Multiple Integrals

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The double integral as a volume.

The sum z
n X
X n
Sn = lim f (xi∗ , yj∗ ) ∆x∆y is
n→∞ y0 y1
i=0 j=0 y2 y3 y
4
x0
called
Z Z a Riemann sum. Then, x2
x1 y
x3
f (x, y ) dx dy = lim Sn . x4
R
R n→∞ x

z
f(x,y)
ZZ
The integral f (x, y ) dx dy is
R y
the volume above R and below
the graph of f .
R
x

Double integrals (Sect. 15.1)

I Review: Integral of a single variable function.


I Double integral on rectangles.
I Fubini Theorem on rectangular domains.
I Examples.
Fubini Theorem on rectangular domains.

Theorem
If f : R ⊂ R2 → R is continuous in R = [x0 , x1 ] × [y0 , y1 ], then
ZZ Z y1 hZ x1 i
f (x, y ) dx dy = f (x, y ) dx dy ,
R y x
Z 0x1 hZ 0y1 i
= f (x, y ) dy dx.
x0 y0

Remark: Fubini’s Theorem: The order of integration can be


switched in double integrals of continuous functions on a rectangle.
Notation: The double integral is also written as
ZZ Z y1 Z x1
f (x, y ) dx dy = f (x, y ) dx dy .
R y0 x0

Fubini Theorem on rectangular domains.

Example
Use
Z Z Fubini’s Theorem to compute the double integral
f (x, y ) dx dy , where f (x, y ) = xy 2 + 2x 2 y 3 , and
R
R = [0, 2] × [1, 3]. Integrate first in x, then in y .

Solution: Since x ∈ [0, 2] and y ∈ [1, 3],


ZZ Z 3Z 2
f (x, y ) dx dy = (xy 2 + 2x 2 y 3 )dx dy
R 1 0
Z 3 hZ 2 i
2 2 3
= (xy + 2x y )dx dy .
1 0

We compute the interior integral in x first, keeping y constant.


After that we compute the integral in y .
Fubini Theorem on rectangular domains.
Example
Use
Z Z Fubini’s Theorem to compute the double integral
f (x, y ) dx dy , where f (x, y ) = xy 2 + 2x 2 y 3 , and
R
R = [0, 2] × [1, 3]. Integrate first in x, then in y .

Solution: We compute the integral in x first, keeping y constant.


ZZ Z 3 hZ 2 i
2 2 3
f (x, y ) dx dy = (xy + 2x y )dx dy
R 1 0
Z 3h 2  
y 2
2 2y 3  3 2 i
= x + x dy ,
1 2 0 3 0
Z 3h
2 16 3 i
= 2y + y dy .
1 3

We now compute the integral in y ,

Fubini Theorem on rectangular domains.

Example
Use
Z Z Fubini’s Theorem to compute the double integral
f (x, y ) dx dy , where f (x, y ) = xy 2 + 2x 2 y 3 , and
R
R = [0, 2] × [1, 3]. Integrate first in x, then in y .

Solution: We now compute the integral in y ,


ZZ Z 3h
2 16 3 i
f (x, y ) dx dy = 2y + y dy ,
R 1 3
y 3 3 16 y 4 3
=2 + .
3 1 3 4 1
ZZ
26 4
We conclude: f (x, y ) dx dy = 2 + 80 = 372/3. C
R 3 3
Fubini Theorem on rectangular domains.
Example
Use
Z Z Fubini’s Theorem to compute the double integral
f (x, y ) dx dy , where f (x, y ) = xy 2 + 2x 2 y 3 , and
R
R = [0, 2] × [1, 3]. Integrate first in y , then in x.

Solution:
ZZ Z 3Z 2
f (x, y ) dx dy = (xy 2 + 2x 2 y 3 )dx dy
R 1 0
Z 2 hZ 3 i
2 2 3
= (xy + 2x y )dy dx.
0 1

Z 2h  
2x 2  4 3 i
ZZ
x 3 3
f (x, y ) dx dy = y + y dx.
R 0 3 1 4 1

Fubini Theorem on rectangular domains.


Example
Use
Z Z Fubini’s Theorem to compute the double integral
f (x, y ) dx dy , where f (x, y ) = xy 2 + 2x 2 y 3 , and
R
R = [0, 2] × [1, 3]. Integrate first in x, then in y .
Z 2h  
2x 2  4 3 i
ZZ
x 3 3
Solution: f (x, y ) dx dy = y + y dx.
R 0 3 1 4 1

ZZ Z 2h
26 2
i
f (x, y ) dx dy = x + 40 x dx
R 0 3
26 x 2 2 x 3 2
= + 40
3 2 0 3 0Z Z
26 8
= (2) + 40 ⇒ f (x, y ) dx dy = 372/3.
3 3 R
Fubini Theorem on rectangular domains.

Example
Use
Z Z Fubini’s Theorem to compute the double integral
x y
f (x, y ) dx dy , where f (x, y ) = + , and R = [1, 4] × [1, 2].
R y x

Solution: We choose to first integrate in y and then in x.


ZZ Z 4 Z 2
x y
f (x, y ) dx dy = + dy dx,
R 1 1 y x
Z 4 hZ 2 
x y i
= + dy dx,
1 1 y x
Z 4h  2  1  y 2 2 i
= x ln(y ) + dx,

x 2 1

1 1
Z 4h
3 1i
= ln(2) x + dx.
1 2x

Fubini Theorem on rectangular domains.


Example
Use
Z Z Fubini’s Theorem to compute the double integral
x y
f (x, y ) dx dy , where f (x, y ) = + , and R = [1, 4] × [1, 2].
R y x
Solution: We compute the integral in x,
ZZ Z 4h
3 1i
f (x, y ) dx dy = ln(2) x + dx
R 1 2x
 x 2 4  3  4 
= ln(2) + ln(x) ,

2 1 2 1
15 3
= ln(2) + ln(4),
2 2
15
= + 3 ln(2).
2
ZZ
We conclude: f (x, y ) dx dy = (21/2) ln(2). C
R
A particular case of Fubini’s Theorem.

Corollary
If the continuous function f : R ⊂ R 2 → R satisfies that
f (x, y ) = g (x)h(y ), then the double integral of function f in the
rectangle R = [x0 , x1 ] × [y0 , y1 ] is given by
Z x1 Z y1 Z x1 Z y1 
g (x)h(y )dy dx = g (x)dx h(y )dy .
x0 y0 x0 y0

Remark: In the case that f (x, y ) is a product of two functions g ,


h, with g (x) and h(y ), then the double integral of f is also a
product of the integral of g times the integral of h.

A particular case of Fubini’s Theorem.


Example
1 + x2
Compute the double integral of f (x, y ) = , in the
1 + y2
rectangular region R = [0, 2] × [0, 1].
Solution:
2Z 1
1 + x2
ZZ Z
f (x, y ) dx dy = 2
dy dx,
R 0 0 1+y
hZ 2 ihZ 1 1 i
2
= (1 + x )dx 2
dy ,
0 0 1 + y
 2 1 2  1 
= x + x arctan(y ) ,

0 3 0 0
π  8 
= 2+ .
4 3
ZZ
We conclude f (x, y ) dx dy = (14/3)(π/4) = (7/6)π. C
R
Double integrals on regions (Sect. 15.1)

I Review: Fubini’s Theorem on rectangular domains.


I Fubini’s Theorem on non-rectangular domains.
I Type I: Domain functions y (x).
I Type II: Domain functions x(y ).
I Finding the limits of integration.

Review: Fubini’s Theorem on rectangular domains.

Theorem
If f : R ⊂ R2 → R is continuous in R = [a, b] × [c, d], then
ZZ Z b Z d
f (x, y ) dx dy = f (x, y ) dy dx,
R a c
Z d Z b
= f (x, y ) dx dy .
c a

z
f(x,y)

Remark: Fubini’s Theorem: It is


simple to switch the order of
integration in double integrals of y

continuous functions on a
rectangle.
R
x
Double integrals on regions (Sect. 15.1)

I Review: Fubini’s Theorem on rectangular domains.


I Fubini’s Theorem on non-rectangular domains.
I Type I: Domain functions y (x).
I Type II: Domain functions x(y ).
I Finding the limits of integration.

Fubini’s Theorem on Type I domains, y (x).


Theorem
If f : D ⊂ R2 → R is continuous in D, then hold (Type I):
2

If D = (x, y ) ∈ R : x ∈ [a, b], y ∈ [g1 (x), g2 (x)] , with g1 , g2
continuous functions on [a, b], then
ZZ Z b Z g2 (x)
f (x, y ) dx dy = f (x, y ) dy dx.
D a g1 (x)

z f(x,y)
y y = g2(x)

f(x,g1(x)) f(x,g (x))


2

a y

y = g (x)
1 g (x) g (x)
1 2
b

a x b x x
Double integrals on regions (Sect. 15.1)

I Review: Fubini’s Theorem on rectangular domains.


I Fubini’s Theorem on non-rectangular domains.
I Type I: Domain functions y (x).
I Type II: Domain functions x(y ).
I Finding the limits of integration.

Fubini’s Theorem on Type II domains, x(y ).


Theorem
If f : D ⊂ R2 → R is continuous in D, then hold (Type II):
2

If D = (x, y ) ∈ R : x ∈ [h1 (y ), h2 (y )], y ∈ [c, d] , with h1 , h2
continuous functions on [c, d], then
ZZ Z d Z h2 (y )
f (x, y ) dx dy = f (x, y ) dx dy .
D c h1 (y )

z f(x,y)
y
x = h1(y) x = h2(y)
d f(h1(y),y)

f(h2(y),y)

y c d
h 1(y) y

c
h 2(y)

x x
Summary: Fubini’s Theorem on non-rectangular domains.

