Multiple Integrals
Multiple Integrals
Multiple Integrals
The sum z
n X
X n
Sn = lim f (xi∗ , yj∗ ) ∆x∆y is
n→∞ y0 y1
i=0 j=0 y2 y3 y
4
x0
called
Z Z a Riemann sum. Then, x2
x1 y
x3
f (x, y ) dx dy = lim Sn . x4
R
R n→∞ x
z
f(x,y)
ZZ
The integral f (x, y ) dx dy is
R y
the volume above R and below
the graph of f .
R
x
Theorem
If f : R ⊂ R2 → R is continuous in R = [x0 , x1 ] × [y0 , y1 ], then
ZZ Z y1 hZ x1 i
f (x, y ) dx dy = f (x, y ) dx dy ,
R y x
Z 0x1 hZ 0y1 i
= f (x, y ) dy dx.
x0 y0
Example
Use
Z Z Fubini’s Theorem to compute the double integral
f (x, y ) dx dy , where f (x, y ) = xy 2 + 2x 2 y 3 , and
R
R = [0, 2] × [1, 3]. Integrate first in x, then in y .
Example
Use
Z Z Fubini’s Theorem to compute the double integral
f (x, y ) dx dy , where f (x, y ) = xy 2 + 2x 2 y 3 , and
R
R = [0, 2] × [1, 3]. Integrate first in x, then in y .
Solution:
ZZ Z 3Z 2
f (x, y ) dx dy = (xy 2 + 2x 2 y 3 )dx dy
R 1 0
Z 2 hZ 3 i
2 2 3
= (xy + 2x y )dy dx.
0 1
Z 2h
2x 2 4 3 i
ZZ
x 3 3
f (x, y ) dx dy = y + y dx.
R 0 3 1 4 1
ZZ Z 2h
26 2
i
f (x, y ) dx dy = x + 40 x dx
R 0 3
26 x 2 2 x 3 2
= + 40
3 2 0 3 0Z Z
26 8
= (2) + 40 ⇒ f (x, y ) dx dy = 372/3.
3 3 R
Fubini Theorem on rectangular domains.
Example
Use
Z Z Fubini’s Theorem to compute the double integral
x y
f (x, y ) dx dy , where f (x, y ) = + , and R = [1, 4] × [1, 2].
R y x
Corollary
If the continuous function f : R ⊂ R 2 → R satisfies that
f (x, y ) = g (x)h(y ), then the double integral of function f in the
rectangle R = [x0 , x1 ] × [y0 , y1 ] is given by
Z x1 Z y1 Z x1 Z y1
g (x)h(y )dy dx = g (x)dx h(y )dy .
x0 y0 x0 y0
Theorem
If f : R ⊂ R2 → R is continuous in R = [a, b] × [c, d], then
ZZ Z b Z d
f (x, y ) dx dy = f (x, y ) dy dx,
R a c
Z d Z b
= f (x, y ) dx dy .
c a
z
f(x,y)
continuous functions on a
rectangle.
R
x
Double integrals on regions (Sect. 15.1)
z f(x,y)
y y = g2(x)
a y
y = g (x)
1 g (x) g (x)
1 2
b
a x b x x
Double integrals on regions (Sect. 15.1)
z f(x,y)
y
x = h1(y) x = h2(y)
d f(h1(y),y)
f(h2(y),y)
y c d
h 1(y) y
c
h 2(y)
x x
Summary: Fubini’s Theorem on non-rectangular domains.
Theorem
If f : D ⊂ R2 → R is continuous in D, then hold:
(a) (Type I) If D = (x, y ) ∈ R2 : x ∈ [a, b], y ∈ [g1 (x), g2 (x)] ,
Example
Find the integral of f (x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 , on the domain
D = {(x, y ) ∈ R2 : 0 6 x 6 1, x 2 6 y 6 x}.
Solution:
This is a Type I domain,
with lower boundary y
y = g (x) = x
2 2
y = g1 (x) = x ,
y = g2 (x) = x. y = g 1(x) = x2
0 1 x
A double integral on a Type I domain.
