 7.399 < 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 10.76
𝑡 √345

For the Web:

ℎ − 2𝑡 670
= 21.06 < 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑤ℎ𝑖𝑐ℎ 𝑖𝑠 𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑜 36.07
𝑤 √345

Local buckling is not likely.

(b) Using tables in the CISC handbook.

(𝐾𝐿)𝑥 = 6000 𝑚𝑚

(𝐾𝐿)𝑦 = 2000 𝑚𝑚

(𝐾𝐿)𝑥 effective length for bending about x-x governs (max).

Use 𝐶𝑟 Tables in the handbook for W250 sections (page 4-25). In this table, 𝐶𝑟 is given
depending on the effective length (𝐾𝐿) in mm with respect to the least radius of gyration
(𝑟𝑦 for W250 sections). The values in this table can be readily used when the governing
(𝐾𝐿)𝑚𝑎𝑥 is consistent with the axis giving the least radius of gyration.

For W250 sections, the least radius of gyration is 𝑟𝑦 . However, (𝐾𝐿)𝑚𝑎𝑥 in this problem is
(𝐾𝐿)𝑥 = 6000. Thus, the values in the 𝐶𝑟 table needs to be adjusted using the formula as
follows:

Equivalent (𝐾𝐿)𝑦 = (𝐾𝐿)𝑥 /(𝑟𝑥 /𝑟𝑦 )

This Equivalent (𝐾𝐿)𝑦 will be used to find the corresponding 𝐶𝑟 .

For W250× 80, the same 𝐶𝑟 table lists (𝑟𝑥 /𝑟𝑦 ) = 1.71.
(𝐾𝐿)𝑥 6000
The Equivalent (𝐾𝐿)𝑦 = 𝑟𝑥 = = 3508 ≈ 3500 𝑚𝑚
1.71
𝑟𝑦

Using this Equivalent (𝐾𝐿)𝑦 , the table gives 𝐶𝑟 = 2460 𝑘𝑁

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Assignment 2 Solution CVL500 Dr. Moradi @ Ryerson University

Since this strength is less than the factored load (2460 𝑘𝑁 < 2500 𝑘𝑁), we need to try a
stronger section:

For W250×89, the 𝐶𝑟 table lists (𝑟𝑥 /𝑟𝑦 ) = 1.72.

(𝐾𝐿)𝑥 6000
The Equivalent (𝐾𝐿)𝑦 = 𝑟𝑥 = = 3488 ≈ 3500 𝑚𝑚
1.72
𝑟𝑦

Using this Equivalent (𝐾𝐿)𝑦 , the table gives 𝐶𝑟 = 2750 𝑘𝑁 > 2500 𝑘𝑁. Section W250×89
is thus adequate.

Alternatively, using Table 4-3:

With W250×89, 𝐴 = 11400 𝑚𝑚2

𝐾𝐿
As was obtained: = 53.57
𝑟

𝐾𝐿 𝐶𝑟⁄
For = 53 and 𝐹𝑦 = 345 𝑀𝑃𝑎, table 4-3 gives 𝐴 = 243
𝑟

𝐶𝑟 = 243 × 11400 = 2770 𝑘𝑁

𝐾𝐿 𝐶𝑟⁄
For = 54 and 𝐹𝑦 = 345 𝑀𝑃𝑎, table 4-3 gives 𝐴 = 241
𝑟

𝐶𝑟 = 241 × 11400 = 2458 𝑘𝑁

Using a linear interpolation, an estimate is calculated for Cr which is close to the value
calculated manually (i.e., 2758 𝑘𝑁).

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