1. What is mobile computing?

Mobile computing is a technology that allows transmission of data, via a computer,

without having to be connected to a fixed physical link.

2. What are two different kinds of mobility?

User Mobility: It refers to a user who has access to the same or similar
telecommunication services at different places.
Device Portability: many mechanisms in the network and inside the device have to make
sure that communication is still possible while the device is moving.

3. Find out the characteristics while device can thus exhibit during communication.
 Fixed and Wired
 Mobile and Wired
 Fixed and Wireless
 Mobile and Wireless

4. What are applications of Mobile Computing?

 Vehicles
 Emergencies
 Business
 Replacement of wired networks
 Infotainment
 Location dependent services
 Follow-on services
 Location aware services
 Privacy
 Information services
 Support services
 Mobile and wireless devices

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  Sensor
 Embedded controllers
 Pager
 Mobile phones
 Personal digital assistant
 Pocket computer
 Notebook/laptop

5. What are the obstacles in mobile communications?

 Interference
 Regulations and spectrum
 Low Bandwidth
 High delays, large delay variation
 Lower security, simpler to attack
 Shared Medium
 Adhoc-networks

6. List out the advantage of cellular wireless networks.

 Higher capacity, higher number of users
 Less transmission power needed
 More robust, decentralized
 Base station deals with interference, transmission area etc.

7. What are the disadvantages of cellular systems?

The advantages of cellular systems are,
 Infrastructure needed
 Hand over needed
 Frequency planning

8. What are the basic groups of logical channels?

GSM specifies 2 basic groups of logical channels,
 Traffic channels

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  Control channels

9. What are the categories of Mobile services?

 Bearer services
 Tele services
 Supplementary services

10. What are subsystems in GSM system?

 Radio subsystem (RSS)
 Network & Switching subsystem (NSS)
 Operation subsystem (OSS)

11. What are the control channel groups in GSM?

The control channel groups in GSM are:
 Broadcast control channel (BCCH)
 Common control channel (CCCH)
 Dedicated control channel (DCCH)

12. What are the four types of handover available in GSM?

 Intra cell Handover
 Inter cell Intra BSC Handover
 Inter BSC Intra MSC handover
 Inter MSC Handover

13. Give the information’s in SIM?

 Card type, serial no, list of subscribed services
 Personal Identity Number(PIN)
 Pin Unlocking Key(PUK)
 An Authentication Key(KI)

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14. What is the frequency range of uplink and downlink in GSM network?
 The frequency range of uplink in GSM network is 890-960 MHz
 The frequency range of downlink in GSM network is 935-960 MHz

15. What are the security services offered by GSM?

The security services offered by GSM are:
 Access control and authentication.
 Confidentiality.
 Anonymity.

16. What is authentication centre (AuC)?

As the radio interface and mobile stations are particularly vulnerable a separate
AuC has been defined to protect user identity and data transmission. The AuC contains
the algorithms for authentication as well as the keys for encryption and generates the
values needed for user authentication in the HLR. The AuC may, in fact, be situated in a
special protected part of the HLR.

17. What is Network and Switching subsystem?

The heart of the GSM is formed by the Network and Switching System (NSS).
NSS consists of the following switches and databases:
 Mobile Services switching Center (MSC)
 Home Location register (HLR)
 Visitor Location Register (VLR)

18. What are the services provided by supplementary services?

 User identification
 Call redirection
 Call forwarding
 Closed user groups
 Multiparty Communication

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19. What are types of Handover?
 Intra-cell handover
 Inter-cell, intra- BSC handover
 Inter-BSC, intra-MSC handover
 Inter MSC handover

20. What are the reasons for delays in GSM for packet data traffic?
Collisions only are possible in GSM with a connection establishment. A slotted
ALOHA mechanism is used to get access to the control channel by which the base station
is told about the connection establishment attempt. After connection establishment, a
designated channel is installed for the transmission.

21. If 8 speech channels are supported on a single radio channel, and if no guard
band is assumed, what is the number of simultaneous users that can be
accommodated in GSM?
1000 users.

22. What is meant by beacon?

A beacon contains a timestamp and other management information used for
power management and roaming. e.g., identification of the base station subsystem (BSS)

23. List out the numbers needed to locate an MS and to address the MS.
The numbers needed to locate an MS and to address the MS are:

 Mobile station international ISDN number (MSISDN)

 International mobile subscriber identity (IMSI)
 Temporary mobile subscriber identity (TMSI)
 Mobile station roaming number (MSRN)

24. What is meant by GPRS?

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 The General Packet Radio Service provides packet mode transfer for applications
that exhibit traffic patterns such as frequent transmission of small volumes.

25. What is meant by GGSN?

GGSN is Gateway GPRS Support Node. It is the inter-working unit between the
GPRS network and external packet data networks. The GGSN is connected to external
networks via the Gi interface and transfers packets to the SGSN via an IPbased GPRS
backbone network.

26. What is meant by SGSN?

SGSN is Serving GPRS Support Node. It supports the MS via the Gb interface.
The GSN is connected to a BSC via frame relay.

27. What is meant by BSSGP?

BSSGP is Base Station Subsystem GPRS Protocol. It is used to convey routing
and QoS- related information between the BSS and SGSN.BSSGP does not perform error
correction and works on top of a frame relay network.

UNIT-II

1. What are the Advantages of wireless LAN?

 Flexibility
 Planning
 Design
 Robustness
 Quality Service
 Cost
 Proprietary Solution
 Restriction
 Safety and Security

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2. What are the Design Goals of Wireless LAN?
 Global Operation
 Low Power
 License-free Operation
 Robust transmission technology
 Simplified spontaneous co-operation
 Easy to use
 Protection of investment
 Safety and Security
 Transparency for application

3. Mention some of the disadvantages of WLANS?

 Quality of service
 Proprietary solutions.
 Restrictions
 Safety and Security

4. Mention the features of radio transmission?

 Cover large areas.
 Can penetrate walls, furniture’s.
 Does not need a LOS.
 Higher transmission rates.

5. What are the disadvantages of radio transmission?

 Shielding is not so simple.
 Can interfere with other senders.
 Limited ranges of license-free bands.

6. Mention the features of infrared transmission?

 Simple
 Extremely cheap

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  Licenses are not needed
 Electrical devices do not interfere

7. What are Advantages and Disadvantages of Infrared?

Advantages:
 Simple and extremely cheap senders and receivers which integrated in almost all
mobile devices
 No licenses are needed for infrared technology and shielding is very simple.
 Electrical devices do not interfere with infrared transmission.
Disadvantages:
 Low bandwidth
 Quite easily shielded
 Cannot Penetrate

8. What is the difference between infrastructure and ad-hoc networks?

Infrastructure-based wireless networks:
Communication takes place only between the wireless nodes and the access point,
but not directly between the wireless nodes.
Ad-hoc wireless networks:
Communication takes place directly with other nodes, so no access point
Controlling medium access is necessary.