Example
Find the integral of f (x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 , on the domain
D = {(x, y ) ∈ R2 : 0 6 x 6 1, x 2 6 y 6 x}.
ZZ Z b Z g2 (x)
Solution: Recall: f (x, y ) dx dy = f (x, y ) dy dx
D a g1 (x)
with g1 (x) = x2 and g2 (x) = x, we obtain
ZZ Z 1Z x
f (x, y ) dx dy = (x 2 + y 2 )dy dx,
D 0 x2
Z 1 h 3 i
x y x
= x2 y 2 + dx.
3 x2
0 x
ZZ Z 1h
2 2
1 3 6
i
f (x, y ) dx dy = x x −x + x −x dx.
D 0 3
Theorem
If f : D ⊂ R2 → R is continuous in D, then hold:
(a) (Type I) If D = (x, y ) ∈ R2 : x ∈ [a, b], y ∈ [g1 (x), g2 (x)] ,
Solution:
This is a Type II domain,
with left boundary y
x = h1 (y ) = y , 1
x = h1(y) = y
and right boundary
√
x = g2 (y ) = y. x = h2(y) = y
0 1 x
Remark:
√
This domain is both Type I and Type II: y = x 2 ⇔ x = y.
A double integral on a Type I domain.
Example
Find the integral of f (x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 , on the domain
√
D = {(x, y ) ∈ R2 : y 6 x 6 y , 0 6 y 6 1}.
ZZ Z d Z h2 (y )
Solution: Recall: f (x, y ) dx dy = f (x, y ) dx dy
D c h1 (y )
√
with h1 (y ) = y and h2 (y ) = y , we obtain
√
ZZ Z 1Z y
x 2 + y 2 dx dy ,
f (x, y ) dx dy =
D 0 y
Z 1 h 3 √ √y i
x y 2
= + y x dy .
3 y
0 y
ZZ Z 1h
1 3/2 3
2 1/2
i
f (x, y ) dx dy = y −y +y y − y dy .
D 0 3
Solution:
Z Z Z 1h
1 3/2 3
2 1/2
i
f (x, y ) dx dy = y −y +y y − y dy .
D 0 3
ZZ Z 1h
1 3/2 1 3 5/2 3
i
f (x, y ) dx dy = y − y +y − y dy ,
D 0 3 3
h1 2
5/2 1 y 4 2 7/2 y 4 i1
= y − + y − ,
35 3 4 7 4 0
2 1 2 1 9
= − + − = .
15 12 7 4 (3)(5)(7)
ZZ
3
We conclude f (x, y ) dx dy = . C
D 35
Domains Type I and Type II.
y
y
y = g (x) = x 1
2
x = h1(y) = y
y = g 1(x) = x2 x = h2(y) = y
0 1 x 0 1 x
Solution:
This integral is written as Type I, since we first integrate on vertical
intervals [1, e x ], with boundaries y = e x , y = 1, while x ∈ [0, 1].
y
1 x
Z 1 Z ex Z e Z 1
Therefore, we conclude that dy dx = dx dy . C
0 1 1 ln(y )
Area, center of mass, moments of inertia. (Sect. 15.2)
Definition
The area of a closed, bounded region R on a plane is given by
ZZ
A= dx dy .
R
Remark:
I To compute the area of a region R we integrate the function
f (x, y ) = 1 on that region R.
I The area of a region R is computed as the volume of a
3-dimensional region with base R and height equal to 1.
Areas of a region on a plane.
Example
Find the area of R = {(x, y ) ∈ R2 : x ∈ [−1, 2], y ∈ [x 2 , x + 2]}.
y
Solution: We express the region R as an y=x+2
4
integral Type I, integrating first on
vertical directions:
2
Z 2 Z x+2 y= x
2
A= dy dx.
−1 x2 −1 1 2 x
2 2 x2 x 3 2
Z x+2 Z
2
A= y 2 dx = x +2−x dx = + 2x − .
−1 x −1 2 3 −1
y
Solution: We express the region R as an y=x+2
4
integral Type II, integrating first on R2
horizontal directions: y = x2
x=y−2 2
ZZ ZZ
A= dx dy + dx dy . x=− y R1 x= y
R1 R2 −1 1 2 x
√ √
Z 1Z y Z 4Z y
A= √
dx dy + dx dy .
