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AMC Training Sheet

The document discusses several geometry and number theory concepts: 1) Opposite triangles are proportionally similar based on their bases and areas. The midsegments of a triangle form one fourth of the area. 2) Formulas are provided for the area of a triangle, surface area and volume of cones and spheres. 3) Properties of cyclic quadrilaterals and angle bisectors in triangles are described. 4) Pick's theorem and the triangle inequality are explained. Several number theory concepts like prime factorization, permutations, and combinations are defined.

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Kennard LIONG
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95 views6 pages

AMC Training Sheet

The document discusses several geometry and number theory concepts: 1) Opposite triangles are proportionally similar based on their bases and areas. The midsegments of a triangle form one fourth of the area. 2) Formulas are provided for the area of a triangle, surface area and volume of cones and spheres. 3) Properties of cyclic quadrilaterals and angle bisectors in triangles are described. 4) Pick's theorem and the triangle inequality are explained. Several number theory concepts like prime factorization, permutations, and combinations are defined.

Uploaded by

Kennard LIONG
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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GEOMETRY STUFF 

 
Opposite triangles are proportionally similar. If the base of one of them is twice 
the base of the other, then the area is 4 times larger. 
 
Midsegments of the triangle is a fourth of the triangle’s area. 

In a triangle - A = sqrt((s)(s − a)(s − b)(s − c)) Where A is the area and s is the 
semiperimeter of the triangle with sides a, b, c. Semiperimeter is (a+b+c)/2 

In a cone, the 
SA - πr^2 + πrl 
Volume = (πr^2h)/3 
 
In a sphere, the volume is 4πr^3/3 
The surface area of the sphere is 4πr^2 
 
In a CYCLIC QUADRILATERAL 
- Opposite sides equal 180˚ 
- Considering a is opposite b and c is opposite d, e and f are the diagonals,  
Ab + cd = ef 
 
Angle bisector theorem -  

 
Consider x as the angle bisector of the angle,  
b/a = d/c 
 
Triangle inequality - in a triangle, any 2 sides added will always be larger than 
the 3rd side. 
 
 
9. Pick’s theorem - this holds true if the area of each square is 1cm^2, else 
proportional (if 2x2 = 4cm^2, area is 4 x value) 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
NUMBER THEORY 
 
1. Find the number of positive factors of a number - prime factorize, add the 
powers by 1, multiply them. 
2. Pigeonhole theorem - if we distribute n balls into k people such that n>k, at 
least one person has multiple balls. 
3. Permutation - nPk = n!/(n-k)! Where order does not matter - abc and cab are 
considered different! 
4. Combination - nCk = n!/k!(n-k)! Where order matters, abc and cab are 
considered the same. 
5. Burnside Lemma = Let’s say you have a 2x2, 4 block square. You have 5 colors 
that you can use to paint each square - repeats are allowed, no rules. How 
many distinct arrangements are there? 
The first triangle has 5 applicable colors, so 5. The second has 5 too, with the first 
there are 5x5 = 25 combinations. 
Over 4 of them, there are 5^4 combinations = 625 combinations. But we are 
overcounting, because some of them have the same symmetry.  
 
For example, this and this is the same: 
 

   

   
 

   

   
 
It is simply a 90 degree clockwise change.  
In this, there are 8 symmetrical changes that could be applied -  
90 degree clockwise, 180 degrees, 90 degree anti clockwise, 0 degree (no change), 
Flip Horizontal, Flip Vertical, Flip from the first diagonal, flip from the second diagonal. 
 
Burnside’s lemma suggests that the number of objects (which we’re trying to find - 
arrangements with the symmetrical changes taken into consideration) is equal to the 
average number of the symmetrical blocks taken from every symmetry. 
The symmetrical blocks are the ones that define a symmetry - when they are rotated 
or flipped, they don’t change. There is a different number of symmetrical blocks for 
each symmetrical change. 
Do Nothing - all 4 are symmetrical blocks as they don’t move, 5^4 
180 degree - Topright and bottomleft or topleft and bottomright, 5^2 
90 degree - All change, 5^0 = 1 
-90 degree - all change, 5^0 = 1 
Flip horizontal - topright and bottomright or topleft and bottomleft, 5^2 
Flip vertical - topright and topleft or bottomright or bottomleft, 5^2 
Flip diagonal - topright, bottomright, and bottomleft or topleft, bottomleft and topright, 
5^3 
Flip diag alt - see above, also 5^3 
 
We find the average so 
(5^4 + 3(5^2) + 2(5^3) + 2(5^0))/8 = 119 combinations 
 
6. Stars and Bars - the number of ways to distribute n items into k parties where 
every k has at least one item is n-1Ck-1 
How many ways can $24 can be distributed to 3 people so each person has at least 
one dollar: 23C2 = 253 ways 
 
The number of ways to distribute n items into k boxes where some boxes remain 
empty is (n+k-1)C(k-1). 
How many ways to distribute 15 dollars between 3 people where some can remain 
empty? 17C2 = 136 ways 
 
 
EXAMPLES 
------------------------------------- 
 
Example - Find the probability of forming a triangle from 3 points of a decagon where 
the triangles’ sides are not a side of the octagon. 
 
To find the number of these triangles, you need to find the total number of triangles. 
This is a combination, not permutations because imagine the vertices abc, cba will be 
the same. 
 
So since there are 10 vertices, 
 
10C3 = 10!/7!3! = 10x9x8/3x2 = 120 triangles. 
 
The number of triangles where the triangles sides are a part of the octagon: 
 
Class a - Where 2 of the sides are part of the triangle = 10 of them, because each of 
the vertices can connect with its adjacent vertices to form these triangles. 
 
Class b - Where just one of the sides is part of the triangle: 
Each vertex could hook with the one at its right, and there are 10 - 2(the original 2 
vertices) - 2 (adjacent, this would form part of class a.). This is 10-2-2 = 6 
 
There are 10 vertices which can hook to 6 each = 60. 
60+10 = 70 are also a side of the decagon. 
 
120 - 70 = 50 not sides of the decagon 
50/120 = 5/12 chance! 
 
------------------------------------- 
 
2 - ends with an even number 
3 - the sum of digits is divisible by 3 
4 - the last 2 digits are divisible by 4 
5 - ends with an 0 or 5 
6 - divisible by 2 and 3 
7 - keep subtracting with multiples of 7 until 0 
8 - last 3 digits are divisible by 8 
9 - the total sum is divisible by 9 
10 - ends with a 0 
 
11 - calculate the number of odd (o) and even (e) INDEX digits. |o-e| has to be divisible 
by 11 
1331, the odd indexes are 1,3. THe even indexes are 3, 1.  
|(1+3)-(3+1)| = 0, 0/11 is divisible 
 
12 - divisible by 3 and 4, sum divisible by 3 and last 2 digits divisible by 4. 
13 - multiply the last digit of n by 4, then add this value to the rest of the number. 
Example: 663, 3x4 = 12. Add 12 to 66 which is 78, this is divisible by 13 so yes. 
15 - Divisible by 3 and 5 
 
A triangular number fulfills n(n+1)/2.  
 
 

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