Theorem
If f : D ⊂ R2 → R is continuous in D, then hold:
(a) (Type I) If D = (x, y ) ∈ R2 : x ∈ [a, b], y ∈ [g1 (x), g2 (x)] ,


with g1 , g2 continuous functions on [a, b], then


ZZ Z b Z g2 (x)
f (x, y ) dx dy = f (x, y ) dy dx.
D a g1 (x)

(b) (Type II) If D = (x, y ) ∈ R2 : x ∈ [h1 (y ), h2 (y )], y ∈ [c, d] ,




with h1 , h2 continuous functions on [c, d], then


ZZ Z d Z h2 (y )
f (x, y ) dx dy = f (x, y ) dx dy .
D c h1 (y )

A double integral on a Type I domain.

Example
Find the integral of f (x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 , on the domain
D = {(x, y ) ∈ R2 : 0 6 x 6 1, x 2 6 y 6 x}.

Solution:
This is a Type I domain,
with lower boundary y
y = g (x) = x
2 2
y = g1 (x) = x ,

and upper boundary

y = g2 (x) = x. y = g 1(x) = x2

0 1 x
A double integral on a Type I domain.
Example
Find the integral of f (x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 , on the domain
D = {(x, y ) ∈ R2 : 0 6 x 6 1, x 2 6 y 6 x}.
ZZ Z b Z g2 (x)
Solution: Recall: f (x, y ) dx dy = f (x, y ) dy dx
D a g1 (x)
with g1 (x) = x2 and g2 (x) = x, we obtain
ZZ Z 1Z x
f (x, y ) dx dy = (x 2 + y 2 )dy dx,
D 0 x2
Z 1 h    3 i
x y x
= x2 y 2 + dx.
3 x2

0 x

ZZ Z 1h
2 2
 1 3 6
i
f (x, y ) dx dy = x x −x + x −x dx.
D 0 3

A double integral on a Type I domain.


Example
Find the integral of f (x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 , on the domain
D = {(x, y ) ∈ R2 : 0 6 x 6 1, x 2 6 y 6 x}.
ZZ Z 1h
2 2
 1 3 6
i
Solution: f (x, y ) dx dy = x x −x + x −x dx.
D 0 3
ZZ Z 1h
1 3 1 6i
3 4
f (x, y ) dx dy = x − x + x − x dx,
D 0 3 3
hx4 x5 x4 x 7 i 1
= − + − ,
4 5 12 21 0
1 1 1 9
= − − = .
3 5 21 (3)(5)(7)
ZZ
3
We conclude: f (x, y ) dx dy = . C
D 35
Summary: Fubini’s Theorem on non-rectangular domains.

Theorem
If f : D ⊂ R2 → R is continuous in D, then hold:
(a) (Type I) If D = (x, y ) ∈ R2 : x ∈ [a, b], y ∈ [g1 (x), g2 (x)] ,


with g1 , g2 continuous functions on [a, b], then


ZZ Z b Z g2 (x)
f (x, y ) dx dy = f (x, y ) dy dx.
D a g1 (x)

(b) (Type II) If D = (x, y ) ∈ R2 : x ∈ [h1 (y ), h2 (y )], y ∈ [c, d] ,




with h1 , h2 continuous functions on [c, d], then


ZZ Z d Z h2 (y )
f (x, y ) dx dy = f (x, y ) dx dy .
D c h1 (y )

A double integral on a Type II domain.


Example
Find the integral of f (x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 on the domain

D = {(x, y ) ∈ R2 : y 6 x 6 y , 0 6 y 6 1}.

Solution:
This is a Type II domain,
with left boundary y

x = h1 (y ) = y , 1
x = h1(y) = y
and right boundary

x = g2 (y ) = y. x = h2(y) = y

0 1 x
Remark:

This domain is both Type I and Type II: y = x 2 ⇔ x = y.
A double integral on a Type I domain.
Example
Find the integral of f (x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 , on the domain

D = {(x, y ) ∈ R2 : y 6 x 6 y , 0 6 y 6 1}.
ZZ Z d Z h2 (y )
Solution: Recall: f (x, y ) dx dy = f (x, y ) dx dy
D c h1 (y )

with h1 (y ) = y and h2 (y ) = y , we obtain

ZZ Z 1Z y
x 2 + y 2 dx dy ,

f (x, y ) dx dy =
D 0 y
Z 1 h 3 √   √y i
x y 2
= + y x dy .

3 y

0 y

ZZ Z 1h
1 3/2 3
 2 1/2
i
f (x, y ) dx dy = y −y +y y − y dy .
D 0 3

A double integral on a Type I domain.


Example
Find the integral of f (x, y ) = x 2 + y 2 , on the domain

D = {(x, y ) ∈ R2 : y 6 x 6 y , 0 6 y 6 1}.

Solution:
Z Z Z 1h
1 3/2 3
 2 1/2
i
f (x, y ) dx dy = y −y +y y − y dy .
D 0 3
ZZ Z 1h
1 3/2 1 3 5/2 3
i
f (x, y ) dx dy = y − y +y − y dy ,
D 0 3 3
h1 2
5/2 1 y 4 2 7/2 y 4 i 1
= y − + y − ,
35 3 4 7 4 0
2 1 2 1 9
= − + − = .
15 12 7 4 (3)(5)(7)
ZZ
3
We conclude f (x, y ) dx dy = . C
D 35
Domains Type I and Type II.

Summary: We have shown that a double integral of a function f


on the domain D given in the pictures below holds,

ZZ Z 1Z x Z 1Z y
f (x, y )dx dy = f (x, y )dy dx = f (x, y )dx dy .
D 0 x2 0 y

y
y
y = g (x) = x 1
2
x = h1(y) = y

y = g 1(x) = x2 x = h2(y) = y

0 1 x 0 1 x

Double integrals on regions (Sect. 15.1)

I Review: Fubini’s Theorem on rectangular domains.


I Fubini’s Theorem on non-rectangular domains.
I Type I: Domain functions y (x).
I Type II: Domain functions x(y ).
I Finding the limits of integration.
Domains Type I and Type II.
Example
RR
Find the limits of integration of D f (x, y ) dxdy in the domain
x 2 y 2
D = (x, y ) ∈ R2 :

+ 6 1 when D is considered first as
9 4
Type I and then as Type II.
x2 y2
Solution: The boundary is the ellipse + = 1.
9 4
So, the boundary as Type I is given by
r r
x 2 x2
y = −2 1 − = g1 (x), y = 2 1 − = g2 (x).
9 9

The boundary as Type II is given by


r r
y 2 y2
x = −3 1 − = h1 (y ), x = 3 1 − = h2 (y ).
4 4
C

Domains Type I and Type II.


Example Z 1 Z ex
Reverse the order of integration in dy dx.
0 1

Solution:
This integral is written as Type I, since we first integrate on vertical
intervals [1, e x ], with boundaries y = e x , y = 1, while x ∈ [0, 1].
y

By inverting the first equation and looking at y = ex x = ln(y)


e
the figure we get the left and right boundaries:
x=1

x = ln(y ), x = 1, with y ∈ [1, e]. 1


y=1

1 x

Z 1 Z ex Z e Z 1
Therefore, we conclude that dy dx = dx dy . C
0 1 1 ln(y )
Area, center of mass, moments of inertia. (Sect. 15.2)

I Areas of a region on a plane.


I Average value of a function.
I The center of mass of an object.
I The moment of inertia of an object.

Areas of a region on a plane.

Definition
The area of a closed, bounded region R on a plane is given by
ZZ
A= dx dy .
R

Remark:
I To compute the area of a region R we integrate the function
f (x, y ) = 1 on that region R.
I The area of a region R is computed as the volume of a
3-dimensional region with base R and height equal to 1.
Areas of a region on a plane.

Example
Find the area of R = {(x, y ) ∈ R2 : x ∈ [−1, 2], y ∈ [x 2 , x + 2]}.

y
Solution: We express the region R as an y=x+2
4
integral Type I, integrating first on
vertical directions:
2
Z 2 Z x+2 y= x
2

A= dy dx.
−1 x2 −1 1 2 x

2 2 x2 x 3  2
Z x+2  Z
2

A= y 2 dx = x +2−x dx = + 2x − .

−1 x −1 2 3 −1

We conclude that A = 9/2. C

Areas of a region on a plane.


Example
Find the area of R = {(x, y ) ∈ R2 : x ∈ [−1, 2], y ∈ [x 2 , x + 2]}
integrating first along horizontal directions.

y
Solution: We express the region R as an y=x+2
4
integral Type II, integrating first on R2

horizontal directions: y = x2
x=y−2 2
ZZ ZZ
A= dx dy + dx dy . x=− y R1 x= y
R1 R2 −1 1 2 x
√ √
Z 1Z y Z 4Z y
A= √
dx dy + dx dy .
0 − y 1 y −2

Verify that the result is: A = 9/2. C


Review: Polar coordinates.

Definition y
P = ( r, 0 )

The polar coordinates of a point P ∈ R2 is the r

ordered pair (r , θ) defined by the picture. 0


x

Theorem (Cartesian-polar transformations)


The Cartesian coordinates of a point P = (r , θ) in the first
quadrant are given by
x = r cos(θ), y = r sin(θ).
The polar coordinates of a point P = (x, y ) in the first quadrant
are given by
p y 
2 2
r = x + y , θ = arctan .
x

Double integrals in polar coordinates (Sect. 15.3)

I Review: Polar coordinates.


I Double integrals in disk sections.
I Double integrals in arbitrary regions.
I Changing Cartesian integrals into polar integrals.
I Computing volumes using double integrals.
I Double integrals in arbitrary regions.
Double integrals on disk sections.
Theorem
If f : R ⊂ R2 → R is continuous in the region

R = {(r , θ) ∈ R2 : r ∈ [r0 , r1 ], θ ∈ [θ0 , θ1 ]}

where 0 6 θ0 6 θ1 6 2π, then the double integral of function f in


that region can be expressed in polar coordinates as follows,
ZZ Z θ1 Z r1
f dA = f (r , θ) r dr dθ.
R θ0 r0

Remark:
I Disk sections in polar coordinates are analogous to rectangular
sections in Cartesian coordinates.
I The boundaries of both domains are given by a coordinate
equal constant.
I Notice the extra factor r on the right-hand side.