0 − y 1 y −2
Definition y
P = ( r, 0 )
Remark:
I Disk sections in polar coordinates are analogous to rectangular
sections in Cartesian coordinates.
I The boundaries of both domains are given by a coordinate
equal constant.
I Notice the extra factor r on the right-hand side.
Remark:
Disk sections in polar coordinates are analogous to rectangular
sections in Cartesian coordinates.
y y
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111111111111111111111 r0 11111111111111
00000000000000
00000000000000
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y0 000000000000000000000
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00000000000000
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1
00
x0 x1 x x
x0 6 x 6 x1 , 0 6 r0 6 r 6 r1 ,
y0 6 y 6 y1 , 0 6 θ0 6 θ 6 θ1 6 2π.
Double integrals on disk sections.
Example
Find the area of an arbitrary circular section
R = {(r , θ) ∈ R2 : r ∈ [r0 , r1 ], θ ∈ [θ0 , θ1 ]}.
Evaluate that area in the particular case of a disk with radius R.
Solution:
Z θ1 Z r1 Z θ1
1
(r1 )2 − (r0 )2 dθ
A= (r dr ) dθ =
θ0 r0 θ0 2
1
(r1 )2 − (r0 )2 (θ1 − θ0 ).
we obtain: A =
2
The case of a disk is: θ0 = 0, θ1 = 2π, r0 = 0 and r1 = R.
In that case we reobtain the usual formula A = πR 2 . C
Example
Find the integral of f (r , θ) = r 2 cos(θ) in the disk
R = {(r , θ) ∈ R2 : r ∈ [0, 1], θ ∈ [0, π/4]}.
Solution:
ZZ Z π/4 Z 1
f dA = r 2 cos(θ)(r dr ) dθ,
R 0 0
ZZ Z π/4 4 1
r 1 π/4
f dA = cos(θ) dθ = sin(θ) .
4 4
R 0 0 0
ZZ √
We conclude that f dA = 2/8. C
R
Double integrals in polar coordinates (Sect. 15.3)
h1(0)
h0(0)
01
00
x
Double integrals in arbitrary regions.
Example
Find the area of the region bounded by the curves r = cos(θ) and
r = sin(θ).
r = cos(θ) ⇔ r 2 = r cos(θ) ⇔ x 2 + y 2 = x.
2 1 2 1 2
1/2 x
x + y− = .
2 2
Example
Find the area of the region bounded by the curves r = cos(θ) and
r = sin(θ).
Z π/4 Z sin(θ) Z π/4
1 2
Solution: A = 2 r dr dθ = 2 sin (θ) dθ;
0 0 0 2
Z π/4
1 1 h π 1 π/4 i
A= 1 − cos(2θ) dθ = − 0 − sin(2θ) ;
0 2 2 4 2 0
1hπ 1 i π 1 1
A= − −0 = − ⇒ A = (π − 2).
2 4 2 8 4 8
C
Z π/4 Z sin(θ) Z π/2 Z cos(θ)
Also works: A = r dr dθ + r dr dθ.
0 0 π/4 0
Double integrals in polar coordinates (Sect. 15.3)
Example
Compute the integral of f (x, y ) = x 2 + 2y 2 on
D = {(x, y ) ∈ R2 : 0 6 y , 0 6 x, 1 6 x 2 + y 2 6 2}.
2
The region is
1
n
2 π √ o
D D = (r , θ) ∈ R : 0 6 θ 6 , 1 6 r 6 2 .
2
1 2 x
√
ZZ Z π/2 Z 2
r 2 1 + sin2 (θ) r drdθ,
f (r , θ)dA =
D
"0Z 1
# "Z √ #
π/2 2
1 + sin2 (θ) dθ r 3 dr ,
=
0 1
Example
Compute the integral of f (x, y ) = x 2 + 2y 2 on
D = {(x, y ) ∈ R2 : 0 6 y , 0 6 x, 1 6 x 2 + y 2 6 2}.