9. Define frequency hopping spread spectrum?

FHSS allows for the coexistence of multiple networks in the same area by
separating different networks using different hopping sequences.
10. Define random back off time?
If the medium is busy, nodes have to wait for the duration of DIFS, entering a
contention phase afterwards. Each node now chooses a random back off time within a
contention window and delays medium access for this random amount of time.

11. What is the primary goal of IEEE 802.11?

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 The primary goal of the standard was the specification of a simple, robust, WLAN
which offers time bounded and asynchronous services also it should be able to operate
with multiple physical layers.

12. Is IEEE 802.11 and Wi-Fi same/ State the purpose of Wi-Fi.
Ans: No
It is wireless internet. Your laptop has an internal wireless card so you can connect to
wireless routers. If you goto a hotel that advertises free wireless internet, you should be
able to connect to it. You don't have to have an Ethernet cable to connect to the web at
home either.

13. Why the PHY layer of IEEE 802.11 is subdivided? What about HiperLAN2 and
Bluetooth?
 PLCP Physical Layer Convergence Protocol
 Clear channel assessment signal (carrier sense)
 PMD Physical Medium Dependent
 Modulation, coding
 PHY Management channel selection,
 MIB Station Management coordination of all management functions

14. What are the various versions of a physical layer defined in IEEE 802.11
standards?
 IEEE 802.11-83.5 MHz
 IEEE 802.11a -300 MHz
 IEEE 802.11b. 83.5 MHz
 IEEE 802.11g - 83.5 MHz

15. What are the system integration functions of MAC management?

 Synchronization
 Power management
 Roaming

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  Management information base (MIB)

UNIT-III

1. What are the requirements of mobile IP?

 Compatibility
 Transparency
 Scalability and efficiency
 Security

2. Mention the different entities in a mobile IP.

 Mobile Node
 Correspondent Node
 Home Network
 Foreign Network
 Foreign Agent
 Home Agent
 Care-Of address
 Foreign agent COA
 Co-located COA

3. Define Mobile node:

A mobile node is an end-system or router that can change its point of attachment
to the Internet using mobile IP. The MN keeps its IP address and can continuously with
any other system in the Internet as long as link layer connectivity is given.
4. Explain Cellular IP.
Cellular IP provides local handovers without renewed registration by installing a
single cellular IP gateway for each domain, which acts to the outside world as a foreign
agent.

5. What do you mean by mobility binding?

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 The Mobile Node sends its registration request to the Home Agent. The HA now
sets up a mobility binding containing the mobile node’s home IP address and the current
COA.

6. Define COA.
The COA (care of address) defines the current location of the MN from an IP
point of view. All IP packets sent to the MN are delivered to the COA, not directly to the
IP address of the MN. Packet delivery toward the MN is done using the tunnel. DHCP is
a good candidate for supporting the acquisition of Care Of Addresses.

7. Define a tunnel.
A tunnel establishes a virtual pipe for data packets between a tunnel entry and a
tunnel endpoint. Packets entering a tunnel are forwarded inside the tunnel and leave the
tunnel unchanged.

8. What is encapsulation?
Encapsulation is the mechanism of taking a packet consisting of packet header
and data putting it into the data part of a new packet.

9. What is decapsulation?
The reverse operation, taking a packet out of the data part of another packet, is
called decapsulation.

10. Define an outer header.

The HA takes the original packet with the MN as destination, puts it into the data
part of a new packet and sets the new IP header in such a way that the packet is routed to
the COA. The new header is called the outer header.

11. Define an inner header.

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 There is an inner header which can be identical to the original header as this case
for IP-in-IP encapsulation, or the inner header can be computed during encapsulation.

12. What is meant by generic routing encapsulation?

Generic routing encapsulation allows the encapsulation of packets of one protocol
suite into the payload portion of a packet of another protocol suite.

13. Why is need of routing?

Routing is to find the path between source and destination and to forward the
packets appropriately.

14. What is the use of network address translation?

The network address translation is used by many companies to hide internal
resources and to use only some globally available addresses.

15. Define triangular routing.

The inefficient behavior of a non-optimized mobile IP is called triangular routing.
The triangle is made up of three segments, CN to HA, HA to COA\MN, and MN back to
CN.

16. What is meant by a binding cache?

One way to optimize the route is to inform the CN of the current location by
caching it in a binding cache which is a part of the local routing table for the CN.

17. Define binding request.

Any node that wants to know the current location of an MN can send a binding
request to the HA. The HA can check if the MN has allowed dissemination of its current
location. If the HA is allowed to reveal the location it sends back a binding update.

18. What is known as Binding update?

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 This message sent by the HA to CNs reveals the current location of the MN. The
message contains the fixed IP address of the MN and the COA. The binding update can
request an acknowledgement.

19. Explain binding acknowledgement.

If requested, a node returns this acknowledgement receiving a binding update
message.

20. Define binding warning.

If a node decapsulates a packet for a MN, but it is not the current FA for this MN,
this node sends a binding warning. The warning contains MN’s home address and a
target node address.

21. What are the advantages of cellular IP?

 Manageability:
 Cellular IP is mostly self-configuring, and integration of the CIPGW into a
firewall would facilitate administration of mobility-related functionality.
 Efficiency
 Transparency
 Security

22. What is known as mobility anchor point?

HMIPv6 provides micro-mobility support by installing a mobility anchor point,
which is responsible for a certain domain and acts as a local HA within this domain for
visiting MNs.
23. Explain destination sequence distance vector routing.
Destination sequence distance vector routing is an enhancement to distance vector
routing for ad-hoc networks and is used as routing information protocol in wired
networks.

24. What are the two things added to the distance vector algorithm?

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  Sequence Numbers
 Damping

25. How the dynamic source routing does divide the task of routing into two
separate problems?
 Route discovery
 Route Maintenance

26. How can DHCP be used for mobility and support of mobile IP?
Normally, a mobile node uses a care-of-address. In some cases, the mobile node
may have to act as its own foreign agent by using co-located care of address. The means
by which a mobile node acquires a co-located address is beyond the scope of mobile IP.
One means is to dynamically acquire temporary IP address an the move using services
such as DHCP.

27. List out the some of the popular Routing protocols.

 DSDV(Destination Sequence Distance Vector)
 DSR(Dynamic Source Routing)
 AODV(Ad-Hoc On Demand Vector Routing)

28. What is meant by Transparency?

Mobility should remain invisible for many higher layer Protocols and
applications. The only affects of mobility should be a higher delay and lower bandwidth
which are natural in the case of mobile networks.

