Republic of the Philippines

Department of the Education

TANAY SENIOR HIGH SCHOOL

Unit of Competency: Prepare Freehand Drawing

Module No.: 1 Module Title: Preparing freehand Drawing

REFERENCES AND FURTHER READING

Giesecke, Mitchell, and Spencer. Technical Drawing; The Macmillan

Company: 1949.

French and Vierck. Engineering Drawing; MacGraw, Hill Book Company,10 th

editon: 1960

German M. Manaois. Drafting 1 and 2; Phoenix Publishing:1983

Norman Stirling. Introduction to Technical Drawing; Delmar Publishing:

1977
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Perform Different Lettering Page

Styles &Techniques

How to Use this Module ……………………………………………….. I

Introduction ……………………………………………….. ii
Technical Terms …………………………………………………………. iii
Learning Outcome 1- Perform Different Lettering 1
Styles &Techniques ……………………………………………………..
Learning Experiences/Activities …………………………………. 2
Information Sheet 1.1 …………………………………………… 3
Self – Check 1.1 ……………………………………………………… 10

Learning Outcome 2 – Sketch Simple Objects ……………………… 12

Learning Experiences/Activities ………………………………….. 13
Information Sheet 2.1 ……………………………………………… 14
Self Check 2.1 ………………………………………………………… 17

Learning Outcome 3 – Perform Freehand Sketches ………………… 18

Learning Experiences/Activities …………………………………….. 19
Information Sheet 3.1 ……………………………………………… 20
Self – Check 3.1 ……………………………………………… 30
Operation Sheet 3.1 ……………………………………………… 33
Self – Check 3.2 ……………………………………………… 35
Assessment Resources ………………………………………………….. 36
Answer Key ……………………………………………… 38-41
 HOW TO USE THIS MODULE

Activities are properly arranged in this module to help you work on

your own pace. This module also covers the knowledge, skills, and desirable
attitude you need in technical drawing.

A Pre-assessment precedes the learning activities in each module to

determine your learning level and need.

The Learning Activity Page gives the sequence of the learning task.
This page serves as the road map in achieving the desired objectives.

When you are able to accomplish all the tasks required, a post-
assessment is given to check if the student is already competent with the
specified learning outcome/s and ready for the next task.

Definitions of terms are provided in this module for your better

understanding.
Program/Course : TECHNICAL DRAWING I

Unit of Competency : PREPARE FREEHAND DRAWING

Module Title : Preparing Freehand Drawing

INTRODUCTION

People around the world speak with different languages but they come
up with common understanding on drawing. That’s the reason why drawing
becomes a universal language.
This module is intended to provide a thorough coverage of technical
drawing for use as a classroom text and/or as a reference manual.
Performing freehand sketches, sketching simple object: and perform different
lettering styles and techniques are discussed in the module. Equipped with
all the concepts, the student can then competently transmit the ideas
through a drawing.

SUMMARY OF LEARNING OUTCOMES

Upon the completion of this module, you will be able to:
LO1 Perform different lettering styles and techniques.
LO2 Sketch simple objects.
LO3 Perform sketches.
TECHNICAL TERMS

Accented is a form of heavy and light elements of letters.

Slant line is an inclined line.
Style is the manner of designing or shaping a drawing.
Sketching is a preliminary drafting.
Stroke is the technique of printing letters.
Uppercase Letters are the big letters of the alphabets.
Proportion refers to the quality standard of shape, figure, form of object or
drawing.
Freehand Drawing. is performed without the use of mechanical drawing
instruments. it is purely done by pencil rendering.
Program/Course : TECHNICAL DRAWING I

Unit of Competency : PREPARE FREEHAND DRAWING

Module Title : Preparing Freehand Drawing

Learning Outcome 1 : Perform different lettering styles and

techniques

Assessment Criteria

1. Importance of lettering is properly explained

2. Each style of letter is performed on commercial standards.
3. Care and maintenance of lettering instruments are properly observed
and practiced.
4. Appropriate lettering instruments are correctly used.
5. Decorative letter styles are creatively done for a particular purpose.

