Design of solid slab

1.1 Introduction

In the building structural skeleton slabs are suspended structure used to provide flat surfaces for
occupancy. Reinforced concrete slab mainly supported by reinforced concrete beams in solid
slab case and is usually poured monolithically with beams but, in other cases it may be supported
bay masonry wall, reinforced concrete walls, structural steel members, and directly by columns
or continuously by the ground.

Solid slabs may be supported in two opposite beams only which mostly occurs when beam are
arranged as flanged beam type as in Fig.7.1a, in which the structural action of the slab is
essentially one-way, the loads being carried by the slab in the direction perpendicular to the
supporting beams. But, one way slab doesn’t depends only on the beam arrangement in one
parallel direction it also based on the ratio of longer span to shorter span. There may be beams on
all four sides, as in Fig.7.1b, so that two-way slab action is obtained. If the ratio of length to
width of one slab panel is larger than about 2, most of the load is carried in the shorter direction
to the supporting beams and one-way action is obtained in effect, even though supports are
provided on all sides.

Ly
One way slab supported by flanged beam one way if ratio  2 beam in both
Lx
directions

1
Two way slab if ratio L y  2
Lx

1.2 One way slab

As tried to define in the introduction one way slab may occurs if slab is supported on flanged
beam or the ratio of longer to shorter span is greater than two. Load transfer from one way slab
to beam occurs as normal load path in the shorter direction. Load flow in the structural element
follows as gravity from the top most structure to the bottom one. The load from the slab directly
transferred to beam and from beam to column for single story building but it repeats for
multistory structure.

The analysis of this special slab is analyzed as beam by considering unit strip and the design is
also performed as of used to design beam. The arrangement of the slab determines the beam is
simple or continuous beam as shown on the figure below.

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Figure (a) simple span one way slab analysis (b) continuous span one way slab strip analysis

In the design part slab design is designed as flexural beam.

Load transfer from one way slab to beam

The load flow in floor from self-weight of slab, other dead load, and live load due to occupancy
as per the code is factored for uncertainty and act as design areal load over slab. The areal load
acting on the slab should be transferred to beam. The load transfer coefficient and direction for
one way slab as per code is in the shorter direction 50% as uniformly distributed load to longer
span.

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1.3 Two way slab

Two way slabs are floor system whose individual panels are supported in such a way that two
way action results. In two way slab the ratio of longer to shorter span is less than two. When
loaded, such slab bends into a dished surface rather than cylindrical one. As the bending
moments are proportional to curvature to resist these flexure the slab must be reinforced in both
directions.

Analysis by Means of Coefficients

Slabs with side ratio less than 2 are treated as two way slabs and analysis can be made by
means of coefficients on the basis of the following assumptions and procedures.

 The slab is composed of rectangular panels, supported at all four edges by walls or
beams, stiff enough to be treated as an unyielding.
 Slabs are subjected to uniform load or concentrated load which can be converted to
equivalent uniform load not exceeding 20% of the total load

Moments for each panels with edge either simply supported or fully fixed are calculated
from:

M i   i Pd L x 2

Where :
M i design flexural moment at piont of referance
Pd design factoredslab loading
 i coefficient of moment distribution to panel strip that depends on the panel span length ratio
L x shorter panel length

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 Division of panel into strips:

Slabs are divided in each direction into middle strips and edge strips as shown below.

Support Moment Field Moment

M xs   xs Pd L x 2 M xs   xf Pd L x 2

M ys   ys Pd L x 2 M xs   yf Pd L x 2

As ULSD method the design load can be determined as

Pd  1.35DL  1.5LL

Where:

DL: is dead load that slab structure subjected to which includes self-weight, floor finish,
plastering, and any other load from structure permanently attached to the slab.

LL: live load that the slab structure carries base on the occupancy required as per the EBCS code
provision.

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The value of  xs ,  xf ,  ys and  yf depends on the ratio of span length and support
condition slab panel

Table 7.1 Bending moment coefficients for rectangular panels supported on four sides with
provision for torsion at corners.

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Moment Adjustment for continuous slabs

Moment adjustment is performed after calculation of support and field moment for each panel’s
bay using coefficient method formula. At the continuous edge we have two likely different
values of support moment. It is required to have unique (equalize) the support moment for the
provision of continuous reinforcement at that support (edge) strip. Regarding this adjustment the
support and field moment adjustment can be performed based on the requirement at that specific
location.

Support moment adjustment

This is required to equalize support moment over two adjacent edge strip from two adjacent floor
panels. For this support moment adjustment we have two methods based on the percentage
difference between the two moments. If the difference in magnitude between two moments
exceeds 20% of the maximum moment out of those two support moment we use moment
distribution method. But, if their difference is less than 20% of the maximum moment we use
average of the two moments.

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 Figure balancing support moment by using moment distribution

Field moment adjustment

If support moment is decreased due to support moment adjustment it is required to adjust the
field moment for that specific floor panel. The field moment M xf and M yf increased to
allow for change of support moment decrement.