29. Specify the field of minimal encapsulation method in mobile network layer.
 Minimal encapsulation doing,
 Avoids repetition of identical fields e.g. TTL, IHL, version, TOS
 Only applicable for unfragmented packets, no space left for fragment
identification

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30. What do you meant by roaming?
Moving between access points is called roaming. Even wireless networks may
require more than one access point to coverall rooms. In order to provide uninterrupted
service, we require roaming when the user moves from one access point to another.

31. What is mobile routing?

Even if the location of a terminal is known to the system, it still has to route the
traffic through the network to the access point currently responsible for the wireless
terminal. Each time a user moves to a new access point, the system must reroute traffic.
This is known as mobile routing.

UNIT-IV

1. What is slow start?

TCP’s reaction to a missing acknowledgement is necessary to get rid of
congestion quickly. The behavior TCP shows after the detection of congestion is called
slow start.

2. What is the use of congestion threshold?

The exponential growth of the congestion window in the slow start mechanism is
dangerous as it doubles the congestion window at each step. So a congestion threshold is
set at which the exponential growth stops.

3. What led to the development of Indirect TCP?

 TCP performs poorly together with wireless links
 TCP within the fixed network cannot be changed.
This led to the development of I-TCP which segments a TCP connection into a fixed part
and a wireless part.

4. What is the goal of M-TCP?

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 The goal of M-TCP is to prevent the sender window from shrinking if bit errors or
disconnection but not congestion cause current problems.
It wants
• To provide overall throughput
• To lower the delay
• To maintain end-to-end semantics of TCP
• To provide a more efficient handover.

5. What do you mean by persistent mode?

Persistent mode is the state of the sender will not change no matter how long the
receiver is disconnected. This means that the sender will not try to retransmit the data.

6. What are the characteristics of 2.5G/3.5G wireless networks?

 Data rates
 Latency
 Jitter
 Packet loss

7. What are the configuration parameters to adapt TCP to wireless environments?

 Large Windows
 Limited Transmit
 Large MTU
 Selective Acknowledgement
 Explicit Congestion Notification
 Timestamp
 No header compression
8. State the requirements of WAP.
 Interoperable
 Scalable
 Efficient
 Reliable

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  Secure

9. Name the layers of WAP.

 Transport layer
 Security layer
 Transaction layer
 Session layer
 Application layer

10. Name some ICMP messages.

 Destination unreachable
 Parameter problem
 Message too big
 Reassembly failure
 Echo request/reply

11. What is WTP? What are its classes?

WTP stands for Wireless Transaction Protocol. It has been designed to run on
very thin clients such as mobile phones. It has three classes:
 Class 0: provides unreliable message transfer without any result message.
 Class 1: provides reliable message transfer without exactly one reliable result
message.
 Class 2: provides reliable message transfer with exactly one reliable result
message.

12. What is WSP?

The Wireless Session Protocol has been designed to operate on top of the
datagram service WDP or the transaction service WTP. It provides a shared state
between a client and a server to optimize content transfer.

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13. Name some features of WSP adapted to web browsing.
 HTTP/1.1 functionality
 Exchange of session headers
 Push and pull data transfer
 Asynchronous request

14. What is WML?

The Wireless Markup Language is based on the standard HTML known from the www
and on HDML. WML is specified as an XML document type.

15. What are the features of WML?

 Text and Images
 User interaction
 Navigation
 Context Management

16. What are the advantages of WML Script over WML?

WML Script offers several capabilities not supported by WML:
 Validity check of user input
 Access to device facilities
 Local user interaction
 Extension to the device software

17. Name the libraries specified by WML Script.

 Lang
 Float
 String
 URL
 WML Browser
 Dialogs

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18. What are the classes of libraries?
 Common network services
 Network specific services
 Public services

19. Name the operations performed by PAP.

Push access Protocol performs the following operations:
 Push submission
 Result notification
 Push cancellation
 Status query
 Client capabilities query

20. What are the components of WAP2.0?

The protocol framework of WAP2.0 consists of four components:
 Bearer networks
 Transport services
 Transfer services
 Session services

21. What is the use of congestion threshold?

The exponential growth of the congestion window in the slow start mechanism is
dangerous as it doubles the congestion window at each step. So a congestion threshold is
set at which the exponential growth stops.

22. What is image scaling?

If a page contains a true color, high-resolution picture, this picture can be called
down to fewer colors, lower resolution, or finally to only the title of the picture. The user
can decide to download the picture separately. Further one can offer clipping, zooming,
or detail Studies to users if they are interested in a part of the picture.

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23. Define WAP
WAP is Wireless Application Protocol. It is the basic Objective of the WAP
forum are to bring diverse Internet content and others data service to digital cellular
phones and other wireless, mobile terminals. More ever a protocol suite should enable
global wireless communication across different wireless network technologies. All WAP
forum solution must be: interoperable, scalable, efficient, and reliable.

24. What is WML Browser?

WML Browser is a library that provides several functions typical for a browser,
such as per to go back one card or refresh to update the context of the user interface.

25. What are the features of WML?

WML includes several basic features.
i) Text and Images
ii)User Interaction
iii)Navigation
iv)Context Management

26. What are the two functions of the transport layer in the internet?
The two functions of the transport layer in the internet are check summing over
user data and multiplexing/ demultiplexing of data from applications.

27. What is called the exponential growth of the congestion window?

The senders always calculate congestion window for a window start size of the
congestion window is one segment. Sender sends one packet and waits for
acknowledgement. If acknowledgement arises it raises the level of congestion window by
one. If sender sends two packets if acknowledgement arises it raises the level of
congestion window by two. This scheme raises the level of congestion window every
time the acknowledges come back, which takes roundtrip time (RTT).This is called the
exponential growth of the congestion window.

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28. Advantages of I-TCP:
 I-TCP does not require any changes in the TCP protocol as used by the hosts in
the fixed network or other hosts in a wireless network that do not use this
optimization.
 Without partitioning retransmission of lost packets would take place between
mobile host and correspondent host across the whole network.
 The short delay between the mobile host and foreign agent can be determined and
is independent of other traffic streams. Therefore an optimized TCP can use
precise time-outs to guarantee retransmission as fast as possible.
 Partitioning into two connections also allows the use of a different transport layer
protocol between the foreign agent and the mobile host or the use of compressed
headers etc. The foreign agent can act as a gateway to translate between different
protocols.

29. Disadvantages of I-TCP:

 The loss of the end to end semantics of TCP cause problems if the foreign agent
portioning the TCP connection crashes.
 An_ increased handover latency is more problematic in practical use
 The_ foreign agent must be a trusted entity because the TCP connections end at
this point.

30. How does data transmission takes place?
Data transmission takes place using network adapters, fiber optics, copper wires,
special hardware for routers etc.

