PRE-CALCULUS

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 ANALYTIC
GEOMETRY

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Review on Plane Coordinate Geometry

Circle

Parabola
Conic Sections
Ellipse

Hyperbola

Systems of Nonlinear Equations

ANALYTIC
GEOMETRY
Conic Sections: Ellipse
An ellipse is formed
when the cutting plane is
at an arbitrary angle to
the axis of the cone.
DEFINITION OF AN ELLIPSE

An ellipse is the set of points

in a plane such that the sum of
the distances from two fixed
points is a constant. The fixed
points are called the foci of the
ellipse.
PROPERTIES OF AN ELLIPSE

• Vertices – points of intersection of the

ellipse and the line containing the foci
• Major Axis – line segment joining the
vertices
• Center – midpoint of the major axis
• Co-vertices – points of intersection of the
ellipse and the line perpendicular to the
major axis through the center
• Minor Axis – line segment joining the co-
vertices
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STANDARD EQUATION OF AN ELLIPSE

Center: 0, 0 Center: 0, 0

Major Axis: horizontal Major Axis: vertical

 EXAMPLES
Determine the coordinates of the foci, vertices and co-vertices of the ellipse with
the given equation, and roughly sketch its graph.
𝑥2 𝑦2
1) + =1
25 9

𝑥2 𝑦2
2) + =1
25 16

𝑥2 𝑦2
3) + =1
16 25

4) 4𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 = 16
STANDARD EQUATION OF AN ELLIPSE

𝒙−𝒉 𝟐 𝒚−𝒌 𝟐
+ =𝟏
𝒂𝟐 𝒃𝟐
Center: ℎ, 𝑘
Major Axis: horizontal

𝒙−𝒉 𝟐 𝒚−𝒌 𝟐
+ =𝟏
𝒃𝟐 𝒂𝟐
Center: ℎ, 𝑘
Major Axis: vertical
 EXAMPLES
Determine the foci, vertices and covertices of the ellipse with the given equation,
and roughly sketch its graph.
𝑥+3 2 𝑦−2 2
1) + =1
16 9

𝑥−1 2 𝑦+3 2
2) + =1
16 4

𝑥−3 2 𝑦+2 2
3) + =1
4 10
GENERAL EQUATION OF AN ELLIPSE

The general form of equation of an ellipse is

𝑨𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪𝒚𝟐 + 𝑫𝒙 + 𝑬𝒚 + 𝑭 = 𝟎.

IDENTIFYING IF EQUATION OF
AN ELLIPSE OR NOT

A second-degree equation in 𝑥 and 𝑦 is an equation of an ellipse if

✓ there is no 𝒙𝒚 − term (𝑩 = 𝟎)
✓ 𝑨 and 𝑪 have same signs
✓ 𝑨≠𝑪
 EXAMPLES
Determine the general equation of the ellipse satisfying the given conditions.

1) center at the origin, one vertex at 0, −5 , one co-vertex at (3, 0)

2) major axis of length 6, foci at −2, 0 and (2, 0)

3) center at the origin, foci at (0, ±4), vertices at (0, ±5)

4) one vertex at (6, 3) and foci at (−4, 3) and (4, 3)

 EXAMPLES
Determine whether or not the given equation is an equation of an ellipse.

1) 5𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 2 + 10𝑥 − 12𝑦 = 22

2) 2𝑦 2 − 5𝑥 − 12𝑦 = 17

3) 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 + 42𝑥 − 12𝑦 = −154

4) 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 18

5) 7𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 − 14𝑥 + 12𝑦 = −14

SITUATIONAL PROBLEMS
INVOLVING ELLIPSES

Find the foci and vertices of the ellipse

25𝑥 2 + 16𝑦 2 − 150𝑥 + 32𝑦 − 641 = 0.

What is the standard equation of an ellipse with center at

(4, −2), a vertex at (9, −2) and one focus at 0, −2 ?
MODELING THE REAL WORLD

A tunnel has the shape of a semi-

ellipse that is 15 ft high at the center
and 36 ft across the base. At most
how high should a passing truck be, if
it is 12 ft wide, for it to be able to fit
through the tunnel?
MODELING THE REAL WORLD

The Colosseum in Rome is

elliptical in shape. The dimensions are
approximately 190 meters by 155
meters. Assuming that the center of
the Colosseum is the origin, and that
the length is the major axis, write an
equation for the ellipse that can be
used to represent the shape of the
Colosseum.
 EXERCISES
Answer the following items completely.
1) Determine the coordinates of the center, vertex, covertices and foci of the ellipse
𝑥+7 2 𝑦−4 2
+ = 1.
16 25

2) Sketch the graph of the ellipse in item (1).