The increment of moment can be calculated as:

I. Assume the support moment decreased in both shorter and longer direction.

∆MXS= MXS (before) - MXS (adjusted)

∆MXY= MXY (before) - MXY (adjusted)

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 Field moment increment is calculated as:

M fi  Ci M xs  Ci M ys

Therefore moment increment for each field moment will be:

M xf  C x M xs  C x M ys
M yf  C y M xs  C y M ys

The final value of adjusted field moment

M xf  Adj   M xf  M xf
M yf  Adj   M yf  M yf

1.4. Load transfer from two way slab to beam

The design loads on beams supporting solid slabs spanning in two directions at right angles
support: uniformly distributed loads may be assessed from the following equations:

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 V x   vx Pd L x
V y   vy Pd L x

The value of coefficient  vx and  vy can be obtained from table 7.13 based on the slab support
condition.

Table 7.3 Shear force coefficients for uniformly loaded rectangular panels supported on four
sides with provision for torsion at corners.

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Design Example

Design the floor slab of office building as shown on the figure below. The floor finish used is
ceramic tiles of thickness 2cm and 2.5cm ceiling plaster. Material used for design are C-25
concrete, S-500 reinforcement steel class I workmanship, concrete cover of 15mm for corrosion
and fire resistance, 12mm main slab rebar.

Solution

Minimum depth for deflection determination

Structural System K Concrete highly Concrete highly

stressed ρ= 1.5% stressed ρ= 0.5%
Simply supported beam, one- or 1.0 14 20
two-way spanning simply supported slab
End span of continuous beam or 1.3 18 26
one-way continuous slab or two way spanning
slab continuous over one long side
Interior span of beam or one-way 1.5 20 30
or two-way spanning slab
Slab supported on columns without beams (flat 1.2 17 24
slab) (based on longer span)
Cantilever 0.4 6 8
Note 1: The values given have been chosen to be generally conservative and calculation may
frequently show that thinner members are possible.
Note 2: For 2-way spanning slabs, the check should be carried out on the basis of the shorter
span. For flat slabs the longer span should be taken.
Note 3: The limits given for flat slabs correspond to a less severe limitation than a mid-span
deflection of span/250 relative to the columns. Experience has shown this to be satisfactory.

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Minimum depth for deflection determination for each panel

Panel Slab support condition Length (m) Ratio Slab type Effective Total
ID Position Support ID Lx Ly Ly: Lx depth(mm) depth(mm)
P-1 End Panel Type 7 3.5 6 1.7 Two way 175 196
P-2 End Panel Type 2 2.5 6 2.4 One way 125 146
P-3 End Panel Type 7 4.5 6 1.33 Two way 225 246
C-4 cantilever Type 2 1.5 4.5 3 Two way 187.5 208.5

Therefore the governing depth of the slab used for design the maximum depth among the all
depth determined form all slab panels.

D=250mm is used

Load calculation

The types of load applied to slab are dead load (self-weight, floor finish, ceiling and other) and
live load (based on the occupancy of the floor) selected from EBCS code.

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The slab design load is now factored as:

Pd  1.35DL  1.5LL  1.35x7  1.6 x3  13.95KN / m 2

Analysis of moment for each slab

The value of moment coefficient depends on support condition and ratio of span length the value
is obtained from table 7.3 directly or interpolated for ratio in between.

Panel One

M i   i Pd Lx 2

  0.091  M xs   xs Pd L x 2  15.55KN .m
L x  3.5m  xs
  0.068  M xf   xs Pd L x 2  11.62KN .m
L y  6m  xf
 By int erpolation 
Ly
 1.71  ys 0  M ys   xs Pd L x 2  0 Kn .m
Lx 
 yf  0.044  M yf   xs Pd L x 2  7.52KN .M


Panel two

13.95KN/m

L=2.5m

L x  2.5m  Pd L x 2
L y  6m  M   7.27KN .m
 support 12
 one way slab 
Ly
 2.4  Pd L x 2
Lx M
 span   3.63KN .m
24

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Panel three

M i   i Pd L x 2

  0.078  M xs   xs Pd L x 2  22.03KN .m
L x  4.5m  xs
  0.054  M xf   xs Pd L x 2  15.25KN .m
L y  6m  xf
  i values by int erpolating 
Ly
 1.33  ys  0  M ys   xs Pd L x 2  0 KN .m
Lx 
 yf  0.044  M yf   xs Pd L x 2  12.43KN .M


Cantilever

The value of moment for cantilever

M i  0.5Pd Lx 2  0.5 * 13.95* 1.52  15.7 KN .m

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Support and field moment at their strip divided

I. Support moment adjustment

a). Adjustment between panel 1, 2, and 3

The difference in moment between first panel 1 and 2 and secondly panel 2 and 3 are

M1&2  8.28KN .m and 20% M max  3.11KN .m

M 2&3  14.76KN .m and 20% M max  4.41KN .m

Averaging is used to balance the support moment between those panels since moment difference
is less than 20% of maximum moment.