Double integrals on disk sections.

Remark:
Disk sections in polar coordinates are analogous to rectangular
sections in Cartesian coordinates.
y y
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y 111111111111111111111
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111111111111111111111 00000000000000
11111111111111
1
000000000000000000000
111111111111111111111 00000000000000
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00000000000000
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000000000000000000000
111111111111111111111
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111111111111111111111 00000000000000
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111111111111111111111 00000000000000
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111111111111111111111 r0 11111111111111
00000000000000
00000000000000
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000000000000000000000
111111111111111111111 00000000000000
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00000000000000
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111111111111111111111 00000000000000
11111111111111 r1
y0 000000000000000000000
111111111111111111111
000000000000000000000
111111111111111111111 011111111111111
00000000000000
00000000000000
11111111111111
1
00
x0 x1 x x

x0 6 x 6 x1 , 0 6 r0 6 r 6 r1 ,
y0 6 y 6 y1 , 0 6 θ0 6 θ 6 θ1 6 2π.
Double integrals on disk sections.

Example
Find the area of an arbitrary circular section
R = {(r , θ) ∈ R2 : r ∈ [r0 , r1 ], θ ∈ [θ0 , θ1 ]}.
Evaluate that area in the particular case of a disk with radius R.

Solution:
Z θ1 Z r1 Z θ1
1
(r1 )2 − (r0 )2 dθ

A= (r dr ) dθ =
θ0 r0 θ0 2

1
(r1 )2 − (r0 )2 (θ1 − θ0 ).

we obtain: A =
2
The case of a disk is: θ0 = 0, θ1 = 2π, r0 = 0 and r1 = R.
In that case we reobtain the usual formula A = πR 2 . C

Double integrals on disk sections.

Example
Find the integral of f (r , θ) = r 2 cos(θ) in the disk
R = {(r , θ) ∈ R2 : r ∈ [0, 1], θ ∈ [0, π/4]}.

Solution:
ZZ Z π/4 Z 1
f dA = r 2 cos(θ)(r dr ) dθ,
R 0 0

ZZ Z π/4  4 1 
r 1 π/4
f dA = cos(θ) dθ = sin(θ) .

4 4

R 0 0 0

ZZ √
We conclude that f dA = 2/8. C
R
Double integrals in polar coordinates (Sect. 15.3)

I Review: Polar coordinates.


I Double integrals in disk sections.
I Double integrals in arbitrary regions.
I Changing Cartesian integrals into polar integrals.
I Computing volumes using double integrals.

Double integrals in arbitrary regions.


Theorem
If the function f : R ⊂ R2 → R is continuous in the region

R = (r , θ) ∈ R2 : r ∈ [h0 (θ), h1 (θ)], θ ∈ [θ0 , θ1 ] .




where 0 6 h0 (θ) 6 h1 (θ) are continuous functions defined on an


interval [θ0 , θ1 ], then the integral of function f in R is given by
ZZ Z θ1 Z h1 (θ)
f (r , θ) dA = f (r , θ)r dr dθ.
R θ0 h0 (θ)

h1(0)

h0(0)
01
00
x
Double integrals in arbitrary regions.
Example
Find the area of the region bounded by the curves r = cos(θ) and
r = sin(θ).

Solution: We first show that these curves are actually circles.

r = cos(θ) ⇔ r 2 = r cos(θ) ⇔ x 2 + y 2 = x.

Completing the square in x we obtain


y
 1 2 2
 1 2 r=sin(0)
x− +y = .
2 2
1/2
Analogously, r = sin(θ) is the circle r=cos(0)

2 1 2  1 2
 1/2 x
x + y− = .
2 2

Double integrals in arbitrary regions.

Example
Find the area of the region bounded by the curves r = cos(θ) and
r = sin(θ).
Z π/4 Z sin(θ) Z π/4
1 2
Solution: A = 2 r dr dθ = 2 sin (θ) dθ;
0 0 0 2
Z π/4
1  1 h π  1 π/4 i
A= 1 − cos(2θ) dθ = − 0 − sin(2θ) ;

0 2 2 4 2 0

1hπ 1 i π 1 1
A= − −0 = − ⇒ A = (π − 2).
2 4 2 8 4 8
C
Z π/4 Z sin(θ) Z π/2 Z cos(θ)
Also works: A = r dr dθ + r dr dθ.
0 0 π/4 0
Double integrals in polar coordinates (Sect. 15.3)

I Review: Polar coordinates.


I Double integrals in disk sections.
I Double integrals in arbitrary regions.
I Changing Cartesian integrals into polar integrals.
I Computing volumes using double integrals.

Changing Cartesian integrals into polar integrals.


Theorem
If f : D ⊂ R2 → R is a continuous function, and f (x, y ) represents
the function values in Cartesian coordinates, then holds
ZZ ZZ
f (x, y ) dx dy = f (r cos(θ), r sin(θ))r dr dθ.
D D

Example
Compute the integral of f (x, y ) = x 2 + 2y 2 on
D = {(x, y ) ∈ R2 : 0 6 y , 0 6 x, 1 6 x 2 + y 2 6 2}.

Solution: First, transform Cartesian into polar coordinates:


x = r cos(θ), y = r sin(θ). Since f (x, y ) = (x 2 + y 2 ) + y 2 ,

f (r cos(θ), r sin(θ)) = r 2 + r 2 sin2 (θ).


Changing Cartesian integrals into polar integrals.
Example
Compute the integral of f (x, y ) = x 2 + 2y 2 on
D = {(x, y ) ∈ R2 : 0 6 y , 0 6 x, 1 6 x 2 + y 2 6 2}.

Solution: We computed: f (r cos(θ), r sin(θ)) = r 2 + r 2 sin2 (θ).


y

2
The region is
1
n
2 π √ o
D D = (r , θ) ∈ R : 0 6 θ 6 , 1 6 r 6 2 .
2
1 2 x


ZZ Z π/2 Z 2
r 2 1 + sin2 (θ) r drdθ,

f (r , θ)dA =
D
"0Z 1
# "Z √ #
π/2 2
1 + sin2 (θ) dθ r 3 dr ,

=
0 1

Changing Cartesian integrals into polar integrals.

Example
Compute the integral of f (x, y ) = x 2 + 2y 2 on
D = {(x, y ) ∈ R2 : 0 6 y , 0 6 x, 1 6 x 2 + y 2 6 2}.
"Z # "Z √ #
ZZ π/2 2
1 + sin2 (θ) dθ r 3 dr .

Solution: f (r , θ)dA =
D 0 1


ZZ h π/2  Z π/2
1  i 1  4 2 
f (r , θ)dA = θ + 1 − cos(2θ) dθ r

D 0 0 2 4 1

ZZ hπ
1  π/2  1  π/2 i 3 h π π i 3
f (r , θ)dA = + θ − sin(2θ) = + .

D 2 2 0 4 0 4 2 4 4
ZZ
9
We conclude: f (r , θ)dA = π. C
D 16
Changing Cartesian integrals into polar integrals.

Example
2 2
Integrate f (x, y ) = e −(x +y ) on the domain
D = {(r , θ) ∈ R 2 : 0 6 θ 6 π, 0 6 r 6 2}.
2
Solution: Since f (r cos(θ), r sin(θ)) = e −r , the double integral is
ZZ Z π Z 2
2
f (x, y ) dx dy = e −r r dr dθ.
D 0 0

Substituting u = r 2 , hence du = 2r dr , we obtain

1 π 4 −u 1 π  −u 4 
ZZ Z Z Z
f (x, y ) dx dy = e du dθ = −e dθ;
D 2 0 0 2 0 0
ZZ
π 1
We conclude: f (x, y ) dx dy = 1− 4 . C
D 2 e

Double integrals in polar coordinates (Sect. 15.3)

I Review: Polar coordinates.


I Double integrals in disk sections.
I Double integrals in arbitrary regions.
I Changing Cartesian integrals into polar integrals.
I Computing volumes using double integrals.
Computing volumes using double integrals.
Example
Find the volume
p between the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 and the
cone z = x 2 + y 2 .

Solution: Let us first draw the sets that form the volume we are
interested to compute.
z
z

R y

y
x x

p
z = ± 1 − r 2, z = r.

Computing volumes using double integrals.


Example
Find the volume
p between the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 and the
cone z = x 2 + y 2 .

Solution: The integration region can be decomposed as follows:


z
z z

= −
y y y
x x x

The volume we are interested to compute is:


Z 2π Z r0 p Z 2π Z r0
V = 1 − r 2 (rdr )dθ − r (rdr )dθ.
0 0 0 0

We need to find r0 , the intersection of the cone and the sphere.


Computing volumes using double integrals.
Example
Find the volume
p between the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 and the
cone z = x 2 + y 2 .

Solution: We find r0 , the intersection of the cone and the sphere.


q
1 − r02 = r0 ⇔ 1 − r02 = r02 ⇔ 2r02 = 1;

that is, r0 = 1/ 2. Therefore
√ √
Z 2π Z 1/ 2 p Z 2π Z 1/ 2
V = 1 − r 2 (r dr )dθ − r (r dr )dθ.
0 0 0 0

√ √
hZ 1/ 2 p Z 1/ 2 i
V = 2π 1− r 2 (r dr ) − r (r dr ) .
0 0

Computing volumes using double integrals.

Example
Find the volume
p between the sphere x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 and the
cone z = x 2 + y 2 .
√ √
hZ 1/ 2 p Z 1/ 2 i
Solution: V = 2π 1− r 2 (r dr ) − r (r dr ) .
0 0
Use the substitution u = 1 − r 2,
so du = −2r dr . We obtain,
h1 Z 1 1 1/√2 i
V = 2π u 1/2 du − r 3 ,

2 1/2 3 0
h1 2 1 1 1 i 2π h 1 1 i
3/2
V = 2π u − = 1 − 3/2 − 3/2 ,
23 1/2 3 23/2 3 2 2
π √ 
We conclude: V = 2− 2 . C
3
Triple integrals in Cartesian coordinates (Sect. 15.4)

I Triple integrals in rectangular boxes.