31. Mention two WAP service provides. Find two cell phones supporting WAP and
identify which WAP version they support.
Wireless application protocol (WAP) is a common effort of many companies and
organizations to set up a framework for wireless and mobile web access using many
different transport systems. Eg. GSM, GPRS, UMTS

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32. How and why does I-TCP isolate problems on the wireless link? What are the
main drawbacks of this solution?
The loss of the end to end semantics of TCP causes problems if the foreign agent
portioning the TCP connection crashes. Increased handover latency is more problematic
in practical use . The foreign agent must be a trusted entity because the TCP connections
end at this point.

33. Can the problems using TCP for mobile communication be solved by replacing
TCP with snooping TCP? Justify your answer.
Ans: yes
 Buffering of packets sent to the mobile host lost packets on the wireless link (both
retransmitted immediately by the mobile host or directions) will be foreign agent,
respectively (so called local retransmission)
 The foreign agent therefore snoops the packet flow and recognizes
acknowledgements in both directions, it also filters ACKs
 Changes of TCP only within the foreign agent

34. What are the key elements of the WAP specification?

 Networks and Network Bearers
 TCP/IP as Transport Protocol
 Processors

35. What are the goals of WTLS layer?

It provides the upper-level layer of WAP with a secure transport service interface
that preserves the transport service interface below it. In addition, WTLS provides an
interface for managing (e.g., creating and terminating) secure connections. It provides
functionality similar to TLS 1.0 and incorporates additional features such as datagram
support, optimized handshake and dynamic key refreshing.

36. What is mean by SCPS-TP?

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 The set of protocols developed for space communication is known as space
communications protocol standards (SCPS),the extended TCP is called SCPS transport
protocols(SCPS-TP).

37. What are Advantage and Disadvantage of Mobile TCP?

Advantage:
i. M-TCP maintains the TCP end-to-end semantic. The SH does not send any
ACK itself but forwards the ACKs from the MH.
ii. If the MH is disconnected, M_TCP avoids useless retransmissions, slow starts or
breaking connections by simply shrinking the sender’s window to 0.
iii. Since M-TCP does not buffer data in the SH as I-TCP does, it is not necessary to
forward buffers to a new SH. Lost packets will be automatically retransmitted to
the new SH.

Disadvantage:
i. As the SH does not act as proxy as in I-TCP, packet loss on the wireless link due
to bit errors is propagated to the sender. M-TCP assumes low bit error rates,
which is not always a valid assumption.
ii. A modified TCP on the wireless link not only requires modification to the MH,
protocol software but also new network elements like the bandwidth manager.

38. What is fast retransmit?

The gap in the packet stream is not due to severe congestion, but a simple packet
loss due to a transmission error. The sender can now retransmit the missing packet before
the timer expires. This behavior is called fast retransmit.

39. What is fast recovery?

The receipt of acknowledgement shows that there is no congestion justifying a
slow start. The sender can continue with the current congestion window. The sender
performs a fast recovery from the packet loss. This mechanism can improve the
efficiency of TCP dramatically.

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40. What is HTTP?
The Hypertext transfer protocol is a stateless, lightweight, application level
protocol for data transfer between servers and clients. An HTTP transaction consists of an
HTTP request issued by a client and an HTTP response from the server. Stateless means
that all HTTP transactions independent of each other.

41. Define Damping.

Transient changes in topology that are short duration should not destabilize the
routing mechanism .Advertisements containing changes in topology currently stored are
therefore not disseminated further .A node waits with dissemination if these changes are
most likely not yet stable. Waiting time depends on the time between the first and the
best announcement.

42. Define WDP.

WDP is Wireless Datagram Protocol operates on top of many different bearer
services capable of carry in data. At the T-SAP WDP offers a consistent datagram
transport service independent of the underlying bearer.WDP offers source and destination
port numbers used for multiplexing and demultiplexing of data respectively.

43. What are the three ways of WTA extends the WAE application model?
i. Content push: A WTA organ server can push the content.
ii. Handling of network events: A device can have a table indicating how to react to
certain events from the mobile network.
iii. Access to telephony function: Application running on the client can access
telephony functions from WML or WML script is very simple.
44. Define WCMP.
The wireless control message protocol provides error handling mechanism for
WDP and should therefore be implemented. WCMP contains control messages that
resemble the internet control message protocol for IPv4, messages and can also be used

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for diagnostic and informational purposes. WCMP can be used by WDP nodes and
gateways to report error.

45. What are the capabilities of WML Script?

WML Script serves as a complement to WML and provides a general scripting
capability in the WAP architecture. While all WML content is static WML Script offer
several capabilities.
i) Validity check of user input
ii) Access to device facility
iii) Local user interaction
iv) Extensions to the device software

46. Define WSP.

The wireless session protocol has been designed to function on top of the
datagram service WDP or the transaction service WTP. For both type security can be
inserted using the WTLS security layer if required.WSP provide a shared state between a
client and a server to optimize content transfer. HTTP, a protocol WSP tries to replace
within the wireless domain.

47. What are key features of the current development in Internet technology?
 Improved radio technology and antennas
 Core network convergence
 Ad-hoc technologies
 Simple and open service platform

UNIT V

1. What is pervasive computing?

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 Pervasive Computing is a technology that pervades the users‟ environment by
making use of multiple independent information devices (both fixed and mobile,
homogeneous or heterogeneous) interconnected seamlessly through wireless or wired
computer communication networks which are aimed to provide a class of computing /
sensory / communication services to a class of users, preferably transparently and can
provide personalized services while ensuring a fair degree of privacy / non-intrusiveness.

2. What are the basic aspects or of a Pervasive Computing environment?

 Multiple devices like car key, mobile phones, car audio system, and navigation
system are integrated in the system.
 A large number of different interfaces are used to build an optimized user
interface. There is a concurrent operation of offline, and temporary online
systems.
 A large number of specialized computer systems are interconnected via local
buses and the internet.
 Short range and wide area wireless communication are integrated.
 Security element provide unauthorized access.

3. List the characteristics of a Pervasive Computing?

 Privacy & Security
 Effectiveness of Approach Across Networks
 Economic considerations
 Quality considerations
 Monitoring mechanisms
 Adaptability and Flexibility
 Practicability
 Sustainability

4. Define roaming environment?

26
 Roaming Environment: An environment that allows connectivity and
communication to the services outside the home zone is called a RoamingEnvironment.
Some sample devices that may involve Roaming-based access <fixed / mobile roaming>:
 PDAs / Palmtops / Pocket PCs / Cell phones / Smart phones / WAP phones
 Laptops / Tablet PCs / Notebook PCs
 Desktop PCs / Servers / Web TVs
 Kiosks
 Invisible computing devices / Smart interactive posters
 Wearable computers

5. What are the components of pervasive computing?

Components of Infrastructure for Pervasive Computing include Mobile computing
devices, Fixed computing devices, Multimode RF Mobile communication infrastructure
<Fixed-to-Mobile and Mobile-to- Fixed communication system interfaces>, Trust system
(security and privacy), Protocol stacks and Personalized service frameworks.