"Z # "Z √ #
ZZ π/2 2
1 + sin2 (θ) dθ r 3 dr .
Solution: f (r , θ)dA =
D 0 1
√
ZZ h π/2 Z π/2
1 i 1 4 2
f (r , θ)dA = θ + 1 − cos(2θ) dθ r
D 0 0 2 4 1
ZZ hπ
1 π/2 1 π/2 i 3 h π π i 3
f (r , θ)dA = + θ − sin(2θ) = + .
D 2 2 0 4 0 4 2 4 4
ZZ
9
We conclude: f (r , θ)dA = π. C
D 16
Changing Cartesian integrals into polar integrals.
Example
2 2
Integrate f (x, y ) = e −(x +y ) on the domain
D = {(r , θ) ∈ R 2 : 0 6 θ 6 π, 0 6 r 6 2}.
2
Solution: Since f (r cos(θ), r sin(θ)) = e −r , the double integral is
ZZ Z π Z 2
2
f (x, y ) dx dy = e −r r dr dθ.
D 0 0
1 π 4 −u 1 π −u 4
ZZ Z Z Z
f (x, y ) dx dy = e du dθ = −e dθ;
D 2 0 0 2 0 0
ZZ
π 1
We conclude: f (x, y ) dx dy = 1− 4 . C
D 2 e
Solution: Let us first draw the sets that form the volume we are
interested to compute.
z
z
R y
y
x x
p
z = ± 1 − r 2, z = r.
= −
y y y
x x x
√ √
hZ 1/ 2 p Z 1/ 2 i
V = 2π 1− r 2 (r dr ) − r (r dr ) .
0 0
Example
Find the volume
p between the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 and the
cone z = x 2 + y 2 .
√ √
hZ 1/ 2 p Z 1/ 2 i
Solution: V = 2π 1− r 2 (r dr ) − r (r dr ) .
0 0
Use the substitution u = 1 − r 2,
so du = −2r dr . We obtain,
h1 Z 1 1 1/√2 i
V = 2π u 1/2 du − r 3 ,
2 1/2 3 0
h1 2 1 1 1 i 2π h 1 1 i
3/2
V = 2π u − = 1 − 3/2 − 3/2 ,
23 1/2 3 23/2 3 2 2
π √
We conclude: V = 2− 2 . C
3
Triple integrals in Cartesian coordinates (Sect. 15.4)
Definition
The triple integral of a function f : R ⊂ R3 → R in the rectangular
box R = [x̂0 , x̂1 ] × [ŷ0 , ŷ1 ] × [ẑ0 , ẑ1 ] is the number
ZZZ X n X
n X n
f (x, y , z) dx dy dz = lim f (xi∗ , yj∗ , zk∗ ) ∆x∆y ∆z.
R n→∞
i=0 j=0 k=0
where xi∗ ∈ [xi , xi+1 ], yj∗ ∈ [yj , yj+1 ], zk∗ ∈ [zk , zk+1 ] are sample
points, while {xi }, {yj }, {zk }, with i, j, k = 0, · · · , n, are partitions
of the intervals [x̂0 , x̂1 ], [ŷ0 , ŷ1 ], [ẑ0 , ẑ1 ], respectively, and
Theorem (Fubini)
If function f : R ⊂ R3 → R is continuous in the rectangle
R = [x0 , x1 ] × [y0 , y1 ] × [z0 , z1 ], then holds
ZZZ Z x1 Z y1 Z z1
f (x, y , z) dx dy dz = f (x, y , z) dz dy dx.
R x0 y0 z0
Three variable functions in [x̂0 , x̂1 ] × [ŷ0 , ŷ1 ] × [ẑ0 , ẑ1 ]: (Fubini)
X n X
n X n Z x̂1 Z ŷ1 Z ẑ1
lim f (xi∗ , yj∗ , zk∗ )∆x∆y ∆z = f (x, y , z) dz dy dx.
n→∞ x̂0 ŷ0 ẑ0
i=0 j=0 k=0
Triple integrals in rectangular boxes.