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 I. Field moment adjustment

Field moment adjustment is done for panel with support moment decreased due to support
moment adjustment.

For panel 1

In this panel 1 the support moment decreased along shorter and longer span that needs field
moment adjustment in both directions.

Coefficient cx and cy for each support moments and field moment increment will be:

The value of coefficient can be interpolated if not directly available for the span ratio.

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 Ly C x  0.462
 C x  0.284

 1.71  M xs   M ys 
Lx C y  0.271
 C y  0.073

M xf  C x M xs  C x M ys  0.462* 2.9  0.284* 0  1.34
M yf  C y M xs  C y M ys  0.271* 2.9  0.073* 0  0.79

The final value of adjusted field moment

M xf  Adj   M xf  M xf 11.621.3412.96 KN .m
M yf  Adj   M yf  M yf  7.52 0.798.31KN .m

For panel 3 the support moment decreased along shorter and longer span that needs field moment
adjustment in both directions.

Coefficient cx and cy for each support moments and field moment increment will be:

The value of coefficient can be interpolated if not directly available for the span ratio.

Ly C x  0.831
 C x  0.322

 1.71  M xs   M ys 
Lx C y  0.344
 C y  0.128

M xf  C x M xs  C x M ys  0.831* 4.28  0.322* 0  3.56
M yf  C y M xs  C y M ys  0.344* 4.28  0.128* 0  1.47

The final value of adjusted field moment

M xf  Adj   M xf  M xf 15.25 3.5618.81KN .m

M yf  Adj   M yf  M yf 12.341.47 13.81KN .m

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The adjusted support and span moment are as follows

Reinforcement Design

Effective depth

d  D  25  6  250  25  6  219mm

Maximum and minimum reinforcement area

f   2.6 
Amin  0.26 ctm bd  0.26 219x1000  296.1mm
2
 f yk   500 
 

3D  3x250  750mm

S max,slabs  min
Amin  0.04 Ac  0.04x1000x 219  8760mm 2 400mm
 S max,slabs  400mm

K b  k '  0.167 for 85% moment redistribution for the seek of ductility

K
M
2
 
, Z  0.5d 1  1 - 3.529k  0.95d  208.05mm , A calc 
M
f yd Z
, Scalc 
ba
Acalc
f ck bd

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 Table slab flexural reinforcement calculation

panel Moment (KN.m) K Z Acalc Aprov Scalc Sprov Provide

mm mm2 mm2 mm mm

1 Mxs(F) 15.55 0.013 216.5 165.1 296.1 381.95542 380 Φ12 C/C 380
Mxs(C) 12.65 0.0106 216.9 134.1 296.1 381.95542 380
Mxf 12.96 0.0108 216.9 137.4 296.1 381.95542 380 Φ12 C/C 380
Myf 8.31 0.007 217.6 87.8 296.1 381.95542 380 Φ12 C/C 380

2 Mxs(CL) 12.65 0.0106 216.9 134.1 296.1 381.95542 380 Φ12 C/C 380
Mxs(CR) 17.75 0.015 216.1 188.9 296.1 381.95542 380 Φ12 C/C 380

Mxf 3.64 0.003 218.4 38.3 296.1 381.95542 380 Φ12 C/C 380
3 Mxs(F) 22.03 0.0184 215.4 235.2 296.1 381.95542 380 Φ12 C/C 380
Mxf 18.81 0.016 215.9 200.4 296.1 381.95542 380 Φ12 C/C 380
Myf 13.81 0.012 216.7 146.6 296.1 381.95542 380 Φ12 C/C 380

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Load transfer from two way slab to beam

The design loads on beams supporting solid slabs spanning in two directions at right angles
support: uniformly distributed loads may be assessed from the following equations:

V x   vx Pd L x
V y   vy Pd L x

Panel One

Vi   vi Pd Lx

 vxc  0.595 Vvxc   vxc Pd L x  29.1KN / m

L x  3.5m 
L y  6m  vxd  0.387 Vvxd   vxd Pd L x  18.9 KN / m
 By int erpolation 
Ly  0 Vvyd   vyd Pd L x  0 KN / m
 1.71  vyc
Lx  vyd  0.30 Vvyd   vyd Pd L x  14.45KN / m


Panel two (one way slab)

M i   vi Pd Lx

L x  2.5m
L y  6m P L
the load transfered in shorter direction over long span  d x  17.44KN / m
Ly 2
 2.4
Lx

Panel three

M i  i Pd Lx

 vxc  0.536 Vvxc   vxc Pd L x  33.64KN / m

L x  4.5m 
L y  6m  vxd  0.353 Vvxd   vxd Pd L x  22.15KN
 By int erpolation 
Ly   0.00 Vvyd   vyd Pd L x  0 KN / m
 1.33  vyc
Lx  vyd  0.30 Vvyd   vyd Pd L x  18.83KN / m


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