6. List the issues involved in pervasive computing technology?

Feature-specific issues
 Form-factor-(size)-specific issues
 Power-provisioning issues
 Weight-specific issues
 Shape-specific issues
 Cooling-specific issues
 Connectivity-specific issues
 User Interface-specific issues
 Body-safety-specific issues <not for all devices>
Security-specific issues
 Processor-choice-specific issues
 Operating System-specific issues
 Development and execution-environment-specific issues
 Cost-specific issues

27
7. What are the hardware Device Technology for Pervasive Computing?
 Power-provisioning technologies
 Display technologies
 Memory technologies
 Communication technologies
 Processor technologies
 Interfacing technologies
 Sensor Technologies
 Authentication Technologies

8. Define Low-power Device Technologies?

Since many of the devices involved in the pervasive computing environment may
have to be small in size and may have to live on their battery / power units, consumption
of lower power, extension of power provisioning period etc. assume critical significance.
In addition, prevention from excessive heating also requires attention. Power
requirements can be reduced by several means right from material selection and chip-
level designing to software designing and communication system designing. Power
provisioning technology including the Battery design technology plays a very important
role in the process.

9. List the major display device technologies in pervasive computing?

 Cathode Ray Tube based Displays (CRTs)
 Liquid Crystal Displays (LCDs)
 Active Matrix Displays
 Thin Film Transistor Displays (TFTs)
 Passive Matrix displays
 Single Scan Displays (Colour Super-Twist Nematic: CSTNs)
 Dual Scan Displays (Dual Super-Twist Nematic: DSTN)
 High-Performance Addressing displays (HPAs)
 Light Emitting Diode based Displays (LEDs)

28
  Organic LED based Displays (OLEDs)
 Light-Emitting Polymer based Displays (LEPs)
 Chip-on-Glass Displays (CoGs)
 Liquid Crystal on Glass Displays (LCoGs)

10. How does mobile internet protocol overcome the address problems of IPv4?
To overcome the address problems of IPv4 for mobile nodes mobile IP uses two
IP addresses: a fixed home address and care of address that changes at each new point of
attachment.

11. What is PALM OS?

Palm OS is the computer operating system that provides a software platform for
the Palm series of handheld personal digital assistants (PDAs) made by Palm Inc.
According to Palm, Palm OS was designed from the beginning to fit into a palm-size
device of a specific size and with a specific display size.

12. Explain briefly about BE OS.

BeOS is a powerful OS designed primarily for Multimedia desktop use.
Originally BeOS was designed for a custom computer system known as the BeBox that
had special multimedia input/output features, and was later ported to the Macintosh, and
finally ported to the PC.

13. List the characteristics of IrDA.

 Frequency band
 Security
 Transmitting capabilities
 Bandwidth
 Speech

14. What is the latest technology emerged in batteries?

29
 The latest in battery technology is the emergence of lithium polymer cells, which
use a gel material for the electrolyte. The batteries are made from a few thin and flexible
layers, and do not require a leak-proof casing. This means the batteries can be made in
any shape or size.

15. Define Crusoe processor.

The crusoe processor consists mostly of software. The relatively small processor
is designed as a 128-bit very long instruction word processor capable of executing up to
four operations per cycle.

16. What do you mean by “Fitaly”?

The fitaly keyboard arranges the letters based on their individual frequency and
the probability of transitions in the English language. The name is derived from the
orders of letters in one of the top rows of the layout, just as the QWERTY layout.

17. What is meant by Bio-Metrics?

Biometrics is the science and technology of measuring and analyzing biological
data. In information technology, biometrics refers to technologies that measure and
analyze human body characteristics, such as DNA, fingerprints, eye retinas and irises,
voice patterns, facial patterns and hand measurements, for authentication purposes.

18. What is a “Octave”?

Another approach to enter a text without real or on-screen keyboard is used by
octave from e-acute. Octave maps each letter of the alphabet to one of eight unique
strokes. The strokes are based on a common characteristics part of the letters they
represent and are located around the tips of a star shaped pattern.

19. What are three steps involved in the process of Synchronization?

 Pre synchronization
 Synchronization
 Post synchronization.

30
20. Challenges of device management in Pervasive Computing?
 Tracking the device location
 Device user relationship
 Version control of devices and software that are out in the field
 Software updates of existing devices
 Installation of new software on existing devices
 Providing secure access to device information

Part B (16 Marks)

UNIT I
1. Discuss briefly about the cellular systems.
2. Discuss the protocol architecture of GSM telecommunication system.
3. Discuss briefly the GPRS system.
4. How does the near/far effect influence TDMA systems? What happens in CDMA
Systems? What are countermeasures in TDMA systems?
5. Compare TDMA, FDMA and CDMA systems.
6. How is synchronization achieved in GSM and why is it important? How system
security is maintained in GSM?
7. Represent diagrammatically the protocol machines for multiple access with collision
avoidance.
8. Describe mobility management in detail
9. Explain in detail different routing mechanisms.

UNIT II
1. Discuss in detail about the channel access control sub layer of HIPERLAN technique.
2. Discuss in detail about the medium access control layer of IEEE802.11.
3. Explain the handover scenarios of HIPERLAN2 in detail.
4. Discuss the functionalities and support provided by L2CAP.
5. Explain the basic structure of an IEEE802.11 MAC data frame.
6. Explain the schematic of Bluetooth protocol architecture.

31
7. Explain the concept of Bluetooth architecture.
8. Explain in detail about Adhoc networks.
9. Discuss about Wi-Fi.
10. Explain in detail about WiMax.

UNIT III
1. Discuss in detail about the IP in IP encapsulation techniques.
2. Discuss how optimization is achieved in mobile IP.
3. Discuss in detail about the DSR routing protocol used in ad-hoc networks.
4. Specify the inefficiencies of mobile IP regarding data forwarding from a
correspondent node to a mobile node.
5. With a suitable example compare the behavior of DSDV and DSR algorithm with
their routing table or cache contents.
6. Discuss and detail the differences in topology reorganization in DSDV and DSR
routing protocols.
7. What are the general problems of mobile IP regarding security and support of quality
of service?
8. Explain the Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol.
9. Explain about Traditional routing algorithms in detail.
10. Discuss about Adhoc-networks.

UNIT IV
1. Discuss in detail about the classical indirect TCP and the snooping TCP.
2. Discuss in detail about the components and interface of the WAP architecture.
3. Compare snooping TCP with mobile TCP with example network scenarios.
4. How and why does I TCP isolate problems on the wireless link? What are the main
drawbacks of this solution?
5. What are the major difference between WAP 2.0 and WAP 1.x? What influenced the
WAP 2.0 development?
6. Explain the WAE logical model.