I Triple integrals in arbitrary domains.
I Volume on a region in space.

Triple integrals in rectangular boxes.

Definition
The triple integral of a function f : R ⊂ R3 → R in the rectangular
box R = [x̂0 , x̂1 ] × [ŷ0 , ŷ1 ] × [ẑ0 , ẑ1 ] is the number
ZZZ X n X
n X n
f (x, y , z) dx dy dz = lim f (xi∗ , yj∗ , zk∗ ) ∆x∆y ∆z.
R n→∞
i=0 j=0 k=0

where xi∗ ∈ [xi , xi+1 ], yj∗ ∈ [yj , yj+1 ], zk∗ ∈ [zk , zk+1 ] are sample
points, while {xi }, {yj }, {zk }, with i, j, k = 0, · · · , n, are partitions
of the intervals [x̂0 , x̂1 ], [ŷ0 , ŷ1 ], [ẑ0 , ẑ1 ], respectively, and

(x̂1 − x̂0 ) (ŷ1 − ŷ0 ) (ẑ1 − ẑ0 )


∆x = , ∆y = , ∆z = .
n n n
Triple integrals in rectangular boxes.
Remark:
I A finite sum Sn below is called a Riemann sum, where
Xn X n X n
Sn = f (xi∗ , yj∗ , zk∗ ) ∆x∆y ∆z.
i=0 j=0 k=0
ZZZ
I Then holds f (x, y , z) dx dy dz = lim Sn .
R n→∞

Theorem (Fubini)
If function f : R ⊂ R3 → R is continuous in the rectangle
R = [x0 , x1 ] × [y0 , y1 ] × [z0 , z1 ], then holds
ZZZ Z x1 Z y1 Z z1
f (x, y , z) dx dy dz = f (x, y , z) dz dy dx.
R x0 y0 z0

Furthermore, the integral above can be computed integrating the


variables x, y , z in any order.

Triple integrals in rectangular boxes.


Review: The Riemann sums and their limits.
Single variable functions in [x̂0 , x̂1 ]:
n
X Z x̂1
lim f (xi∗ )∆x = f (x)dx.
n→∞ x̂0
i=0

Two variable functions in [x̂0 , x̂1 ] × [ŷ0 , ŷ1 ]: (Fubini)


n X
X n Z x̂1 Z ŷ1
lim f (xi∗ , yj∗ )∆x∆y = f (x, y ) dy dx.
n→∞ x̂0 ŷ0
i=0 j=0

Three variable functions in [x̂0 , x̂1 ] × [ŷ0 , ŷ1 ] × [ẑ0 , ẑ1 ]: (Fubini)
X n X
n X n Z x̂1 Z ŷ1 Z ẑ1
lim f (xi∗ , yj∗ , zk∗ )∆x∆y ∆z = f (x, y , z) dz dy dx.
n→∞ x̂0 ŷ0 ẑ0
i=0 j=0 k=0
Triple integrals in rectangular boxes.

Example
Compute the integral of f (x, y , z) = xyz 2 on the domain
R = [0, 1] × [0, 2] × [0, 3].

Solution: It is useful to sketch the integration region first:

R = {(x, y , z) ∈ R3 : x ∈ [0, 1], y ∈ [0, 2], z ∈ [0, 3]}.

z
3 The integral we need to compute is
ZZZ Z 1Z 2Z 3
f dv = xyz 2 dz dy dx,
R 0 0 0

1 2 y
where we denoted dv = dx dy dz.
x

Triple integrals in rectangular boxes.


Example
Compute the integral of f (x, y , z) = xyz 2 on the domain
R = [0, 1] × [0, 2] × [0, 3].
ZZZ Z 1Z 2Z 3
Solution: f dV = xyz 2 dz dy dx.
R 0 0 0
We have chosen a particular integration order. (Recall: Since the
region is a rectangle, integration limits are simple to interchange.)
1Z 2  z 3 3  27 1 2
ZZZ Z Z Z
f dv = xy dy dx = xy dy dx.

R 0 0 3 0 3 0 0
ZZZ Z 1  y 2 2  Z 1
f dv = 9 x dx = 18 x dx = 9.

R 0 2 0 0
ZZZ
We conclude: f dv = 9. C
R
Triple integrals in Cartesian coordinates (Sect. 15.4)

I Triple integrals in rectangular boxes.


I Triple integrals in arbitrary domains.
I Volume on a region in space.

Triple integrals in arbitrary domains.


Theorem
If f : D ⊂ R3 → R is continuous in the domain

D = x ∈ [x0 , x1 ], y ∈ [h0 (x), h1 (x)], z ∈ [g0 (x, y ), g1 (x, y )] ,

where g0 , g1 : R2 → R and h0 , h1 : R → R are continuous, then


the triple integral of the function f in the region D is given by
ZZZ Z x1 Z h1 (x) Z g1 (x,y )
f dv = f (x, y , z) dz dy dx.
D x0 h0 (x) g0 (x,y )

z
z = g1 ( x, y )

y = h 0( x )
Example x0
y = h 1( x )

In the case that D is an ellipsoid, the y


x1
figure represents the graph of functions x
z = g0 ( x, y )
g1 , g0 and h1 , h0 .
Triple integrals in Cartesian coordinates (Sect. 15.4)

I Triple integrals in rectangular boxes.


I Triple integrals in arbitrary domains.
I Volume on a region in space.

Volume on a region in space.


Remark: The volume of a bounded, closed region D ∈ R3 is
ZZZ
V = dv .
D

Example
Find the integration limits needed to compute the volume of the
2 y2 z2
ellipsoid x + 2 + 2 = 1.
3 2

Solution: We first sketch −3 −1 3

y
the integration domain. 1

x −2
Volume on a region in space.
Example
Find the integration limits needed to compute the volume of the
y2 z2
ellipsoid x 2 + 2 + 2 = 1.
3 2
Solution: The functions z = g1 and z = g0 are, respectively,
r r
y 2 y2
2
z = 2 1 − x − 2 , z = −2 1 − x − 2 . 2
3 3
The functions y = h1 and y √ = h0 are defined on z√= 0, and are
given by, respectively, y = 3 1 − x 2 and y = −3 1 − x 2 .
The limits on integration in x are ±1. We conclude:

Z 1 Z √
3 1−x 2 Z 2√1−x 2 −(y /3)2
V = √ √ dz dy dx. C
−1 −3 1−x 2 −2 1−x 2 −(y /3)2

Volume on a region in space.


Example
Use Cartesian coordinates to find the integration limits needed to
compute the 2 2 2
p volume between the sphere x + y + z = 1 and the
cone z = x 2 + y 2 .

Solution:
z
2
1− x − y
2 The top surface is the sphere,
p
z = 1 − x 2 − y 2.

The bottom surface is the cone,


x 2+ y2
p
z = x 2 + y 2.
y
1/ 2
x 2 2
x + y = 1/2
The limits on y are obtained projecting the 3-dimensional figure
onto the plane z = 0. We obtain the disk x 2 + y 2 = 1/2. √
(The polar radius at the intersection cone-sphere was r0 = 1/ 2.)
Volume on a region in space.
Example
Use Cartesian coordinates to find the integration limits needed to
compute the 2 2 2
p volume between the sphere x + y + z = 1 and the
cone z = x 2 + y 2 .
p p
Solution: Recall: z = 1 − x − y , z = x 2 + y 2 .
2 2

The y -top of the disk is,


z
2 2
1− x − y q
y = 1/2 − x 2 .

x 2+ y2 The y -bottom of the disk is,


q
x 2 2
1/ 2
y
y = − 1/2 − x 2 .
x + y = 1/2

Z √
1/ 2 Z √1/2−x 2 Z √1−x 2 −y 2
We conclude: V = √ √ √ dz dy dx. C
−1/ 2 − 1/2−x 2 x 2 +y 2

Volume on a region in space.

Example
Compute the volume of the region given by x > 0, y > 0, z > 0
and 3x + 6y + 2z 6 6.

Solution:
z
The region is given by the first
octant and below the plane 3
(6 − 3x − 6y) / 2

3x + 6y + 2z = 6.

This plane contains the points 1 y


y=1−x/2
(2, 0, 0), (0, 1, 0) and (0, 0, 3). x
2

In z the limits are z = (6 − 3x − 6y )/2 and z = 0.


Volume on a region in space.
Example
Compute the volume of the region given by x > 0, y > 0, z > 0
and 3x + 6y + 2z 6 6.

Solution: In z the limits are z = (6 − 3x − 6y )/2 and z = 0.


z

At z = 0 the projection of the


3
region is the triangle x > 0, (6 − 3x − 6y) / 2
y > 0, and x + 2y 6 2.
In y the limits are y = 1 − x/2
1 y
and y = 0. y=1−x/2
2
x

Z 2 Z 1−x/2 Z 3−3y −3x/2


We conclude: V = dz dy dx.
0 0 0

Volume on a region in space.


Example
Compute the volume of the region given by x > 0, y > 0, z > 0
and 3x + 6y + 2z 6 6.
Z 2 Z 1−x/2 Z 3−3y −3x/2
Solution: Recall: V = dz dy dx.
0 0 0

Z 2 Z 1−x/2 
x 
V =3 1 − − y dy dx,
0 0 2
Z 2 h   y 2 (1−x/2) i
x 
(1−x/2)

=3 1− y − dx,

2 2 0

0 0
Z 2  
x x 1  x 2
=3 1− 1− − 1− dx.
0 2 2 2 2
Z 2
3 x 2
We only need to compute: V = 1− dx.
2 0 2
Volume on a region in space.