Example
Compute the integral of f (x, y , z) = xyz 2 on the domain
R = [0, 1] × [0, 2] × [0, 3].
z
3 The integral we need to compute is
ZZZ Z 1Z 2Z 3
f dv = xyz 2 dz dy dx,
R 0 0 0
1 2 y
where we denoted dv = dx dy dz.
x
z
z = g1 ( x, y )
y = h 0( x )
Example x0
y = h 1( x )
Example
Find the integration limits needed to compute the volume of the
2 y2 z2
ellipsoid x + 2 + 2 = 1.
3 2
y
the integration domain. 1
x −2
Volume on a region in space.
Example
Find the integration limits needed to compute the volume of the
y2 z2
ellipsoid x 2 + 2 + 2 = 1.
3 2
Solution: The functions z = g1 and z = g0 are, respectively,
r r
y 2 y2
2
z = 2 1 − x − 2 , z = −2 1 − x − 2 . 2
3 3
The functions y = h1 and y √ = h0 are defined on z√= 0, and are
given by, respectively, y = 3 1 − x 2 and y = −3 1 − x 2 .
The limits on integration in x are ±1. We conclude:
Z 1 Z √
3 1−x 2 Z 2√1−x 2 −(y /3)2
V = √ √ dz dy dx. C
−1 −3 1−x 2 −2 1−x 2 −(y /3)2
Solution:
z
2
1− x − y
2 The top surface is the sphere,
p
z = 1 − x 2 − y 2.
Z √
1/ 2 Z √1/2−x 2 Z √1−x 2 −y 2
We conclude: V = √ √ √ dz dy dx. C
−1/ 2 − 1/2−x 2 x 2 +y 2
Example
Compute the volume of the region given by x > 0, y > 0, z > 0
and 3x + 6y + 2z 6 6.
Solution:
z
The region is given by the first
octant and below the plane 3
(6 − 3x − 6y) / 2
3x + 6y + 2z = 6.
Z 2 Z 1−x/2
x
V =3 1 − − y dy dx,
0 0 2
Z 2 h y 2 (1−x/2) i
x
(1−x/2)
=3 1− y − dx,
2 2 0
0 0
Z 2
x x 1 x 2
=3 1− 1− − 1− dx.
0 2 2 2 2
Z 2
3 x 2
We only need to compute: V = 1− dx.
2 0 2
Volume on a region in space.
Example
Compute the volume of the region given by x > 0, y > 0, z > 0
and 3x + 6y + 2z 6 6.
3 2
Z
x 2
Solution: Recall: V = 1− dx.
2 0 2
Substitute u = 1 − x/2, then du = −dx/2, so
Z 0 Z 1 u 3 1
2 2
V = −3 u du = 3 u du = 3
3 0
1 0
We conclude: V = 1. C
Solution:
The upper surface is
z
p 3
z = 9 − y 2,
2
z= 9−y
the bottom surface is
z = 0. 3 y
1
x y = 3x
1 1h
ZZZ Z i
3
f dv = 27(1 − x) − 9(1 − x) dx,
D 2 0
Z 1h
9 3
i
= 3(1 − x) − (1 − x) dx.
2 0
9 1
ZZZ Z
f dv = (3u − u 3 )du.
D 2 0
Triple integrals in arbitrary domains.
Example
Compute the triple integral of f (x, y , z) = z in the first octant and
bounded by 0 6 x, 3x 6 y , 0 6 z and y 2 + z 2 6 9.
Solution:
9 1
Z Z Z Z
f dv = (3u − u 3 )du,
D 2 0
9 h 3 2 1 1 4 1 i
= u − u ,
2 2 0 4 0
93 1
= − .
2 2 4
ZZZ
45
We conclude f dv = . C
D 8
Triple integrals in Cartesian coordinates (Sect. 15.4)
z
z = g1 ( x, y )
y = h 0( x )
Example x0
y = h 1( x )
−3 −1 3
y
1
x −2
Changing the order of integration.
Example
Change the order of integration in the triple integral
Z 1 Z 3√1−x 2 Z 2√1−x 2 −(y /3)2
V = √ √ dz dy dx.
