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01 SPSS

Statistics is a way to get information from data by collecting, summarizing, and processing data or making estimates and predictions about populations based on sample results. The document discusses descriptive statistics, which summarize and present data, and inferential statistics, which are used to make inferences. It also defines key terms like population, sample, parameter, and statistic.

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Mert Bilgin
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33 views14 pages

01 SPSS

Statistics is a way to get information from data by collecting, summarizing, and processing data or making estimates and predictions about populations based on sample results. The document discusses descriptive statistics, which summarize and present data, and inferential statistics, which are used to make inferences. It also defines key terms like population, sample, parameter, and statistic.

Uploaded by

Mert Bilgin
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Statistics

Why Statistics?
Statistics

Statistics is a way to get information from data.


That’s it!

Example
Descriptive and Inferential Statistics

Two branches of statistics:


 Descriptive statistics
 Collecting, summarizing, and processing data to
transform data into information

 Inferential statistics
 provide the bases for predictions, forecasts, and
estimates that are used to transform information into
knowledge
Descriptive Statistics

 Collect data
 e.g., Survey

 Present data
 e.g., Tables and graphs

 Summarize data
 e.g., Sample mean = ∑ X i

n
Descriptive Statistics
Descriptive Statistics

Currently sells 22000 cans per week (university operates 40 weeks in a year)
The cans sell for an average of one dollar each
The costs (including labor) total 30 cents per can
Market share? Unknown but let’s consider %25
Inferential Statistics
 Estimation
 e.g., Estimate the population

mean weight using the sample


mean weight
 Hypothesis testing
 e.g., Test the claim that the
population mean weight is 120
pounds

Inference is the process of drawing conclusions or


making decisions about a population based on
sample results
Key Definitions

 A population is the collection of all items of interest or


under investigation
 N represents the population size
 A sample is an observed subset of the population
 n represents the sample size

 A parameter is a specific characteristic of a population


 A statistic is a specific characteristic of a sample
Population vs. Sample

Population Sample

a b cd b c
ef gh i jk l m n gi n
o p q rs t u v w o r u
x y z y

Values calculated using Values computed from


population data are called sample data are called
parameters statistics
Examples of Populations

 Names of all registered voters in the Turkey


 Incomes of all families living in Istanbul
 Annual returns of all stocks traded on the New
York Stock Exchange
 Grade point averages of all the students in your
university
Random Sampling

Simple random sampling is a procedure in which

 each member of the population is chosen strictly by


chance,
 each member of the population is equally likely to be
chosen,
and
 every possible sample of n objects is equally likely to
be chosen

The resulting sample is called a random sample


The Decision Making Process
Decision

Knowledge
Experience, Theory,
Literature, Inferential
Statistics, Computers
Information
Descriptive Statistics,
Begin Here: Probability, Computers
Data
Identify the
Problem
Types of Data

Data

Categorical Numerical

Examples:
 Marital Status
 Are you registered to Discrete Continuous
vote?
 Eye Color Examples: Examples:
(Defined categories or  Number of Children  Weight
groups)  Defects per hour  Voltage
(Counted items) (Measured characteristics)
Measurement Levels
Differences between
measurements, true Ratio Data
zero exists
Quantitative Data

Differences between
measurements but no Interval Data
true zero

Ordered Categories
(rankings, order, or Ordinal Data
scaling)
Qualitative Data

Categories (no
ordering or direction) Nominal Data

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