32
7. Which WTP class reflects the typical web access best? How is unnecessary overhead
avoided when using WSP on top of this class for web browsing?
8. What are the enhancements of WAE to the classic client/server model of the web?
What are the functions of this enhancement?
9. Explain the following: Freezing and transaction oriented TCP.
10. Explain about WML and WML script with the help of an example.

UNIT V

1. Explain the requirement of computational infrastructures.

2. Explain the pervasive computing technology. Compare with ubiquitous computing.
3. Explain in detail about the relationship between pervasive and mobile computing.
4. List and explain the application of pervasive Computing.
5. What are the most important characteristics of Pervasive environments?
6. What are the features of distributed Computing?
7. What are the design and implementation problems in pervasive computing?
8. Explain in detail about the pervasive web application architecture.
9. Discuss the approaches on how the users connect to the internet via PDA.
10. Discuss the algorithms and protocols to address security issue in Device connectivity.

33
 ANAND INSTITUTE OF HIGHER TECHNOLOGY
KAZHIPATTUR
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENFINEERING

CS2402- MOBILE AND PERVASIVE COMPUTING

UNIT WISE UNIVERSITY QUESTIONS

UNIT I
PART A

1. Assume a receiver is located 10 km from a 150 W transmitter. The carrier frequency

is 6 GHz and free space propagation is assumed, Gt = 1, Gr = 1. a. Calculate the
transmit power in dBW. b. Find the power at the receiver in Watts.[Apr/May 2008]
2. What limits the number of simultaneous users in a TDM/FDM system compared to a
CDM system? What happens to the transmission quality of connections if the load
gets higher on the cell? [Apr/May 2008]

3. What is spreading factor? [Apr/May 2010]

4. What is polling? [Apr/May 2010]

5. How to improve signal reception by counteracting the negative effects of multi path
propagation? [Nov/Dec 2007]

6. Discuss about the FDD scheme. [Nov/Dec 2007]

7. How the receiver adopts for multi path propagation effects during wireless reception?
[Nov/Dec 2008]
8. List out the disadvantages of cellular system. [Nov/Dec 2008]
9. What are the four types of handover available in GSM?[NOV/DEC 2011]
10. Distinguish between mobile terminated call and mobile originated call. [NOV/DEC
2011]
11. What are the new components added to GPRS network?[MAY/JUNE2012]

34
12. Why are so many different identifiers/address needed in GSM? [MAY/JUNE2012]
13. What are the different control channels used in GSM? [NOV/DEC 2012]
14. What are the security services provided by the GSM? [NOV/DEC 2012]

PART B
1. How does frequency reuse enhance cellular network capacity? Besides the number of
users, what other major factor influences the decision on cluster size? A cellular
system uses frequency spectrum 1800 MHz to 1840 MHz for uplink channels and
1860 MHz to 1900 MHz for downlink channels respectively. Each channel takes 200
KHz and can be shared by 8 users. Each user needs one uplink and one downlink
channel. How many users can be supported without frequency reuse in this cellular
system? (16) [Apr/May 2008]
2. What is the use of spread spectrum? Sketch the block diagram of the Transmitter and
Receiver of DSSS. Explain what each block does and what the signal looks like ( in
time and/or frequency domains) at each location in the block diagram with an
example. (16) [Apr/May 2008]
3. Discuss in detail the types of antennas with their radiation patterns [12] [Apr/May
2010]
4. Explain diversity technique[4] [Apr/May 2010]
5. Explain space, frequency, code and TDM in detail [16] [Apr/May 2010]
6. Discuss briefly the CDM technique(8) [Nov/Dec 2007]

7. Discuss briefly the advanced PSK.(8) [Nov/Dec 2007]

8. Discuss briefly the cellular system.(10) [Nov/Dec 2007]

9. List the differences between the S/T/F/CDMA.(6) [Nov/Dec 2007]

10. How does the near/far effect influence TDMA systems?What happens in CDMA
systems? What are the counter measures in TDMA systems?(8)
11. Explain the countermeasures for interference in SDMA,TDMA,FDMA and CDMA
systems?(16) [Nov/Dec 2008]

35
12. What are the main benefits of a spread spectrum system? How can spreading be
achieved? How can DSSS systems benefit from multi-path propogation?(16)
[Nov/Dec 2008]
13. (i) Explain the GSM system architecture with a neat diagram. (8) [NOV/DEC 2011]
(ii) Describe the security services provided by GSM. (8) [NOV/DEC 2011]
14. (i) Explain the protocol architecture of GSM for signaling. (8) [NOV/DEC 2011]
(ii) Explain the architecture of GPRS with a neat diagram. (8) [NOV/DEC 2011]
15. (i) Name the main elements of the GSM architecture and describe their functions (10)
[MAY/JUNE2012]
(ii) What are the typical steps for handover on GSM network?(6)
[MAY/JUNE2012]
16. Explain the steps involved in the call delivery procedure in GSM network in the
following cases:
(i) GSM mobile terminated call
(ii) GSM mobile originated call
17. Write notes on the system architecture of the GSM(16) [NOV/DEC 2012]
18. What are the various possible handover scenarios in GSM? Explain them in detail.
[NOV/DEC 2012]
UNIT II
PART A
1. Consider the handoff procedure in GSM systems that is based on relative signal
strength with threshold; that is, a mobile switches from one cell to another if
(a) the signal at the current BS is sufficiently weak (less than a predefined threshold)
and (b) the other signal is stronger than the two. What are the drawbacks of this
scheme, when the threshold is too low or too high? [Apr/May 2008]
2. State the different types of transport modes and the channels used to carry packets in
Digital Audio Broadcasting. [Apr/May 2008]
3. Distinguish between soft handover and hard handover? [Apr/May 2010]
4. Define footprint with respect to satellite system? [Apr/May 2010]
5. List the three different categories of services of GSM. [Nov/Dec 2007]

36
6. Discuss the advantages of MEO. [Nov/Dec 2007]
7. Compare to the TCHs offered ,standard GSM could provide a much higher data
rate(33.8 kbits/sec) when looking at the air interface.What lowers the data rates
available to the user? [Nov/Dec 2008]
8. How much of the original GSM network does GPRS need?Which elements of the
network perform the data transfer? [Nov/Dec 2008]
9. Mention the advantages of WLAN? [NOV/DEC 2011]
10. What are the three Low Power States provided by Bluetooth? [NOV/DEC 2011]
11. In what situations collisions occur in IEEE 802.11? [MAY/JUNE2012]
12. What is adaptive modulation? [MAY/JUNE2012]
13. Distinguish between infrastructure and ad hoc networks. [NOV/DEC 2012]
14. What is Bluetooth? [NOV/DEC 2012]
PART B
1. Name the main elements of GSM system architecture and describe their functions.
What are the advantages of specifying not only the radio interface but also the
internal of the GSM System? Explain the inter – BSC, intra – MSC handover process
in the GSM system using typical signals and a message sequence chart. Explain the
decision points and the resource allocation steps, if they exist. (16) [Apr/May 2008]
2. What is DAB? Explain the components, frame format and the protocol used by DAB
to access different formats of data also describe how DVB is used for data
broadcasting and to access high speed internet. (16) [Apr/May 2008]
3. Describe DAB[16] [Apr/May 2010]
4. Explain routing, localization and handover in satellite systems. [16] [Apr/May 2010]
5. Discuss the protocol architecture of GSM telecommunications system.(16) [Nov/Dec
2007]