Example
Compute the volume of the region given by x > 0, y > 0, z > 0
and 3x + 6y + 2z 6 6.
3 2
Z
x 2
Solution: Recall: V = 1− dx.
2 0 2
Substitute u = 1 − x/2, then du = −dx/2, so
Z 0 Z 1  u 3 1 
2 2
V = −3 u du = 3 u du = 3

3 0

1 0

We conclude: V = 1. C

Triple integrals in arbitrary domains.


Example
Compute the triple integral of f (x, y , z) = z in the first octant and
bounded by 0 6 x, 3x 6 y , 0 6 z and y 2 + z 2 6 9.

Solution:
The upper surface is
z
p 3
z = 9 − y 2,
2
z= 9−y
the bottom surface is

z = 0. 3 y
1
x y = 3x

The y coordinate is bounded below by the line y = 3x and above


by y = 3. (Because of the cylinder equation at z = 0.)
Triple integrals in arbitrary domains.
Example
Compute the triple integral of f (x, y , z) = z in the first octant and
bounded by 0 6 x, 3x 6 y , 0 6 z and y 2 + z 2 6 9.
p
Solution: Recall: 0 6 z 6 9 − y 2 and 3x 6 y 6 3.
Since f = z, we obtain
ZZZ Z Z Z √ 1 3 9−y 2
f dv = z dz dy dx,
D 0 3x 0

Z 1 Z 3  2 9−y 2 
z
= dy dx,
2 0

0 3x
Z 1Z 3
1
= (9 − y 2 )dy dx,
2 0 3x
1 1h  y 3 3 i
Z
= 27(1 − x) − dx.

2 0 3 3x

Triple integrals in arbitrary domains.


Example
Compute the triple integral of f (x, y , z) = z in the first octant and
bounded by 0 6 x, 3x 6 y , 0 6 z and y 2 + z 2 6 9.
1 1h  y 3 3 i
ZZZ Z
Solution: Recall: f dv = 27(1 − x) − dx.

2 0 3 3x

D
Therefore,

1 1h
ZZZ Z i
3
f dv = 27(1 − x) − 9(1 − x) dx,
D 2 0
Z 1h
9 3
i
= 3(1 − x) − (1 − x) dx.
2 0

Substitute u = 1 − x, then du = −dx, so,

9 1
ZZZ Z
f dv = (3u − u 3 )du.
D 2 0
Triple integrals in arbitrary domains.

Example
Compute the triple integral of f (x, y , z) = z in the first octant and
bounded by 0 6 x, 3x 6 y , 0 6 z and y 2 + z 2 6 9.

Solution:
9 1
Z Z Z Z
f dv = (3u − u 3 )du,
D 2 0
9 h 3  2 1  1  4 1 i
= u − u ,
2 2 0 4 0
93 1
= − .
2 2 4
ZZZ
45
We conclude f dv = . C
D 8
Triple integrals in Cartesian coordinates (Sect. 15.4)

I Review: Triple integrals in arbitrary domains.


I Examples: Changing the order of integration.
I The average value of a function in a region in space.
I Triple integrals in arbitrary domains.

Review: Triple integrals in arbitrary domains.


Theorem
If f : D ⊂ R3 → R is continuous in the domain

D = x ∈ [x0 , x1 ], y ∈ [h0 (x), h1 (x)], z ∈ [g0 (x, y ), g1 (x, y )] ,

where g0 , g1 : R2 → R and h0 , h1 : R → R are continuous, then


the triple integral of the function f in the region D is given by
ZZZ Z x1 Z h1 (x) Z g1 (x,y )
f dv = f (x, y , z) dz dy dx.
D x0 h0 (x) g0 (x,y )

z
z = g1 ( x, y )

y = h 0( x )
Example x0
y = h 1( x )

In the case that D is an ellipsoid, the y


x1
figure represents the graph of functions x
z = g0 ( x, y )
g1 , g0 and h1 , h0 .
Triple integrals in Cartesian coordinates (Sect. 15.4)

I Review: Triple integrals in arbitrary domains.


I Examples: Changing the order of integration.
I The average value of a function in a region in space.
I Triple integrals in arbitrary domains.

Changing the order of integration.


Example
Change the order of integration in the triple integral
Z 1 Z 3√1−x 2 Z 2√1−x 2 −(y /3)2
V = √ √ dz dy dx.
−1 −3 1−x 2 −2 1−x 2 −(y /3)2

Solution: First: Sketch the integration region.


Start from the outer integration limits to the inner limits.

I Limits in x: x ∈ [−1, 1]. I The limits


r in z:
√ y2
I Limits in y : |y | 6 3 1 − x 2 , |z| 6 2 1 − x2 − , so,
32
y2 y2 z2
so, x 2 + 2 6 1. 2
x + 2 + 2 6 1.
3 3 2
z
2

−3 −1 3

y
1

x −2
Changing the order of integration.
Example
Change the order of integration in the triple integral
Z 1 Z 3√1−x 2 Z 2√1−x 2 −(y /3)2
V = √ √ dz dy dx.
−1 −3 1−x 2 −2 1−x 2 −(y /3)2

y2 z2 2
Solution: Region: x + 2 + 2 6 1. We conclude:
3 2

2 Z
√ 2 2
Z Z 1 2 1−x 3 1−x −(z/2)
V = √ √ dy dz dx.
−1 −2 1−x 2 −3 1−x 2 −(z/2)2
Z 2 Z √1−(z/2)2 Z 3√1−x 2 −(z/2)2
V = √ √ dy dx dz.
−2 − 1−(z/2)2 −3 1−x 2 −(z/2)2
Z 2 Z 3√1−(z/2)2 Z √1−(y /3)2 −(z/2)2
V = √ √ dx dy dz. C
−2 −3 1−(z/2)2 − 1−(y /3)2 −(z/2)2

Changing the order of integration.


Example Z 2 Z 1−x/2 Z 3−3y −3x/2
Interchange the limits in V = dz dy dx.
0 0 0

Solution: Sketch the integration region starting from the outer


integration limits to the inner integration limits.
I x ∈ [0, 2],
h xi z
I y ∈ 0, 1 − so the upper
2
x 3
z = (6 − 3x − 6y) / 2
limit is the line y = 1 − . z=3−3x/2
2
h 3x i
z=3−3y
I z ∈ 0, 3 − − 3y so the
2
upper limit is the plane
1 y
3x
z = 3− − 3y . This plane 2 y=1−x/2
2 x
contains the points (2, 0, 0),
(0, 1, 0) and (0, 0, 3).
Changing the order of integration.
Example Z 2 Z 1−x/2 Z 3−3y −3x/2
Interchange the limits in V = dz dy dx.
0 0 0

Solution: The region: x > 0, y > 0, z > 0 and 6 > 3x + 6y + 2z.


We conclude: Z 3 Z 1−z/3 Z 2−2y −2z/3
V = dx dy dz.
0 0 0
z Z 1 Z 3−3y Z 2−2y −2z/3
3
z = (6 − 3x − 6y) / 2
V = dx dz dy .
z=3−3x/2 0 0 0
z=3−3y Z 2 Z 3−3x/2 Z 1−x/2−z/3
V = dy dz dx.
1 y
0 0 0
2 y=1−x/2
x Z 3Z 2−2z/3 Z 1−x/2−z/3
V = dy dx dz.
0 0 0
C

Triple integrals in Cartesian coordinates (Sect. 15.4)

I Review: Triple integrals in arbitrary domains.


I Examples: Changing the order of integration.
I The average value of a function in a region in space.
I Triple integrals in arbitrary domains.
Triple integrals in Cartesian coordinates (Sect. 15.4)

I Review: Triple integrals in arbitrary domains.


I Examples: Changing the order of integration.
I The average value of a function in a region in space.
I Triple integrals in arbitrary domains.

Triple integrals in arbitrary domains.

Example
Compute the triple integral of f (x, y , z) = z in the region bounded
by x > 0, z > 0, y > 3x, and 9 > y 2 + z 2 .

Solution: Sketch the integration region.


I The integration region is in z
the first octant.
3x − y = 0
I It is inside the cylinder 3

y 2 + z 2 = 9.
−1 3
I It is on one side of the plane y
1
3x − y = 0. The plane has n
3

normal vector n = h3, −1, 0i x 2


y + z =9
2

and contains (0, 0, 0).


Triple integrals in arbitrary domains.
Example
Compute the triple integral of f (x, y , z) = z in the region bounded
by x > 0, z > 0, y > 3x, and 9 > y 2 + z 2 .

Solution: We have found the region:


z
3 The integration limits are:
2
z= 9−y I Limits in p
z:
0 6 z 6 9 − y 2.
I Limits in x: 0 6 x 6 y /3.
3 y
I Limits in y : 0 6 y 6 3.
1
x y = 3x √
Z 3 Z y /3 Z 9−y 2
We obtain I = z dz dx dy .
0 0 0

Triple integrals in arbitrary domains.


Example
Compute the triple integral of f (x, y , z) = z in the region bounded
by x > 0, z > 0, y > 3x, and 9 > y 2 + z 2 .

z
Solution: Recall: 3
Z 3 Z y /3 Z √9−y 2
2
z dz dx dy . z= 9−y
0 0 0
For practice purpose only, let us
change the integration order to
dz dy dx: 1 3 y

x y = 3x
Z 1 Z 3 Z √9−y 2
The result is: I = z dz dy dx.
0 3x 0
Triple integrals in arbitrary domains.
Example
Compute the triple integral of f (x, y , z) = z in the region bounded
by x > 0, z > 0, y > 3x, and 9 > y 2 + z 2 .
Z Z Z √1 3 9−y 2
Solution: Recall I = z dz dy dx.
0 3x 0

We now compute the integral:



ZZZ Z 1 Z 3 2 9−y 2 
z
f dv = dy dx,

2

D 0 3x 0
Z 1Z 3
1
= (9 − y 2 )dy dx,
2 0 3x
1 1 h  3   y 3 3 i
Z
= 9 y − dx.
2 0 3 3x

3x

Triple integrals in arbitrary domains.