−1 −3 1−x 2 −2 1−x 2 −(y /3)2
y2 z2 2
Solution: Region: x + 2 + 2 6 1. We conclude:
3 2
√
2 Z
√ 2 2
Z Z 1 2 1−x 3 1−x −(z/2)
V = √ √ dy dz dx.
−1 −2 1−x 2 −3 1−x 2 −(z/2)2
Z 2 Z √1−(z/2)2 Z 3√1−x 2 −(z/2)2
V = √ √ dy dx dz.
−2 − 1−(z/2)2 −3 1−x 2 −(z/2)2
Z 2 Z 3√1−(z/2)2 Z √1−(y /3)2 −(z/2)2
V = √ √ dx dy dz. C
−2 −3 1−(z/2)2 − 1−(y /3)2 −(z/2)2
Example
Compute the triple integral of f (x, y , z) = z in the region bounded
by x > 0, z > 0, y > 3x, and 9 > y 2 + z 2 .
y 2 + z 2 = 9.
−1 3
I It is on one side of the plane y
1
3x − y = 0. The plane has n
3
z
Solution: Recall: 3
Z 3 Z y /3 Z √9−y 2
2
z dz dx dy . z= 9−y
0 0 0
For practice purpose only, let us
change the integration order to
dz dy dx: 1 3 y
x y = 3x
Z 1 Z 3 Z √9−y 2
The result is: I = z dz dy dx.
0 3x 0
Triple integrals in arbitrary domains.
Example
Compute the triple integral of f (x, y , z) = z in the region bounded
by x > 0, z > 0, y > 3x, and 9 > y 2 + z 2 .
Z Z Z √1 3 9−y 2
Solution: Recall I = z dz dy dx.
0 3x 0
1 1h
ZZZ Z i
3
f dv = 27(1 − x) − 9(1 − x) dx,
D 2 0
Z 1h
9 3
i
= 3(1 − x) − (1 − x) dx.
2 0
9 1
ZZZ Z
f dv = (3u − u 3 )du.
D 2 0
Triple integrals in arbitrary domains.
Example
Compute the triple integral of f (x, y , z) = z in the region bounded
by x > 0, z > 0, y > 3x, and 9 > y 2 + z 2 .
Solution:
9 1
ZZZ Z
f dv = (3u − u 3 )du,
D 2 0
9 h u 2 1 u 4 1 i
= 3 − ,
2 2 0 4 0
93 1
= − .
2 2 4
ZZZ
45
We conclude f dv = . C
D 8
Next class:
I Integration in spherical coordinates.
I Review: Cylindrical coordinates.
I Spherical coordinates in space.
I Triple integral in spherical coordinates.
Review: Polar coordinates in plane.
Definition y
P = ( r, 0 )
Example Z 2Z y
Express in polar coordinates the integral I = x dx dy .
0 0
2 = y = r sin ( 0 )
The lower integration limit in r is r = 0. 2
Definition P
x 0
x 2 + y 2 − 2y + 1 6 1 ⇔ r 2 − 2r sin(θ) 6 0 ⇔ r 6 2 sin(θ)
Theorem
If the function f : R ⊂ R3 → R is continuous, then the triple
integral of function f in the region R can be expressed in
cylindrical coordinates as follows,
ZZZ ZZZ
f dv = f (r , θ, z) r dr dθ dz.
R R
Remark:
I Cylindrical coordinates are useful when the integration region
R is described in a simple way using cylindrical coordinates.
I Notice the extra factor r on the right-hand side.
Triple integrals using cylindrical coordinates.
Example
Find the volume of a cylinder of radius R and height h.
We conclude: V = 13 πR 2 h. C
Triple integrals using cylindrical coordinates.
Example √
Z π/2 Z 2 Z 9−r 2
Sketch the region with volume V = rdz dr dθ.
0 0 0
z2 = 9 − r2 ⇔ x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 32 . 5
z = 9−2 2 ⇒ z = 5. 3
x
C
Solution:
The symmetry of the region implies
z z = x2+ y 2
4
x = 0 and y = 0. (We verify this result
later on.) We only need to compute z.
ZZZ
1
Since z = z dv , we start
V R
2 y
computing the total volume V .
x
We use cylindrical coordinates.