6. Discuss briefly the GPRS system.(16) [Nov/Dec 2007]

7. Explain the GSM handover schemes and state the reasons for their occurrence .Whish
resources need to be allocated during handover for data transmission using GPRS by
satisfying Qos?(16) [Nov/Dec 2008]

37
8. How is synchronization achieved in GSM and why it is important? How system
security is maintained in GSM?(16) [Nov/Dec 2008]
9. (i) Describe HiperLAN architectural components and their interactions. (8)
[NOV/DEC 2011]
(ii) Explain the architecture of WiFi in detail. (8) [NOV/DEC 2011]
10. (i) Explain the system architecture of IEEE 802. (8) [NOV/DEC 2011]
(ii) Describe the architecture of WiMAX in detail. (8) [NOV/DEC 2011]
11. Compare HiperLAN and Bluetooth in terms of adhoc capabilities, power saving
mode, solving hidden terminal problem, providing reliability fairness problem
regarding channel access. [MAY/JUNE2012]
12. (i) Explain the operation of DFWMAC DCF with a neat timing diagram(8)
[MAY/JUNE2012]
(ii) Draw the MAC frame of 802.11 and list the use of the fields.(8)
[MAY/JUNE2012]
13. Write notes on the MAC management of the IEEE 802.11 protocol. [NOV/DEC
2012]
14. Write notes on the channel access control sublayer. [NOV/DEC 2012]

UNIT III
PART A

1. In the Distributed Coordination Function (DCF) protocol of IEEE 802.11, why does a
Node wait only SIFS time units (after the last data packet reception) before sending
an ACK, while waiting DIFS time units before attempting a data transmission?
[Apr/May 2008]
2. What are the advantages and problems of forwarding mechanisms in Bluetooth
networks regarding security and power saving? [Apr/May 2008]

3. State the three phases of the medium access of different competing nodes. [Apr/May
2010]

4. What are the power saving mechanisms in Bluetooth? [Apr/May 2010]

38
5. What are the two different basic transmission technologies used to set up WLANs.
[Nov/Dec 2007]

6. List the different user scenarios for wireless piconets. [Nov/Dec 2007]

7. Why the PHY layer of IEEE 802.11 is subdivided? What about HiperLAN2 and
Bluetooth? [Nov/Dec 2008]

8. What is the functionality L2CAP? List the different types of logical channels it
provides? [Nov/Dec 2008]

9. What are the requirements of mobile IP standard? [NOV/DEC 2011]

10. Differentiate wired networks routing from ad-hoc wireless networks

routing. [NOV/DEC 2011] 

11. What is reverse tunneling? [MAY/JUNE2012]

12. What are the problems of proactive routing? [MAY/JUNE2012]

13. What are the disadvantages of I-TCP? [NOV/DEC 2012]

14. What are the basic features of WML? [NOV/DEC 2012]

PART B

1. Using IEEE 802.11 (DCF): S1 and S2 send CBR/UDP traffic to the common
destination D. Consider S1, S2 and D all within receive range of each other when the
basic scheme is used (no RTS/CTS): Describe a collision (what happens before,
during, and after). What does the collision probability depend on? When RTS/CTS is
used: what are the changes to the previous answers? Comment also on the throughout
and fairness. (16) [Apr/May 2008]
2. Describe the briefly how collision is avoided in HIPERLAN – 1. (8) [Apr/May
2008]

39
3. Draw the protocol architecture of Bluetooth and explain briefly the Base band layer
and L2CAP of Bluetooth. (8). [Apr/May 2008]

4. Describe the architecture of Bluetooth. [16] [Apr/May 2010]

5. Explain channel control sub layer in hyper LAN[16] [Apr/May 2010]

6. Discuss in detail about the channel access control sub-layer of HIPERLAN technique.
(16) [Nov/Dec 2007]

7. Discuss in detail about the MAC layer of IEEE 802.11(16) [Nov/Dec 2007]

8. Explain the fields of IEEE 802.11 MAC packet structure .Compare them with IEEE
802.11b MAC fields.(8) [Nov/Dec 2008]

9. Explain the handover scenarios of hiperLAN2 in detail.(8) [Nov/Dec 2008]

10. How is roaming on layer 2 achieved, and how are changes in topology reflected?
What are the differences between infrastructure based and adhoc networks regarding
roaming?(16) [Nov/Dec 2008]

11. (i) List the entities involved in mobile IP and describe the process of data transfer
from a mobile node to a fixed node and vice
versa. (8) [NOV/DEC 2011]
(ii) Why is conventional routing in wired networks not suitable for wireless
networks? Substantiate your answers with suitable examples. (8) [NOV/DEC 2011]

12. (i) Explain in detail Dynamic Host Configuration Protocol. (8) [NOV/DEC 2011]
(ii) Describe how the multicast routing is done in ad-hoc networks. (8) [NOV/DEC
2011]

13. (i) Show the steps required for a handover from one FA to another FA including
layre-2 and layre-3. Assume 802.11 as layer-2. (8) [MAY/JUNE2012]

40
 (ii) Name the inefficiencies of Mobile IP regarding data forwarding from CN to
MN. What are the optimizations possible? [MAY/JUNE2012]
14. (i) What are the differences between wired networks and adhoc wireless networks
related to routing? [MAY/JUNE2012]
(ii) What is the need for DHCP? With the state chart explain the operations of
DHCP? [MAY/JUNE2012]
15. Explain how the concepts of tunneling and encapsulation done in mobile IP.
[NOV/DEC 2012]
16. With an example explain the process of the dynamic source routing of the Ad-hoc
network. [NOV/DEC 2012]

UNIT IV
PART A

1. How can DHCP be used for mobility and support of mobile IP? [Apr/May 2008]
2. What are the differences between AODV and the standard distance vector algorithm?
Why are extensions needed? [Apr/May 2008]

3. What are the drawbacks of wired networks? [Apr/May 2010]

4. Define DSR[Apr/May 2010]

5. What are the problems related to the use of DHCP? [Nov/Dec 2007]

6. Discuss some of the routing metrics to be considered in a mobile network layer?

[Nov/Dec 2007]

7. How does registration on layer 3 of a mobile node work? [Nov/Dec 2008]

8. Specify the DHCP state transition diagram for acquiring the IP address. [Nov/Dec
2008]

9. List the advantages and disadvantages of mobile TCP? [NOV/DEC 2011]

41
10. Define WAE. [NOV/DEC 2011]