References:

1. Giesecke, Mitchell, and Spencer. Technical Drawing; The Macmillan

Company: 1949.

2. French and Vierck. Engineering Drawing; MacGraw, Hill Book

Company,10th editon: 1960

3. German M. Manaois. Drafting 1 and 2; Phoenix Publishing:1983

4. Norman Stirling. Introduction to Technical Drawing; Delmar Publishing:

1977

1
LEARNING EXPERIENCES/ACTIVITIES

Learning Outcome # 1: Perform different lettering styles and

techniques
Learning Activities Special Instruction

1. Read information sheet no. 1

2. Answer self check no. 1.1 to • Try to answer the self check.
test your knowledge about
lettering.

3. Review the information sheet if

some items were not properly
carried out.

2
 INFORMATION SHEET # 1.1

Skill in lettering is a basic requirement for a student in drawing. He

must be exposed to the lettering activities to orient him on the quality
standard in printing letters.

Lettering is used as a form of communication. As applied in drawing,

it adds beauty if it is well-printed. Likewise, it can destroy the appearance of
the drawing once it is not done well.

The Four Group of Letters

1. Gothic Letters. They are the most simple and readable among the
four group of letters. It has a uniform stem. It should be applied
only for poster and advertisement purposes.

Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo
Pp Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy
Two forms of gothic letters:
a. Commercial Gothic. It is printed with heavy stem. It is used
for advertisement purposes only.

b. Single Stroke. It is printed with thin stem. It is used for

engineering drawing purposes.

2. Roman Letters. The thickness of these letters is not uniform. they

have pointed stem which is called “serif”. They must be used for
books, magazine, newspapers, and text matters.

Aa Bb Cc Dd Ee Ff Gg Hh Ii Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Oo Pp
Qq Rr Ss Tt Uu Vv Ww Xx Yy

3
 The Three Classics of Roman Letters:

a. Old Roman Letters. They are printed by means of layout

form using the flexible lettering pen. The thickness of the
thin stem must be ½ from the thickness of the heavy
stem.

b. Modern Roman Letters. They are printed in single stroke

using the speedball pen.

c. Modified Roman. Similar to Modern Roman, they are

printed in single stroke using the speedball pen.
However, this style must be printed in the absence of
serif.

3. Spanish Script. It is considered as artistic letters. It is purposely

used for certificates, diplomas, citations, greetings and invitation
cards.

4. Text or Old English. This style is the most artistic among the four
groups of letter. Similar to Spanish script, it is also used for
certificates, diplomas, citations, greetings and invitation cards.

4
The Rule of Stability of letters

This refers to the standard rules to be considered in printing the

letters particularly on the following:

1. Upper Case letters. They are letters which are printed in capital form.
Three guidelines are cap line, waist line, and base line.

Example:

cap line

waist line

ABCDEFG base line

2. Lower Case Letters. These are the letters which are printed in small
letters printed with the use of four guidelines such as cap line, waist line,
base line, and dropped line.

Example:

cap line

waist line

abcdfgy base line

dropped line

The General Proportion of Letters

1. Compressed or Condensed. This particular proportion should be

applied only when the space is limited. The letters are printed with
closer distance and its width is narrower than the normal size.

Example:

COMPRESSED
5
 2. Extended. This proportion is applied when there is a more space. The
width of the letter is wider than the height.
Example:

3. Normal. This proportion is applied when there is normal space. The

letter is printed in the normal size.
Example:

NORMAL
The Two Proportion of Thickness

1. Boldface. This refers to the letters which are printed with heavy stem.
Example:

BOLDFACE
2. Lightface. This refers to the letters which are printed with thin stem.
Example:

6
Below are the suggested lettering tools and instruments and their uses:

1. Speed Ball - used in writing different various styles of

letters

2. Lettering Brush - used for sign painting

3. Felt Point Pen - used for sign painting

4. Letter Template - used as guide for letter transfer

5. Letter Transfer - used to direct letter transfer

6. Pencil - used for lettering and sketching

7. Technical Pen - used for Gothic letters

8. Leroy Lettering Pen - used for engineering and architectural

lettering

Order of Strokes in Lettering

The first letters that should be studied are I, L, T, F, E, H. These letters

are the easiest to draw because the basic strokes are vertical and horizontal.
You should practice making these letters according to the models.