Z 2π Z 2Z 4 Z 2 Z 2
4
V = dz rdr dθ = 2π z 2 rdr = 2π (4r −r 3 )dr .
0 0 r2 0 r 0
Triple integrals using cylindrical coordinates.
Example
Change the integration order and compute the integral
Z 2π Z 3 Z z/3
I = r 3 dr dz dθ.
0 0 0
Solution:
Z 2π Z 1Z 3
z I = dz r 3 dr dθ
0 0 3r
3 Z 1
3
= 2π z r 3 dr
0 3r
r=z/3
Z 1
= 2π 3(r 3 − r 4 ) dr
1 y 0
x r4
r 5 1
= 6π − .
4 5 0
1 3π
So, I = 6π , that is, I = . C
20 10
Definition P
x 0
Spherical coordinates in R3
Example
Use spherical coordinates to express p
region between the sphere
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 and the cone z = x 2 + y 2 .
z z= 1− x2 − y2
The top surface is the sphere ρ = 1.
The bottom surface is the cone:
q
ρ cos(φ) = ρ2 sin2 (φ)
z= x2 + y 2 cos(φ) = sin(φ),
1/ 2 y π
x 2 2
x + y = 1/2
so the cone is φ =
.
4
n h πi o
Hence: R = (ρ, φ, θ) : θ ∈ [0, 2π], φ ∈ 0, , ρ ∈ [0, 1] .
4
Integrals in cylindrical, spherical coordinates (Sect. 15.6).
Theorem
If the function f : R ⊂ R3 → R is continuous, then the triple
integral of function f in the region R can be expressed in spherical
coordinates as follows,
ZZZ ZZZ
f dv = f (ρ, φ, θ) ρ2 sin(φ) dρ dφ dθ.
R R
Remark:
I Spherical coordinates are useful when the integration region R
is described in a simple way using spherical coordinates.
I Notice the extra factor ρ2 sin(φ) on the right-hand side.
Triple integral in spherical coordinates.
Example
Find the volume of a sphere of radius R.
0 6 z 6 4 − x 2 − y 2 , so a x
2
I Limits in θ: θ ∈ [0.π];
I Limits in φ: φ ∈ [0, π/2];
2 y
I Limits in ρ: ρ ∈ [0, 2].
2
I The function to integrate is:
x
f = ρ2 sin(φ) sin(θ).
Z π Z π/2 Z 2
ρ2 sin(φ) sin(θ) ρ2 sin(φ) dρ dφ dθ.
I =
0 0 0
Example Z 2π Z π/3 Z 2
Compute the integral I = 3ρ2 sin(φ) dρ dφ dθ.
0 0 sec(φ)
π/3 Z 1/2
h
3 du i
Solution: I = 2π 2 − cos(φ) + .
0 1 u3
h 1 Z 1 i h u −2 1 i
3 −3
I = 2π 2 − + 1 − u du = 2π 4 − ,
2 −2 1/2
1/2
h 1 −2 1 i h 1 2
i h8 3i
I = 2π 4 + u = 2π 4 + 1 − 2 = 2π −
2 1/2 2 2 2
We conclude: I = 5π. C
Review for Exam 3.
Example
Use spherical coordinates to find the volume of the region outside
the sphere ρ = 2 cos(φ) and inside the half sphere ρ = 2 with
φ ∈ [0, π/2].
Solution:
Z 2π Z π/2 Z 2
V = ρ2 sin(φ) dρ dφ dθ.
z
2
0 0 2 cos(φ)
rho = 2 Z π/2 3 2
1
ρ
V = 2π sin(φ) dφ
3
2 y
0 2 cos(φ)
2
x rho = 2 cos ( 0 ) Z π/2 h
2π 3
i
= 8 sin(φ) − 8 cos (φ) sin(φ) dφ.
3 0
Example
Use spherical coordinates to find the volume of the region outside
the sphere ρ = 2 cos(φ) and inside the sphere ρ = 2 with
φ ∈ [0, π/2].
16π 3
V = ⇒ V = 4π.
3 4
C
Triple integral in cylindrical coordinates (Sect. 15.6).