Example
Compute the triple integral of f (x, y , z) = z in the region bounded
by x > 0, z > 0, y > 3x, and 9 > y 2 + z 2 .
1 1 h  3   y 3 3 i
ZZZ Z
Solution: Recall: f dv = 9 y − dx.
2 0 3 3x

D 3x
Therefore,

1 1h
ZZZ Z i
3
f dv = 27(1 − x) − 9(1 − x) dx,
D 2 0
Z 1h
9 3
i
= 3(1 − x) − (1 − x) dx.
2 0

Substitute u = 1 − x, then du = −dx, so,

9 1
ZZZ Z
f dv = (3u − u 3 )du.
D 2 0
Triple integrals in arbitrary domains.

Example
Compute the triple integral of f (x, y , z) = z in the region bounded
by x > 0, z > 0, y > 3x, and 9 > y 2 + z 2 .

Solution:
9 1
ZZZ Z
f dv = (3u − u 3 )du,
D 2 0
9 h  u 2 1   u 4 1 i
= 3 − ,
2 2 0 4 0

93 1
= − .
2 2 4
ZZZ
45
We conclude f dv = . C
D 8

Integrals in cylindrical, spherical coordinates (Sect. 15.6).

I Integration in cylindrical coordinates.


I Review: Polar coordinates in a plane.
I Cylindrical coordinates in space.
I Triple integral in cylindrical coordinates.

Next class:
I Integration in spherical coordinates.
I Review: Cylindrical coordinates.
I Spherical coordinates in space.
I Triple integral in spherical coordinates.
Review: Polar coordinates in plane.

Definition y
P = ( r, 0 )

The polar coordinates of a point P ∈ R2 is the r

ordered pair (r , θ) defined by the picture. 0


x

Theorem (Cartesian-polar transformations)


The Cartesian coordinates of a point P = (r , θ) in the first
quadrant are given by
x = r cos(θ), y = r sin(θ).
The polar coordinates of a point P = (x, y ) in the first quadrant
are given by
p y 
2 2
r = x + y , θ = arctan .
x

Recall: Polar coordinates in a plane.

Example Z 2Z y
Express in polar coordinates the integral I = x dx dy .
0 0

Solution: Recall: x = r cos(θ) and y = r sin(θ).


More often than not helps to sketch the y

integration region. y=2


2

The outer integration limit: y ∈ [0, 2].


Then, for every y ∈ [0, 2] the x
coordinate satisfies x ∈ [0, y ]. y=x

The upper limit for x is the curve y = x. 2 x

Now is simple to describe this domain in polar coordinates:


The line y = x is θ0 = π/4; the line x = 0 is θ1 = π/2.
Recall: Polar coordinates in a plane.
Example Z 2Z y
Express in polar coordinates the integral I = x dx dy .
0 0

Solution: Recall: x = r cos(θ), y = r sin(θ), θ0 = π/4, θ1 = π/2.


y

2 = y = r sin ( 0 )
The lower integration limit in r is r = 0. 2

The upper integration limit is y = 2,


that is, 2 = y = r sin(θ).
Hence r = 2/ sin(θ). 45
90
2 x
Z 2Z y Z π/2 Z 2/ sin(θ)
We conclude: x dx dy = r cos(θ)(r dr ) dθ.C
0 0 π/4 0

Integrals in cylindrical, spherical coordinates (Sect. 15.6).

I Integration in cylindrical coordinates.


I Review: Polar coordinates in a plane.
I Cylindrical coordinates in space.
I Triple integral in cylindrical coordinates.
Cylindrical coordinates in space.
z

Definition P

The cylindrical coordinates of a point z

P ∈ R3 is the ordered triple (r , θ, z)


defined by the picture. r y

x 0

Remark: Cylindrical coordinates are just polar coordinates on the


plane z = 0 together with the vertical coordinate z.

Theorem (Cartesian-cylindrical transformations)


The Cartesian coordinates of a point P = (r , θ, z) in the first
quadrant are given by x = r cos(θ), y = r sin(θ), and z = z.
The cylindrical coordinatesp
of a point P = (x, y , z) in the first
quadrant are given by r = x 2 + y 2 , θ = arctan(y /x), and z = z.

Cylindrical coordinates in space.


Example
Use cylindrical coordinates to describe the region
R = {(x, y , z) : x 2 + (y − 1)2 6 1, 0 6 z 6 x 2 + y 2 }.
z
z = x 2+ y 2
Solution: We first sketch the region.
The base of the region is at z = 0,
given by the disk x 2 + (y − 1)2 6 1.
The top of the region is the paraboloid
z = x 2 + y 2. 1
y
2 2
x + (y − 1) = 1
x
In cylindrical coordinates: z = x 2 + y 2 ⇔ z = r 2 , and

x 2 + y 2 − 2y + 1 6 1 ⇔ r 2 − 2r sin(θ) 6 0 ⇔ r 6 2 sin(θ)

Hence: R = {(r , θ, z) : θ ∈ [0, π], r ∈ [0, 2 sin(θ)], z ∈ [0, r 2 ]}.C


Integrals in cylindrical, spherical coordinates (Sect. 15.6).

I Integration in cylindrical coordinates.


I Review: Polar coordinates in a plane.
I Cylindrical coordinates in space.
I Triple integral in cylindrical coordinates.

Triple integrals using cylindrical coordinates.

Theorem
If the function f : R ⊂ R3 → R is continuous, then the triple
integral of function f in the region R can be expressed in
cylindrical coordinates as follows,
ZZZ ZZZ
f dv = f (r , θ, z) r dr dθ dz.
R R

Remark:
I Cylindrical coordinates are useful when the integration region
R is described in a simple way using cylindrical coordinates.
I Notice the extra factor r on the right-hand side.
Triple integrals using cylindrical coordinates.
Example
Find the volume of a cylinder of radius R and height h.

Solution: R = {(r , θ, z) : θ ∈ [0, 2π], r ∈ [0, R], z ∈ [0, h]}.


z Z 2π Z R Z h
V = dz (r dr ) dθ,
0 0 0
Z 2π Z R
=h r dr dθ,
h 0 0

R2
Z
=h dθ,
R y 2 0
R2
x = h 2π,
2
We conclude: V = πR 2 h. C

Triple integrals using cylindrical coordinates.


Example
Find the volume of a cone of base radius R and height h.
n h h io
Solution: R = θ ∈ [0, 2π], r ∈ [0, R], z ∈ 0, − r + h .
R
z
Z 2π Z R Z h(1−r /R)
V = dz (r dr ) dθ,
0 0 0
h Z 2π Z R
r
=h 1− r dr dθ,
0 0 R
Z 2π Z R 
R y r2 
=h r− dr dθ,
x
0 0 R
 R2 R 3  2π
Z
1
=h − dθ = 2πhR 2 .
2 3R 0 6

We conclude: V = 13 πR 2 h. C
Triple integrals using cylindrical coordinates.

Example √
Z π/2 Z 2 Z 9−r 2
Sketch the region with volume V = rdz dr dθ.
0 0 0

Solution: The integration region is


p
R = {(r , θ, z) : θ ∈ [0, π/2], r ∈ [0, 2], z ∈ [0, 9 − r 2 ]}.

We upper boundary is a sphere, since z


3 z = 9 − r2

z2 = 9 − r2 ⇔ x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 32 . 5

The upper limit for r is r = 2, so 2 3 y


p √ 2

z = 9−2 2 ⇒ z = 5. 3
x
C

Triple integrals using cylindrical coordinates.


Example
Find the centroid vector r = hx, y , zi of the region in space
R = {(x, y , z) : x 2 + y 2 6 22 , x 2 + y 2 6 z 6 4}.

Solution:
The symmetry of the region implies
z z = x2+ y 2

4
x = 0 and y = 0. (We verify this result
later on.) We only need to compute z.
ZZZ
1
Since z = z dv , we start
V R
2 y
computing the total volume V .
x
We use cylindrical coordinates.

Z 2π Z 2Z 4 Z 2  Z 2
4
V = dz rdr dθ = 2π z 2 rdr = 2π (4r −r 3 )dr .
0 0 r2 0 r 0
Triple integrals using cylindrical coordinates.
Example
Change the integration order and compute the integral
Z 2π Z 3 Z z/3
I = r 3 dr dz dθ.
0 0 0

Solution:
Z 2π Z 1Z 3
z I = dz r 3 dr dθ
0 0 3r
3 Z 1 
3
= 2π z r 3 dr
0 3r
r=z/3
Z 1
= 2π 3(r 3 − r 4 ) dr
1 y 0
x r4
r 5  1
= 6π − .
4 5 0
1 3π
So, I = 6π , that is, I = . C
20 10

Integrals in cylindrical, spherical coordinates (Sect. 15.6).

I Integration in spherical coordinates.


I Review: Cylindrical coordinates.
I Spherical coordinates in space.
I Triple integral in spherical coordinates.
Cylindrical coordinates in space.
z

Definition P

The cylindrical coordinates of a point z

P ∈ R3 is the ordered triple (r , θ, z)


defined by the picture. r y

x 0

Remark: Cylindrical coordinates are just polar coordinates on the


plane z = 0 together with the vertical coordinate z.

Theorem (Cartesian-cylindrical transformations)


The Cartesian coordinates of a point P = (r , θ, z) in the first
quadrant are given by x = r cos(θ), y = r sin(θ), and z = z.
The cylindrical coordinatesp
of a point P = (x, y , z) in the first
quadrant are given by r = x 2 + y 2 , θ = arctan(y /x), and z = z.

Integrals in cylindrical, spherical coordinates (Sect. 15.6).

I Integration in spherical coordinates.