The next group P, R, B, U and J requires close study because of the

introduction of the curved line aside from the three already given.

The last group of letters is C, G, O, Q, D and S which are based on the

circle.

The M and W must be printed wider than the other letters. It is

suggested therefore that its width should be greater than the other letters by
25 percent. The letter I is the thinnest letter.

7
Making Numerals

All mechanical drawings involve the use of numerals, hence, they

should be studied closely. Notice that in the figures below are all 6 units and
5 units wide except 1. All figures are composed of the essential strokes
found in the letters which are straight and curved. See Figure 1.1

Single stroke vertical upper case letters and numerals

Figure 1.1

8
 Single stroke vertical lower case letters
Figure 1.2

Single stroke inclined upper case lower case letters and numerals
Figure 1.3

9
Single stroke inclined lower case letters
Figure 1.4

10
 SELF CHECK 1.1

LO1. Perform different letter styles and techniques

I. Multiple Choice. On the space provided before each item, write the
letter of the word or group of words that will make the statement
complete and correct.
________ 1. Which of the styles of letter is applicable for engineering
drawing?
a. Single stroke gothic letters
b. Commercial gothic letters
c. Modified roman letters
d. Modern roman letters
________ 2. This proportion of letters is only used when the space is
enough.
a. compressed
b. extended
c. normal
d. lightface
________ 3. Among the letters below, identify which of them has widest
width?
a. N and O
b. M and W
c. C and X
d. H and L
________ 4. Which of the statements below clearly define the meaning
of rule of stability?
a. This refers to the standard rules to be considered in printing
the letters
b. This refers to the styles and methods of printing the letters.
c. This refers to the three forms of proportion of letters.
d. It is a standard guideline to be observed in using the
different lettering tools.

11
 ________ 5. Which of the proportion of letters below is applicable for
limited space?
a. compressed proportion
b. extended proportion
c. normal proportion
d. boldface proportion

II. Answer the following questions briefly:

1. Discuss the effect of the lettering on the drawing when it is not

properly printed.
2. How important is lettering in the drawing?

III. Direction : Illustrate the selected letters below in the form of

Gothic,
and Roman letters.

A, B, K, M, R, X, and Y

12
Program/Course : TECHNICAL DRAWING I

Unit of Competency : PREPARE FREEHAND DRAWING

Module Title : Preparing Freehand Drawing

LO2. Sketch simple objects

Assessment Criteria

1. Principle of sketching objects is properly discussed.

2. Different shapes of objects are correctly identified.
3. All principles of proportion in sketching simple objects based on
commercial standards are explained.
4. Procedure in sketching is correctly followed.

References:

1. Giesecke, Mitchell, and Spencer. Technical Drawing; The Macmillan

Company: 1949.

2. French and Vierck. Engineering Drawing; MacGraw, Hill Book

Company,10th editon: 1960

3. German M. Manaois. Drafting 1 and 2; Phoenix Publishing:1983

4. Norman Stirling. Introduction to Technical Drawing; Delmar Publishing:

1977

13
LEARNING EXPERIENCES/ACTIVITIES

Learning Outcome # 2: Sketch Simple Object

Learning Activities Special Instruction

2. Read information sheet no. 2

3. Answer self check no. 2.1 for • Try to answer the self check.
better understanding.

• Try to follow the procedure

correctly.

14
 INFORMATION SHEET 2.1

Sketching is a basic skill to be learned by the student before he will

be exposed to higher level of drawing activities.

Sketching is a preliminary layout or draft before making it into final

drawing. This can be done in a light line forms with the use of sketching
tools and materials.