3) Find the standard equation of an ellipse with major axis of length 22 and foci 9
units above and below the center 2, 4 .
4) The arch of a bridge is in the shape of a semi-ellipse, with its major axis at the water
level. Suppose the arch is 20 ft high in the middle and 120 ft across its major axis.
How high above the water level is the arch, at a point 20 ft from the center
(horizontally)?
 ANALYTIC
GEOMETRY
Conic Sections: Hyperbola
A hyperbola is
formed when
the cutting plane
is parallel to the
axis of the cone.
DEFINITION OF A HYPERBOLA

A hyperbola is the set of

points in a plane such that the
difference of the distances from
two fixed points is a constant.
The fixed points are called the
foci of the hyperbola.
 PROPERTIES OF A
HYPERBOLA

• Center – point midway between the foci

• Principal Axis – line joining the foci
• Vertices – points of intersection of the
hyperbola and the principal axis
• Transverse Axis – line segment joining the
vertices
• Conjugate Axis - chord through the center
perpendicular to the transverse axis
• Branches – two disconnected parts of the
hyperbola
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STANDARD EQUATION OF A HYPERBOLA

Transverse Axis: vertical

Transverse Axis: horizontal
Conjugate Axis: horizontal
Conjugate Axis: vertical
ASYMPTOTES OF A HYPERBOLA
 EXAMPLES
Determine the coordinates of the foci and vertices of the hyperbola with the given
equation. Sketch the graph.
𝑥2 𝑦2
1) − =1
9 7

𝑥2 𝑦2
2) − =1
9 16

𝑥2 𝑦2
3) − =1
16 20

𝑥2 𝑦2
4) − =1
36 64
STANDARD EQUATION OF A HYPERBOLA
 EXAMPLES
Determine the center, foci, vertices and asymptotes of the hyperbola with the given
equation, and roughly sketch its graph.
𝑦+2 2 𝑥−7 2
1) − =1
25 9

𝑥+4 2 𝑦−3 2
2) − =1
5 4

𝑥−2 2 𝑦+3 2
3) − =1
25 24
GENERAL EQUATION OF A HYPERBOLA

The general form of equation of a hyperbola is

𝑨𝒙𝟐 + 𝑪𝒚𝟐 + 𝑫𝒙 + 𝑬𝒚 + 𝑭 = 𝟎.

IDENTIFYING IF EQUATION OF
A HYPERBOLA OR NOT

A second-degree equation in 𝑥 and 𝑦 is an equation of a hyperbola if

✓ there is no 𝒙𝒚 − term (𝑩 = 𝟎)
✓ 𝑨 and 𝑪 have opposite signs
 EXAMPLES
Determine the general equation of the hyperbola satisfying the given conditions.

1) center at the origin, one vertex at 0, 3 , one focus at (0, −5)

2) vertices at −2, 8 and (8, 8), one focus at (12, 8)

3) center at (1, 1), vertex at (1, 5) and conjugate axis of length 6

4) vertices at (0, 1) and (0, −1), asymptotes are the lines 𝑥 = ±3𝑦
 EXAMPLES
Determine whether or not the given equation is an equation of a hyperbola.

1) 5𝑥 2 − 3𝑦 2 + 10𝑥 − 12𝑦 = 22

2) 2𝑦 2 − 5𝑥 − 12𝑦 = 17

3) 3𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 + 42𝑥 − 12𝑦 = −154

4) 3𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 + 4𝑦 = 18

5) 7𝑥 2 + 3𝑦 2 − 14𝑥 + 12𝑦 = −14

PROBLEMS INVOLVING
HYPERBOLAS

Find the center, foci and vertices of the hyperbola

2 2
16 𝑥 − 2 −9 𝑦+4 = 576.

Find the general equation of the hyperbola with vertices at

(−2, 0) and (2, 0) and a conjugate axis of length 6.
PROBLEMS INVOLVING
HYPERBOLAS
PROBLEMS INVOLVING
HYPERBOLAS

A hyperbolic mirror is used in some

telescopes. Such a mirror has the
property that a light ray directed at one
focus will be reflected to the other
focus. Using the figure on the left, write
an equation to model the hyperbolic
mirror’s surface.
 EXERCISES
Answer the following items completely.
1) Determine the center, principal axis, vertices and foci of the hyperbola
2
𝑥 − 5
𝑦+2 2+ = 1.
4
2) Sketch the graph of the hyperbola in item (1).
3) Find the general equation of the hyperbola satisfying
the conditions: one focus at 26, 0 and asymptotes
the lines 12𝑦 = ±15𝑥.
4) In the figure, a hyperbolic mirror is depicted. Write an
equation that models the hyperbolic mirror’s surface.