I Review: Cylindrical coordinates.
I Spherical coordinates in space.
I Triple integral in spherical coordinates.
Spherical coordinates in R3
z
0
Definition
rho
The spherical coordinates of a point
P ∈ R3 is the ordered triple (ρ, φ, θ) y
defined by the picture. 0
x

Theorem (Cartesian-spherical transformations)


The Cartesian coordinates of P = (ρ, φ, θ) in the first quadrant are
given by x = ρ sin(φ) cos(θ), y = ρ sin(φ) sin(θ), and z = ρ cos(φ).

The spherical coordinates of P = (x, y , z) in the first quadrant


p are
p
2 2 2
 y   x + y2 
2
ρ = x + y + z , θ = arctan , and φ = arctan .
x z

Spherical coordinates in R3
Example
Use spherical coordinates to express p
region between the sphere
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 1 and the cone z = x 2 + y 2 .

Solution: (x = ρ sin(φ) cos(θ), y = ρ sin(φ) sin(θ), z = ρ cos(φ).)

z z= 1− x2 − y2
The top surface is the sphere ρ = 1.
The bottom surface is the cone:
q
ρ cos(φ) = ρ2 sin2 (φ)
z= x2 + y 2 cos(φ) = sin(φ),
1/ 2 y π
x 2 2
x + y = 1/2
so the cone is φ =
.
4
n h πi o
Hence: R = (ρ, φ, θ) : θ ∈ [0, 2π], φ ∈ 0, , ρ ∈ [0, 1] .
4
Integrals in cylindrical, spherical coordinates (Sect. 15.6).

I Integration in spherical coordinates.


I Review: Cylindrical coordinates.
I Spherical coordinates in space.
I Triple integral in spherical coordinates.

Triple integral in spherical coordinates.

Theorem
If the function f : R ⊂ R3 → R is continuous, then the triple
integral of function f in the region R can be expressed in spherical
coordinates as follows,
ZZZ ZZZ
f dv = f (ρ, φ, θ) ρ2 sin(φ) dρ dφ dθ.
R R

Remark:
I Spherical coordinates are useful when the integration region R
is described in a simple way using spherical coordinates.
I Notice the extra factor ρ2 sin(φ) on the right-hand side.
Triple integral in spherical coordinates.
Example
Find the volume of a sphere of radius R.

Solution: Sphere: S = {θ ∈ [0, 2π], φ ∈ [0, π], ρ ∈ [0, R]}.


Z 2π Z π Z R
V = ρ2 sin(φ) dρ dφ dθ,
0 0 0
hZ 2π ihZ π ihZ R i
2
= dθ sin(φ) dφ ρ dρ ,
0 0 0
h π i R 3
= 2π − cos(φ) ,

0 3
  R3
= 2π − cos(π) + cos(0) ;
3
4
hence: V = πR 3 . C
3

Triple integral in spherical coordinates.


Example
Use spherical coordinates to find the volume pbelow the sphere
2 2 2
x + y + z = 1 and above the cone z = x 2 + y 2 .
n h πi o
Solution: R = (ρ, φ, θ) : θ ∈ [0, 2π], φ ∈ 0, , ρ ∈ [0, 1] .
4
The calculation is simple, the region is a simple section of a sphere.
Z 2π Z π/4 Z 1
V = ρ2 sin(φ) dρ dφ dθ,
0 0 0
hZ 2π ihZ π/4 ihZ 1 i
2
= dθ sin(φ) dφ ρ dρ ,
0 0 0
h π/4 i ρ3 1 
= 2π − cos(φ) ,

0 3 0
h √2 i1 π √
= 2π − +1 ⇒ V = (2 − 2).
2 3 3
C
Triple integral in spherical coordinates.
Example
2 2 2 3/2
Find the integral of f (x, y , z) = e (x +y +z ) in the region
R = {x > 0, y > 0, z > 0, x 2 + y 2 + z 2 6 1} using spherical
coordinates.
n h πi h πi o
Solution: R = θ ∈ 0, , φ ∈ 0, , ρ ∈ [0, 1] . Hence,
2 2
ZZZ Z π/2 Z π/2 Z 1
3
f dv = e ρ ρ2 sin(φ) dρ dφ dθ,
R 0 0 0
hZ π/2 i hZ π/2 i hZ 1 i
ρ3 2
= dθ sin(φ) dφ e ρ dρ .
0 0 0

Use substitution: u = ρ3 , hence du = 3ρ2 dρ, so


ZZZ
πh π i Z 1 eu ZZZ
π
2
f dv = − cos(φ) du ⇒ f dv = (e − 1).
R 2 0 0 3 R 6

Triple integral in spherical coordinates.


Example
Change to spherical coordinates and compute the integral
Z 2 Z √4−x 2 Z √4−x 2 −y 2 p
I = y x 2 + y 2 + z 2 dz dy dx.
−2 0 0

Solution: (x = ρ sin(φ) cos(θ), y = ρ sin(φ) sin(θ), z = ρ cos(φ).)


I Limits in x: |x| 6 2; z
√ 2
I Limits in y : 0 6 y 6 4 − x 2 , so
the positive side of the disk
x 2 + y 2 6 4.
I Limits in pz: 2 y

0 6 z 6 4 − x 2 − y 2 , so a x
2

positive quarter of the ball


x 2 + y 2 + z 2 6 4.
Triple integral in spherical coordinates.
Example
Change to spherical coordinates and compute the integral
Z 2 Z √4−x 2 Z √4−x 2 −y 2 p
I = y x 2 + y 2 + z 2 dz dy dx.
−2 0 0

Solution: (x = ρ sin(φ) cos(θ), y = ρ sin(φ) sin(θ), z = ρ cos(φ).)


z
2

I Limits in θ: θ ∈ [0.π];
I Limits in φ: φ ∈ [0, π/2];
2 y
I Limits in ρ: ρ ∈ [0, 2].
2
I The function to integrate is:
x
f = ρ2 sin(φ) sin(θ).
Z π Z π/2 Z 2
ρ2 sin(φ) sin(θ) ρ2 sin(φ) dρ dφ dθ.

I =
0 0 0

Triple integral in spherical coordinates.


Example
Change to spherical coordinates and compute the integral
Z 2 Z √4−x 2 Z √4−x 2 −y 2 p
I = y x 2 + y 2 + z 2 dz dy dx.
−2 0 0
Z πZ π/2 Z 2
ρ2 sin(φ) sin(θ) ρ2 sin(φ) dρ dφ dθ.

Solution: I =
0 0 0

hZ π ihZ π/2 ihZ 2 i


2 4
I = sin(θ) dθ sin (φ) dφ ρ dρ ,
0 0 0
π hZ π/2
 i ρ5 2 
 1
= − cos(θ) 1 − cos(2φ) dφ ,

0 0 2 5 0
1 h π π/2 25 24 π
 1 i
=2 −0 − sin(2φ) ⇒ I = .
2 2 2 0 5 5
Triple integral in spherical coordinates.
Example Z 2π Z π/3 Z 2
Compute the integral I = 3ρ2 sin(φ) dρ dφ dθ.
0 0 sec(φ)

Solution: Recall: sec(φ) = 1/ cos(φ).


Z π/3  2 
3
I = 2π ρ sin(φ) dφ,
0 sec(φ)
Z π/3 
3 1 
= 2π 2 − sin(φ) dφ
0 cos3 (φ)

In the second term substitute: u = cos(φ), du = − sin(φ) dφ.


π/3  Z 1/2
h 
3 du i
I = 2π 2 − cos(φ) + .

0 1 u3

Triple integral in spherical coordinates.

Example Z 2π Z π/3 Z 2
Compute the integral I = 3ρ2 sin(φ) dρ dφ dθ.
0 0 sec(φ)

π/3  Z 1/2
h 
3 du i
Solution: I = 2π 2 − cos(φ) + .

0 1 u3

h  1  Z 1 i h  u −2 1 i
3 −3
I = 2π 2 − + 1 − u du = 2π 4 − ,

2 −2 1/2

1/2

h 1 −2 1 i h 1 2
i h8 3i
I = 2π 4 + u = 2π 4 + 1 − 2 = 2π −
2 1/2 2 2 2

We conclude: I = 5π. C
Review for Exam 3.

I Sections 15.1-15.4, 15.6.


I 50 minutes.
I 5 problems, similar to homework problems.
I No calculators, no notes, no books, no phones.
I No green book needed.

Triple integral in spherical coordinates (Sect. 15.6).

Example
Use spherical coordinates to find the volume of the region outside
the sphere ρ = 2 cos(φ) and inside the half sphere ρ = 2 with
φ ∈ [0, π/2].

Solution: First sketch the integration region.


I ρ = 2 cos(φ) is a sphere, since
z
2
2 2 2 2
ρ = 2ρ cos(φ) ⇔ x +y +z = 2z
rho = 2
1
x 2 + y 2 + (z − 1)2 = 1.
I ρ = 2 is a sphere radius 2 and 2 y
2
φ ∈ [0, π/2] says we only consider x rho = 2 cos ( 0 )

the upper half of the sphere.


Triple integral in spherical coordinates (Sect. 15.6).
Example
Use spherical coordinates to find the volume of the region outside
the sphere ρ = 2 cos(φ) and inside the sphere ρ = 2 with
φ ∈ [0, π/2].

Solution:
Z 2π Z π/2 Z 2
V = ρ2 sin(φ) dρ dφ dθ.
z
2
0 0 2 cos(φ)
rho = 2 Z π/2  3 2
1
ρ 
V = 2π sin(φ) dφ

3

2 y
0 2 cos(φ)
2
x rho = 2 cos ( 0 ) Z π/2 h
2π 3
i
= 8 sin(φ) − 8 cos (φ) sin(φ) dφ.
3 0

16π h π/2  Z π/2 i


3
V = − cos(φ) − cos (φ) sin(φ) dφ .

3 0 0

Triple integral in spherical coordinates (Sect. 15.6).