Principles of Sketching Objects

Before doing sketching activities, it is important to know the basic

principles in sketching. The following are:
• Analyze the proportions of the subject.
• Mentally picture out the basic shape of subject.
• Determine the small details on the subject.
• Establish height and width of the subject to be sketched.
• Use the appropriate sketching materials.

The Two Basic Proportions of Object

• Height. It is the distance elevation from bottom to top. Height must

be proportioned to the width of the subject.

• Width. It is the distance from front to rear. Likewise, it should be

proportioned to the height of the subject.

15
Basic Shapes of Objects

1. Rectangle - has its opposite sides equal and all its angles are
right angles.

2. Square - has four equal sides and angles

3. Hexagon – is a polygon having six equal sides

16
4. Rhombus- is a quadrilateral with four equal sides and angles
which may not be right angles but are also equal.

5. Deltoid- is a quadrilateral with pairs of equal sides.

6. Scalene Triangle- is a triangle whose two sides and two angles are
equal.

7. Equilateral Triangle- is a triangle with all sides and angles are

equal.

17
8. Circle. A figure which has an angle of 360 degrees.

9. Oblong. An elliptical figure which shapes originates from the

circle.

18
 SELF CHECK 2.1

LO2. Sketch simple object

Direction : A. Identify the terms referred in the following.

____________________1.The most important role in freehand sketching.

____________________2.A polygon with six equal sides.
_____________________3. A quadrilateral with four equal sides and four equal
right angles.
____________________4. A quadrilateral which opposite sides are equal and
whose angles are also right angles.
____________________5. A quadrilateral with two opposite side parallel.
____________________6. A triangle where all sides and angles are equal.
___________________ 7. A quadrilateral with pairs of sides are equal.

B. Enumerate what are being asked.

8-10 Give the three basic shapes of an object.

19
Program/Course : TECHNICAL DRAWING I

Unit of Competency : PREPARE FREEHAND DRAWING

Module Title : Preparing Freehand Drawing

Learning outcome 3: Perform freehand sketches

Assessment Criteria

1. Drawing pencils are selected based on specific job requirements.

2. Proper care and manipulation of drawing tools, materials and
equipment are observed and practiced.
3. Techniques on line exercises are demonstrated according to standard
procedure.
4. Shading techniques are applied making use of appropriate standard
specification.
5. Pencil rendering techniques are applied according to appropriate
drawing materials.

6. Creativity on value scale in shading is applied.

References:

1. Giesecke, Mitchell, and Spencer. Technical Drawing; The Macmillan

Company: 1949.

2. French and Vierck. Engineering Drawing; MacGraw, Hill Book

Company,10th editon: 1960

3. German M. Manaois. Drafting 1 and 2; Phoenix Publishing:1983

4. Norman Stirling. Introduction to Technical Drawing; Delmar Publishing:

1977

20
 LEARNING ACTIVITIES/ EXPERIENCES

Learning Outcome # 3: Perform Sketches

Learning Activities Special Instruction

1. Read information sheet no. 3.

2. Answer self check no. 3.1 to • Try to answer the self check.
test your understanding.

3. If not able to answer all items

correctly, review again the
information no. 3

4. Read operation sheet no. 3.1 • Ask the teacher when some
• Observe carefully the items are difficult to
teacher’s demonstration understand.
5. Read operation sheet no. 3.2,
analyze the given procedure.

6. Perform self check no. 3.2 to • Ask your teacher for some
test your knowledge on clarifications.
freehand sketches.

21
 INFORMATION SHEET 3.1

LO3. Perform freehand drawing

Drawing Principles Freehand and Sketching

Freehand sketches are of great assistance to the designers in

organizing their thought and recording their ideas. They are effective and
economical means of formulating various solutions to a given problem so
that a choice can be made between them at the outset. Often, much time
can be made between them at the outset. Much time can be lost if the
designer starts his scaled layout before adequate preliminary study with the
aid of sketches. Information concerning changes design, covering
replacement of broken parts or lost drawing, is usually conveyed through
sketches.