11. Name the advantages and disadvantages of user acknowledgement in WTP.

[MAY/JUNE2012]

12. How I-TCP isolate the problems on the wireless link? [MAY/JUNE2012]

13. What is Case-of – Address? [NOV/DEC 2012]

14. Mention certain situation where Ad hoc networks are the only choice. [NOV/DEC
2012]

PART B
1. Given the network topology below, use the dynamic source routing algorithm to
compute the shortest path from A to all other nodes. Make sure to show the results of

the computation at each step. (16) [Apr/May 2008]

2. Consider a mobile node MN from network X. The user of MN wishes to
communicate with a corresponding node CN in network Y. The node MN moves
from X to a foreign network A. Describe the sequence of messages that are required
in Mobile IPv4 so that MN and CN can continue to communicate. Include both the
user data messages and the Mobile IP control messages. Now, consider the case
where CN moves to foreign network B while MN is still in the foreign network A.
Can CN and MN still communicate? (Does Mobile IP support both endpoints
moving?) Show the message flow to indicate how it will succeed or fall in this case.
(16) [Apr/May 2008]

3. Explain optimization in mobile IP in detail. [16] [Apr/May 2010]

4. Explain IPv6 protocol in detail. [16] [Apr/May 2010]

42
5. Discuss in detail about the IP-in-IP encapsulation technique.(10).

6. Discuss how optimization is achieved in mobile IP?(6) [Nov/Dec 2007]

7. Discuss in detail about the DSR routing protocol used in adhoc networks?(16)
[Nov/Dec 2007]

8. Specify the inefficiencies of mobile IP regarding data forwarding from a

correspondent node to a mobile node. State the general problems of mobile IP
regarding security and support of Quality of service?(16) [Nov/Dec 2008]

9. With a suitable example compare the behaviour of DSDV and DSR algorithms with
their routing table or cache contents?(16). [Nov/Dec 2008]

10. (i) State the requirements of WAP. Explain its architectural components. (8)
[NOV/DEC 2011]
(ii) Explain WML and WML scripts with an example. (8) [NOV/DEC 2011]

11. (i) What is WTP? Discuss about its classes. (8) [NOV/DEC 2011]
(ii) Explain the architecture of WTA. (8) [NOV/DEC 2011]

12. (i) Explain the mechanism of TCP that influence the efficiency in mobile
environment.(8) [MAY/JUNE2012]

(ii) Explain the operation of mobile TCP? [MAY/JUNE2012]

13. (i) Why has a scripting language been added to WML? How can this language help
saving bandwidth and reducing delay? [MAY/JUNE2012]
(ii) Which WTP class reflects the typical web access best? How is unnecessary
overhead avoided when using WSP on top of this class of web browsing? (8)
[MAY/JUNE2012]
14. What is the need for snooping TCP? Explain its processing with its advantages and
disadvantages. [NOV/DEC 2012]
15. Write notes on wireless transaction protocol. [NOV/DEC 2012]

43
 UNIT V
PART A

1. How and why does I – TCP isolate problems on the wireless link? What are the main
drawbacks of this solution? [Apr/May 2008]
2. Mention two WAP service providers. Find two cell phones supporting WAP and
identity which WAP version they support. [Apr/May 2008]

3. What is the difference between TCP and UDP[Apr/May 2010]

4. Mention any salient features of WAP. [Apr/May 2010]

5. Why the TCP protocols used in wired networks cannot be as such used in wireless
networks? [Nov/Dec 2007]

6. Discuss the problems of a file system in mobile environment? [Nov/Dec 2007]

7. Can the problems using TCP for mobile communication be solved by replacing TCP
with snooping TCP? Justify your answer. [Nov/Dec 2008]

8. Specify the fields of minimal encapsulation method in mobile network layer.

[Nov/Dec 2008]

9. What is Pervasive Computing? [NOV/DEC 2011]

10. What are the various issues related to device management in pervasive
computing? [NOV/DEC 2011]

11. What is meant by pervasive computing? How is it done? [MAY/JUNE2012]

12. What makes device connectivity possible in pervasive computing?

[MAY/JUNE2012]

13. What are the key parts of the hardware of pervasive technologies? [NOV/DEC 2012]

44
14. How does biometric authentication work in pervasive computing? [NOV/DEC 2012]

PART B

1. As a transport layer protocol, TCP uses a window mechanism to exercise flow control
over the best effort IP in the internet. Flow control is exercised by the edge router
based on congestion status encountered in the core routers between the TCP sender
and the TCP receiver. (i) Describe the operation of the window flow control
mechanism. (8) [Apr/May 2008]
2. ACKs from the TCP receiver are the basis that the TCP sender uses to adjust the
sending window size. Describe and discuss how ACKs (8) [Apr/May 2008]

3. Specify the enhancements made to the basic client server architecture of the web to
suit a mobile wireless user? Briefly discuss the main goals of WAP. Explain the
layers of WAP protocol used to achieve the following: A client wants to have a
shared state with the server for transferring the content. (16) [Apr/May 2008]

4. Discuss the role of WWW in support for mobility.[16] [Apr/May 2010]

5. Explain the following

a. Indirect TCP [6]

b. Snooping TCP[6]

c. Performance enhancing proxies[4] [Apr/May 2010]

6. Discuss in detail about the classical indirect TCP and snooping TCP.(16) [Nov/Dec
2007]

7. Discuss in detail about the components and interface of the WAP architecture.(16)
[Nov/Dec 2007]

8. Compare snooping TCP with Mobile TCP with example network scenarios.(8)

45
9. How and why does I-TCP isolate problems on wireless link? What are the main
drawbacks of this solution?(8) [Nov/Dec 2008]

10. Explain in detail about the architecture of WAP?(16) [Nov/Dec 2008]

11. (i) Describe the various hardware components involved in pervasive computing
devices. (8) [NOV/DEC 2011]
(ii) Explain how a pervasive web application can be secured using an ‘Authentication
Proxy’. (8) [NOV/DEC 2011]

12. (i) What are the applications of pervasive computing? Discuss any two of them. (8)
[NOV/DEC 2011]
(ii) Explain how pervasive web applications can be accessed via WAP.(8)  
[NOV/DEC 2011]

13. (i) Explain the operating system issues related to miniature devices(8)
[MAY/JUNE2012]
(ii) What are the design and implementation issues in device connectivity aspect
of pervasive computing? Explain. (8) [MAY/JUNE2012]

14. Explain the various soft surface and semi-soft-surface based display systems and
technologies. (16) [MAY/JUNE2012]
15. How is security in pervasive computing established? Explain them in detail.
[NOV/DEC 2012]

16. Write short notes on the smart-card based authentication via the Internet. [NOV/DEC
2012]

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