Example
Use spherical coordinates to find the volume of the region outside
the sphere ρ = 2 cos(φ) and inside the sphere ρ = 2 with
φ ∈ [0, π/2].

16π h π/2  Z π/2 i


3
Solution: V = − cos(φ) − cos (φ) sin(φ) dφ .

3 0 0
Introduce the substitution: u = cos(φ), du = − sin(φ) dφ.
Z 0  u 4 0 i 16π 
16π h 3
i 16π h 1
V = 1+ u du = 1+ = 1− .

3 3 4 1 3 4

1

16π 3
V = ⇒ V = 4π.
3 4
C
Triple integral in cylindrical coordinates (Sect. 15.6).

Example
Use cylindrical coordinates to find the volume of a curved wedge
cut out from a cylinder (x − 2)2 + y 2 = 4 by the planes z = 0 and
z = −y .

Solution: First sketch the integration region.


I (x − 2)2 + y 2 = 4 is a circle, since
z

x 2 + y 2 = 4x ⇔ r 2 = 4r cos(θ) z=−y

r = 4 cos(θ).
y
2
I Since 0 6 z 6 −y , the integration 4

region is on the y 6 0 part of the x (x − 2) 2 + y 2 = 4

z = 0 plane.

Triple integral in cylindrical coordinates (Sect. 15.6).


Example
Use cylindrical coordinates to find the volume of a curved wedge
cut out from a cylinder (x − 2)2 + y 2 = 4 by the planes z = 0 and
z = −y .

Solution:
Z 2π Z 4 cos(θ) Z −r sin(θ)
V = r dz dr dθ.
z 3π/2 0 0
z=−y
Z 2π Z 4 cos(θ)  
2
y V = −r sin(θ) − 0 r dr dθ
4
3π/2 0
x (x − 2) 2 + y 2 = 4 Z 2π  3
r 4 cos(θ) 
V =− sin(θ) dθ.
3

3π/2 0


43
Z
V =− cos3 (θ) sin(θ) dθ.
3π/2 3
Triple integral in cylindrical coordinates (Sect. 15.6).

Example
Use cylindrical coordinates to find the volume of a curved wedge
cut out from a cylinder (x − 2)2 + y 2 = 4 by the planes z = 0 and
z = −y .
Z 2π 3
4
Solution: V = − cos3 (θ) sin(θ) dθ.
3π/2 3

Introduce the substitution: u = cos(θ), du = − sin(θ) dθ;


1
43 43  u 4 1  43 1
Z
3
V = u du = = .
3 0 3 4 0 3 4
16
We conclude: V = . C
3

Triple integral in Cartesian coordinates (Sect. 15.4).


Example
Find the volume of a parallelepiped whose base is a rectangle in
the z = 0 plane given by 0 6 y 6 2 and 0 6 x 6 1, while the top
side lies in the plane x + y + z = 3.
Z 1 Z 2 Z 3−x−y
Solution: V = dz dy dx,
z 0 0 0
3 Z 1Z 2
V = (3 − x − y ) dy dx,
0 0
Z 1h
 2  1  2 i
= (3 − x) y − y 2 dx,

3 y
0 0 2 0
3 Z 1h
x 4i
V = 2(3 − x) − dx.
0 2
Z 1 h  1   1 i
4 − 2x dx = 4 x − x 2

V = = 4 − 1 ⇒ V = 3.

0 0 0
Double integrals in polar coordinates. (Sect. 15.3)
Example
Find the area of the region in the plane inside the curve
r = 6 sin(θ) and outside the circle r = 3, where r , θ are polar
coordinates in the plane.

Solution: First sketch the integration region.


y
I r = 6 sin(θ) is a circle, since 6 r = 6 cos ( 0 )

r 2 = 6r sin(θ) ⇔ x 2 + y 2 = 6y 3

x 2 + (y − 3)2 = 32 .
−3 3 x
I The other curve is a circle r = 3 centered
r=3
at the origin.
The condition 3 = r = 6 sin(θ) determines the range in θ.
Since sin(θ) = 1/2, we get θ1 = 5π/6 and θ0 = π/6.

Double integrals in polar coordinates. (Sect. 15.3)


Example
Find the area of the region in the plane inside the curve
r = 6 sin(θ) and outside the circle r = 3, where r , θ are polar
coordinates in the plane.

Solution: Recall: θ ∈ [π/6, 5π/6].


Z 5π/6 Z 6 sin(θ) Z 5π/6  2 6 sin(θ) 
r
A= rdr dθ = dθ

2

π/6 3 π/6 3

5π/6 h 2 5π/6 h 2
32 i  32 i
Z Z
6 2 6
A= sin (θ)− dθ = 1−cos(2θ) − dθ
π/6 2 2 π/6 22 2

2 π  32 
 5π 5π/6  32  5π π 
A=3 − − sin(2θ) − − .

6 6 2 π/6 2 6 6
√ √ 
32  3 3 √
A = 6π − 3π − − − , hence A = 3π + 9 3/2. C
2 2 2
Double integrals in Cartesian coordinates. (Sect. 15.2)
Example
Find the y -component of the centroid vector in Cartesian
coordinates in the plane of the region given by the disk
x 2 + y 2 6 9 minus the first quadrant.

Solution: First sketch the integration


ZZ region.
1
y y= y dA, where A = πR 2 (3/4), with
3
A R
R = 3. That is, A = 27π/4. We use polar
3
coordinates to compute y .
x

Z 2π Z 3
4
y= r sin(θ) rdr dθ.
27π π/2 0

4  2π  r 3 3  4 4
y= − cos(θ) = (−1)(9) ⇒ y =− .

27π π/2 3 0 27π 3π

Double integrals in polar coordinates. (Sect. 15.2)


Example
Transform to polar coordinates and then evaluate the integral
√ √ √ √
Z − 2 Z 4−x 2 Z 2 Z 4−x 2
x2 +y 2
x 2 + y 2 dy dx.
 
I = √ dy dx + √
−2 − 4−x 2 − 2 x

Solution: First sketch the integration region.



I x ∈ [−2, 2]. y
√ y=x
I For x ∈ [−2, − 2], we have

|y | 6 4 − x 2 , so the curve is part
of the circle x 2 + y 2 = 4.
√ √ −2 − 2 2 2
x
I For x ∈ [− 2, 2], we have that y
is between the line y = x and the
x 2+ y 2 = 4
upper side of the circle
x 2 + y 2 = 4.
Double integrals in polar coordinates. (Sect. 15.2)
Example
Transform to polar coordinates and then evaluate the integral
√ √ √ √
Z − 2 Z 4−x 2 Z 2 Z 4−x 2
x2 +y 2
x 2 + y 2 dy dx.
 
I = √ dy dx + √
−2 − 4−x 2 − 2 x

Solution: Z 5π/4 Z 2
y
y=x I = r 2 rdr dθ
π/4 0

π 2 3
 5π Z
I = − r dr
−2 2
4 4 0
− 2 2 x
 r 4 2 
I =π

4 0
x 2+ y 2 = 4

We conclude: I = 4π. C

Double integrals in polar coordinates. (Sect. 15.2)

Example
Transform to polar coordinates and then evaluate the integral
√ √ √
Z 0 Z 4−x 2 Z 2Z 4−x 2
2 2
x 2 + y 2 dy dx
 
I = x +y dy dx +
−2 0 0 x

Solution: First sketch the integration region.


y
√ y=x
I x ∈ [−2, 2].

I For x√∈ [−2, 0], we have 0 6 y and


y 6 4 − x 2 . The latter curve is
part of the circle x 2 + y 2 = 4. −2 2 2
x

I For x√∈ [0, 2], we have x 6 y and
x 2+ y 2 = 4
y 6 4 − x 2.
Double integrals in polar coordinates. (Sect. 15.2)

Example
Transform to polar coordinates and then evaluate the integral
√ √ √
Z 0 Z 4−x 2 Z 2Z 4−x 2
x2 + y 2
x 2 + y 2 dy dx
 
I = dy dx +
−2 0 0 x

Solution:
y
y=x Z π Z 2
I = r 2 rdr dθ
π/4 0

3π  r 4 2 
−2 2 2 x I =
4 4 0

x 2+ y 2 = 4 We conclude: I = 3π. C

Integrals along a curve in space. (Sect. 16.1)

I Line integrals in space.


I The addition of line integrals.
I Mass and center of mass of wires.
Chapter 15, Multiple integrals.
Example
Find the volume of the region bounded by the paraboloid
z = 1 − x 2 − y 2 and the plane z = 0.
Solution:
So, D = {x 2 + y 2 6 1, 0 6 z 6 1 − x 2 − y 2 },
z and R = {x 2 + y 2 6 1, z = 0}. We know that
1 D

ZZZ ZZ Z 1−x 2 −y 2
V (D) = dv = dz dx dy .
1 y
1
D R 0
x R

Using cylindrical coordinates (r , θ, z), we get


Z 2π Z 1 Z 1−r 2 Z 1
V (D) = dz r dr dθ = 2π (1 − r 2 ) r dr .
0 0 0 0
Substituting u = 1 − du = −2r dr , we obtain2
r , so
Z 0 Z 1
(−du) u 2 1 π
V (D) = 2π u =π u du = π ⇒ V (D) = .
1 2 0 2 0 2

Chapter 15, Multiple integrals.


Example
Set up the integrals needed to compute the average of the function
f (x, y , z) = z sin(x) on the bounded region D in the first octant
bounded by the plane z = 4 − 2x − y . Do not evaluate the
integrals.
ZZZ
1
Solution: Recall: f = f dv .
V (D) D
z

4 2x + y + z = 4
Z 2 Z 4−2x Z 4−2x−y
D Since V (D) = dz dy dx,
0 0 0
4 y
R
2x + y = 4
x
2
we conclude that
Z 2 Z 4−2x Z 4−2x−y
z sin(x) dz dy dx
0 0 0
f = Z 2 Z 4−2x Z 4−2x−y .
dz dy dx
0 0 0

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