Drawing Tools, Equipment, and Materials

1. Drawing Paper- is manufactured in four colors, namely: white, cream,

light green and buff. It comes in different sizes of
various sheet thickness.
2. Ruler- is used for marking out distances as well as for measuring
purposes.
3. Pencil- is manufactured in various grades of hardness ranging from 7H
which is very soft up to 9H. The lead of pencil is a
mixture graphite, clay and wax. The clay makes the lead
hard. The harder the pencil is, the lighter the line is
produced.

22
4. Drawing Table– may refer to any ordinary table found in a school shop or
in the home with convenient height that will make you comfortable while
working. Its main purpose is to provide you a place where you can fasten
your paper.

5. Drawing Board- is necessary if no drawing bench is available. The

common size of drawing board is 45.71 cm X 61 cm.

6. T-square- is an instrument used for drawing horizontal lines. It also

supports the triangle for vertical or sloping line drawing.

23
7. Triangle- is used to draw both vertical and oblique lines. It is the 45-
degree triangle and the 30-60-degree triangle.

8. Drawing Tape-is used before any drawing activity is to be started.

the drawing paper has to be fastened on the drawing
board. The acceptable method of fastening is with the
use of tape.

9. Eraser – has two kinds: the red rubber and the yellow art gum.
of the two kinds of eraser the yellow art gum is better to
use for it correct errors easily and removes unwanted lines.

24
10. Protractor- is used to lay out angles. It is made of transparent plastic
and a half circle shape. It has two scales: the outside
scale which is from zero to 180 degrees going to the left
and the inside scale which is the opposite.

11. Compass- is an instrument for drawing arcs and circles. The common
kinds of compass are the pencil compass and the drawing
compass. The pencil compass has an opening for the
pencil while the drawing compass has a piece of lead fitted
intone of its leg.

25
12. French curve – is an instrument for drawing irregular curves other than
arcs and circles.

12. Ruling Pen – is an instrument for inking drawings. It is adjustable in

order to produce thickness and thickness of lines.

26
14. Divider- is used for dividing lines or distances into equal parts.

15. Scale- is used for measuring and for scaling process.

Proper Care and Maintenance of Drawing Tools and Instruments

1. Keep your instruments and equipment clean.

2. Wipe the pencil point with a piece of cotton and not your finger.
keep your drawing tools and instruments in proper places before and
after using.

27
Basic consideration in freehand sketches

It is necessary to expose the learner in the different line exercises as

basic activities in freehand sketches. The following are the forms of lines:
1. Horizontal line. It is a line parallel to the horizon or a line that form 180
deg. It is drawn from left to right.

2. Vertical line. Is a line that can be obtained by suspending plumb and

this line form 90 degrees from the horizontal line. It is drawn from top to
bottom.

3. Inclined line. It is neither horizontal nor vertical line.

4. Curve line. A line produced by a circular movement.

28
Importance of Shading in freehand drawing and sketches

Shading is the process of making the visible surfaces of an object. It is

applied in a variety of tones or values.
The following are the tones or values of shading:

1. Light Values. This represents the surface which receives the

greatest amount of light.

2. The Medium Values. This represents the surface which receives

less amount of light.

3. Dark Values. This represents the surface very little amount of

light.

In shading application, the source of light is assumed to be coming

from the upper left-hand corner of the drawing paper and rays of light are
imagined to be inclining at an angle of 45 degrees.

Techniques in Shading Application

1. Apply the lightest shading on the part of a surface which receives

more light.

2. Shade the portion of a surface which receives less light with medium
values.

3. Shade the portion of a surface which receives little amount of light

with a heavy shade.

29
Methods of shading application

1. Line shading. A technique of showing the various shades of an object

by using lines.

2. Stippling. It is applied by dabbing the pencil point or pen to produce

dots on the surface of the object.

30
 3. Mixed shading. It is called mixed because it applies both the line and
dotted shading. However, the lines and dotted
shading must not be applied to the same surface of
the object.

4. Continuous Tone Shading or Smudge Shading. This is applied by

using the powdered graphite or lead of a pencil.

Note:
Refer to Operation Sheet No. 3.2 and Self Check No. 3.2 for the
application of this activity.

