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Experiment # 2 Analysis and Design of A Low Pass Filter Objective

1) The document describes an experiment to analyze and design a low pass filter. The objective is to understand low pass filters and make a Bode plot using hardware and MATLAB simulation. 2) A low pass filter passes low frequencies and attenuates high frequencies above the cutoff frequency. The students designed a low pass filter in Simulink and observed the output without and with noise. 3) They also implemented a practical low pass filter circuit and measured the output on an oscilloscope. The output showed no attenuation for a low 100Hz frequency but attenuation for a high 4kHz frequency, verifying low pass filter behavior.

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Ghaznooq Ahmad
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177 views

Experiment # 2 Analysis and Design of A Low Pass Filter Objective

1) The document describes an experiment to analyze and design a low pass filter. The objective is to understand low pass filters and make a Bode plot using hardware and MATLAB simulation. 2) A low pass filter passes low frequencies and attenuates high frequencies above the cutoff frequency. The students designed a low pass filter in Simulink and observed the output without and with noise. 3) They also implemented a practical low pass filter circuit and measured the output on an oscilloscope. The output showed no attenuation for a low 100Hz frequency but attenuation for a high 4kHz frequency, verifying low pass filter behavior.

Uploaded by

Ghaznooq Ahmad
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Name Ghaznooq Ahmad Ghulam Shabbir

Reg. No 2017-EE-352(B) 2017-EE-362(B)


Marks / Grade

EXPERIMENT # 2

Analysis and Design of a Low Pass Filter

Objective:
➢ To understand the basic principles of low pass filters and make Bode plot of low pass filters
using hardware
➢ To simulate the low pass filter in MATLAB to remove high frequency noise

Theory and Procedure:


A low-pass filter is a filter that passes low-frequency signals but attenuates (reduces the amplitude
of) signals with frequencies higher than the. A low-pass filter is the opposite of a high-pass filter,
and a band-pass filter is a combination of a low-pass and a high-pass. An ideal low-pass filter
completely eliminates all frequencies above the cutoff frequency while passing those below
unchanged: its frequency response is a rectangular function, and is a brick-wall filter. The
transition region present in practical filters does not exist in an ideal filter.
Low-pass filters exist in many different forms, including electronic circuits, for smoothing sets of
data and so on.
Task 1:
1. Make a Simulink model in MATLAB, superimpose high frequency sine signal (noise) on
the low frequency sine signal (message). Show the results of actual and message, noise and
superimposed signal.
2. Design a low pass filter and pass the noisy signal through the transfer function of LPF and
observe the retrieve the exact message.

Fig. 2.1. SIMULINK model for Low pass Filter


Fig. 2.2. Output of SIMULINK model for Low pass Filter

NOTE: Show your calculation and equations in lab report


Task 2:
Observe the behavior of practical circuit.

Low Pass Filter (Connection Diagram):

Fig. 2.3. Connection Diagram

Low Pass Filter Wiring Diagram (Draw Yourself):


Readings and Measurements by Oscilloscope:

Frequency (f =100 Hz) Oscilloscope Time Base = 2 ms

Fig. 2.4. Oscilloscope output for f= 100Hz

Frequency (f = 4kHz) Oscilloscope Time Base = 500us

Fig. 2.5. Oscilloscope output for f= 4kHz


Bode Diagram:

A Bode plot is a graph of the transfer function of a linear, time-invariant system versus frequency,
plotted with a log-frequency axis, to show the system's frequency response. It is usually a
combination of a Bode magnitude plot, expressing the magnitude of the frequency response gain,
and a Bode phase plot, expressing the frequency response phase shift.

Bode Plot Determination (Connection Diagram):

Fig. 2.6. Connection Diagram

Fig. 2.7. Bode Plot


Determine the limit frequency f3dB of the circuit where the output voltage has fallen by 3dB
compared to the input voltage. What is the phase angle at f = f3dB?

Sol: It can be seen from the graph that voltage has fallen by 3db at approximately frequency f =
2000 Hz and phase angle at that frequency is phi = 30o

Quantitative measurement of the limit frequency of the (Low pass Filter)


First, calculate the limit frequency, f3dB.

Now, calculate the value of the output voltage for f = f3dB

Lab. Exercise:
Q.1: Can a low pass filter be used as an integrator. Draw circuit diagram?

Answer:
Q# 2: How a low pass filter is beneficial while performing rectification process?
Answer:

Q#3. How we can improve the efficiency of a low pass filter?


Answer:

Q # 4 How a low pass filter can be used for Equalization process?

Conclusions and Comments:


In this lab, first we made a model of low pass filter in SIMULINK, and then simulated it and
observed the output. We superimposed the high frequency noise on low frequency signal and
passed that noisy signal through low pass filter. We observed that L.P.F blocked the noise and
gives us the original low frequency signal without noise. In second task, we implemented the L.P.F
on hardware and observed the output. For low frequency (100Hz) signal there was no attenuation
in the amplitude and output was same as input. But when we passed the high frequency (4kHz)
signal through L.P.F, the amplitude attenuates which can be seen from fig. 2.5.

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