Example
Use cylindrical coordinates to find the volume of a curved wedge
cut out from a cylinder (x − 2)2 + y 2 = 4 by the planes z = 0 and
z = −y .
x 2 + y 2 = 4x ⇔ r 2 = 4r cos(θ) z=−y
r = 4 cos(θ).
y
2
I Since 0 6 z 6 −y , the integration 4
z = 0 plane.
Solution:
Z 2π Z 4 cos(θ) Z −r sin(θ)
V = r dz dr dθ.
z 3π/2 0 0
z=−y
Z 2π Z 4 cos(θ)
2
y V = −r sin(θ) − 0 r dr dθ
4
3π/2 0
x (x − 2) 2 + y 2 = 4 Z 2π 3
r 4 cos(θ)
V =− sin(θ) dθ.
3
3π/2 0
2π
43
Z
V =− cos3 (θ) sin(θ) dθ.
3π/2 3
Triple integral in cylindrical coordinates (Sect. 15.6).
Example
Use cylindrical coordinates to find the volume of a curved wedge
cut out from a cylinder (x − 2)2 + y 2 = 4 by the planes z = 0 and
z = −y .
Z 2π 3
4
Solution: V = − cos3 (θ) sin(θ) dθ.
3π/2 3
r 2 = 6r sin(θ) ⇔ x 2 + y 2 = 6y 3
x 2 + (y − 3)2 = 32 .
−3 3 x
I The other curve is a circle r = 3 centered
r=3
at the origin.
The condition 3 = r = 6 sin(θ) determines the range in θ.
Since sin(θ) = 1/2, we get θ1 = 5π/6 and θ0 = π/6.
5π/6 h 2 5π/6 h 2
32 i 32 i
Z Z
6 2 6
A= sin (θ)− dθ = 1−cos(2θ) − dθ
π/6 2 2 π/6 22 2
2 π 32
5π 5π/6 32 5π π
A=3 − − sin(2θ) − − .
6 6 2 π/6 2 6 6
√ √
32 3 3 √
A = 6π − 3π − − − , hence A = 3π + 9 3/2. C
2 2 2
Double integrals in Cartesian coordinates. (Sect. 15.2)
Example
Find the y -component of the centroid vector in Cartesian
coordinates in the plane of the region given by the disk
x 2 + y 2 6 9 minus the first quadrant.
Z 2π Z 3
4
y= r sin(θ) rdr dθ.
27π π/2 0
4 2π r 3 3 4 4
y= − cos(θ) = (−1)(9) ⇒ y =− .
27π π/2 3 0 27π 3π
Solution: Z 5π/4 Z 2
y
y=x I = r 2 rdr dθ
π/4 0
π 2 3
5π Z
I = − r dr
−2 2
4 4 0
− 2 2 x
r 4 2
I =π
4 0
x 2+ y 2 = 4
We conclude: I = 4π. C
Example
Transform to polar coordinates and then evaluate the integral
√ √ √
Z 0 Z 4−x 2 Z 2Z 4−x 2
2 2
x 2 + y 2 dy dx
I = x +y dy dx +
−2 0 0 x
Example
Transform to polar coordinates and then evaluate the integral
√ √ √
Z 0 Z 4−x 2 Z 2Z 4−x 2
x2 + y 2
x 2 + y 2 dy dx
I = dy dx +
−2 0 0 x
Solution:
y
y=x Z π Z 2
I = r 2 rdr dθ
π/4 0
3π r 4 2
−2 2 2 x I =
4 4 0
x 2+ y 2 = 4 We conclude: I = 3π. C
ZZZ ZZ Z 1−x 2 −y 2
V (D) = dv = dz dx dy .
1 y
1
D R 0
x R
4 2x + y + z = 4
Z 2 Z 4−2x Z 4−2x−y
D Since V (D) = dz dy dx,
0 0 0
4 y
R
2x + y = 4
x
2
we conclude that
Z 2 Z 4−2x Z 4−2x−y
z sin(x) dz dy dx
0 0 0
f = Z 2 Z 4−2x Z 4−2x−y .
dz dy dx
0 0 0