31
 SELF CHECK 3.1

LO3. Perform freehand sketches

Direction: A. Identification: Write the correct answer in each blank.

____________________1. An instrument used for drawing horizontal lines. It

also supports the triangle for vertical and sloping line
drawing.
____________________2. It is an ordinary table found in a school shop or in
the home with a convenient height that will make you
comfortable while drawing.
____________________3. An instrument used for marking out distances as
well as measuring purposes.
____________________4. An instrument used for drawing irregular curves
other than arc s and circles.
____________________5. An instrument used for dividing lines or distances
into equal parts.
____________________6. A tool used to draw both vertical and oblique lines

B. Enumeration:
7-10 Four colors of drawing papers

32
 OPERATION SHEET 3.1

LO3. Perform freehand sketches

Skill in line exercises is a basic requirement prior to exposing

the learner to higher drawing activities considering that all forms of
drawing emanates from a line, it might be horizontal, vertical,
inclined, and curve lines.

Procedures in sketching horizontal, vertical, inclined, and curve lines

1. Sketch a rectangle at 120 mm x 160 mm.

2. Divide the rectangle into four equal parts.
3. Sketch horizontal lines on the first part of the rectangle, start
at the left going to the right. (Each line must have 5mm gap
distance).
4. Sketch vertical lines on the second part of the rectangle.
Start at the top down to the bottom. (Each line must have
5mm gap distance).
5. Sketch inclined lines on the third part of the rectangle with a
downward stroke. (Each line must have 5mm gap distance).
6. Sketch curve lines from left to right. (Each line must have
5mm gap distance).
(See figure 3.5)

33
Figure 3.5

34
 OPERATION SHEET 3.2

LO3. Perform freehand drawing

Freehand drawing is executed without the use of mechanical

drawing instruments. It is purely done by means of sketching.

Procedure in making freehand drawing:

1. Prepare the model/object.

2. Imagine the basic shape from which the model originates and
sketch on the appropriate drawing paper.

35
 3. Analyze the proportion and sketch the temporary line ( width).

WIDTH

4. Complete the freehand drawing activity.

5. Darken the final edges and erase the sketching lines.

6. Apply line shading.

36
 SELF CHECK 3.2

DIRECTION: Sketch the given model below and apply continuous

tone shading.

37
 ASSESSMENT RESOURCES

Performance Assessment
Scoring Rubrics
Criteria Score
(Tick the corresponding pts.)
Accuracy
50
45
40
Speed
10
6
8
Neatness
25
20
15
Lettering/Labeling
15
12
10
8
Total

Performance Criteria:

▪ Accuracy
50 pts - The output is accurately done.
45 pts - Two to five errors are observed on the output.
40 pts. - Six to ten errors are observed on the output.

▪ Speed
10 pts - The output is done 5 minutes before the time.
8 pts - The output is done on time.
6 pts. - The output is done after the allotted time.

▪ Neatness
25 pts. - No errors made on the output.
20 pts - Two to three erasures made on the output.
15 pts - Four or more erasures made on the output.

38
▪ Lettering/Labeling
15 pts. - All information must be completely indicated and legibly
printed.
10 pts. - Aieces of information are legibly printed but some are
missing.

39
 ANSWER KEY 1.1

TEST I.
1. a
2. c.
3. b
4. a
5. a

TEST II. ( Teacher’s check)

TEST III. ( Teacher’s check)

40
 ANSWER KEY 2.1

1. Proportion
2. Hexagon
3. Rectangle
4. Square
5. Trapezoid
6. Equilateral triangle
7. Rhombus
8. Rectangle
9. Hexagon
10. Square

41
 ANSWER KEY # 3.1

1. T-square
2. Drawing table
3. Scale
4. French curve
5. Divider
6. Triangle
7. White
8. Cream
9. Light and green
10. Buff

42
 ANSWER KEY # 3.2

(Teacher’s Check)

ANSWER KEY 3.1

a. Octahedron
b. Tetrahedron
c. Hexahedron
d. Icosahedron
e. Dodecahedron

43