GOOD MORNING

MODULE 2
 JUMBLED WORDS

oVEAWS
oLANGINLODIUT
oCLEEROMTGATENCI
oGHILT
oNUOSD
WAVES: TYPES AND
CHARACTERISTICS
LESSON 1
 WAVES AS ENERGY CARRIERS

• propagation of disturbance through

a medium in which energy is
transferred
• wave pulse is a simple disturbance
• wave train a series of disturbances
created in a medium
• wave motion – energy propagation
by means of motion of a change in
medium
 TRANSVERSE WAVES
• A particle of the medium move in a direction
perpendicular to the direction of the wave’s
movement
• May occur on a string, surface of liquid, and
throughout solid
 LONGITUDINAL WAVES

• Particles of the medium move in a direction parallel

to the direction of wave; pushing and pulling
• Compression – section where the particles are
crowded together
• Rarefaction – less crowded
• Soundwaves, tsunami, earthquake p-waves
 MECHANICAL VS. ELECTROMAGNETIC

Mechanical waves Electromagnetic waves

Need a material medium for Do not need any material
propagation medium for propagation; can
travel through a vacuum

Have low speed Have high speed

Ex. sound waves, slinky waves, Ex. radio waves, microwaves,
water waves, jump rope infrared waves, light,
waves ultraviolet radiation, x-rays,
and gamma rays
FORMS OF WAVES: MECHANICAL AND
ELECTROMAGNETIC

• Mechanical waves require a medium in

order to transport energy
• Sound
• Water waves
• Earthquake waves
• Electromagnetic waves will travel in a
medium but do not require one
• Light and other forms of electromagnetic
waves
• Electromagnetic waves travel VERY FAST –
around 300,000,000 meters per second (the
speed of light).

At this speed, the

rays of the sun take
8 minutes to reach
the Earth.
 ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVE (A.K.A
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION)
• When electricity and magnetism change or move
together, they produce a wave known as EM wave.
• EM waves are arranged in an electromagnetic spectrum
based on their frequency (f). Wavelength (λ), and photon
energy (E)
• Electromagnetic Spectrum—name
for the range of electromagnetic
waves when placed in order of
increasing frequency
 WAVELENGTH, FREQUENCY, ENERGY

• Wavelength and Frequency (inverse):

• short wavelengths have a high
frequency
• long wavelengths have a low
frequency
• Frequency and Energy (direct):
• high frequency waves have high
energy
• low frequency waves have low energy
13
 FILL IN THE TABLE BELOW:

wavelength frequency energy

long
high
Wave characteristics:
• Amplitude, A
• Wavelength, λ
• Frequency f
Amplitude
•Distance from resting position to crest or resting position
to trough
•The greater the amplitude, the greater the amount of
energy carried by the wave.
Wavelength, λ, unit is meters
•Distance from one crest to the next crest
•Distance from one trough to the next trough
•Distance from any point on a wave to the next
nearest similar point
Frequency, f
• units hertz (Hz) credited to Heinrich
Hertz
Number of wave crests that pass a point
in 1s
The high points of waves are called
CRESTS or PEAKS while the low points
are called TROUGHS.
SOUND & LIGHT
LESSON 2
 RIDDLES:
1. I warm the day, I light your way. Though my fire
burns brightly, No one has to light me. Who am I?
2. We fly around, above the ground. You’ll see our
lights on summer nights. What are we?
3. I can only live where there is light, but I die if the
light shines on me. What am I?
4. The longer she stands, the shorter she grows. She
was the quickest when thin, slowest when fat. What
is it?
5. I’m often used at night but not a pillow. I’m usually
made of glass and metal but not a mirror. I’m bright
even though I don’t have brains.
LIGHT

a form of energy that

enables us to see
WHAT WOULD OUR LIFE
BE WITHOUT LIGHT?
 SOURCES OF LIGHT

• Luminous objects –
objects that emit or
send off their own light
(sun, stars, light bulbs,
lamps, lasers, fires)
• Non-luminous – those
that cannot emit their
own light, for us to see
them, a light from
luminous object must be
reflected (moon, cars,
buildings, most objects)
 LIGHT AND TRANSPARENCY
• Transparent – permit the passage of light (air, glass,
water, clear plastic)
• Opaque – block light (woods, concrete, metal, flesh)
• Translucent – allow only some amount of light to pass
through; have both the characteristics of transparent
and opaque (frosted glass, plastic labo)
 VISIBLE LIGHT
• The portion of the
electromagnetic spectrum
that human eyes can detect
• Used in photography
• ROY G BIV (red, orange,
yellow, green, blue, indigo,
violet)
• Which color has the lowest
frequency?
• red has the lowest frequency –
violet the highest

The Electromagnetic
Spectrum
THE NATURE OF SOUND
 WHAT IS SOUND?

• A form of energy produced when

air molecules vibrate and move in
pattern known as waves/sound
waves
 CHARACTERISTICS OF SOUND

• Acoustics – science that focuses on

the study of properties & transmission
of sound
1.Pitch
2.Loudness and Intensity
3.Quality/Tone
 PITCH

•Highness or lowness of tone

•Low frequency = low pitch
•High frequency = high pitch
 LOUDNESS AND INTENSITY

• Intensity – amount of energy that is

transported past a given area of the
medium per unit of time
• Loudness – the sensation on the ear
that the intensity of sound wave
produces
• decibel meter – used to measure the
sound or noise that can be heard by
human ear
 QUALITY OR TONE

• Tone – refers to the sound

quality (depends on the
combination of different
frequencies of sound waves)
 3 BASIC ELEMENTS TO MAKE
VIBRATIONS BECOME SOUND

1.Source – object producing the

wave
2.Medium – vehicle through which
the wave travels from one point
to next
3.Detector / Receiver – responds to
the wave
 NATURE OF SOUND

•sound travels fastest in solids

•faster in liquid
•slowest through gases
•it cannot travel in empty space /
vacuum
 INFRASONIC VS. ULTRASONIC

• The range of sound that human ear can detect

varies with each individual
• Human audible range of 20 – 20,000 Hz
• Some animals are sensitive to sounds
because they can hear sounds at even
higher frequencies
• Infrasonic – sounds below audible range
(below 0.001 Hz – 16 Hz)
• Ultrasonic – too high for us to hear (20,000 Hz
– above)
 HOW THE EAR WORKS

1. Sound is transmitted as sound waves from the environment. The

sound waves are gathered by the outer ear and sent down the
ear canal to the eardrum.
2. The sound waves cause the eardrum to vibrate, which sets the
three tiny bones in the middle ear into motion.
3. The motion of the bones causes the fluid in the inner ear or
cochlea to move.
4. The movement of the inner ear fluid causes the hair cells in the
cochlea to bend. The hair cells change the movement into
electrical pluses.
5. These electrical impulses are transmitted to the hearing
(auditory) nerve and up to the brain, where they are interpreted
as sound.
 HEAT TRANSFER
CONDUCTION, CONVECTION & RADIATION
 QUESTION

• If a cup of coffee and a red popsicle

were left on the table in this room what
would happen to them? Why?
• The cup of coffee will cool until it
reaches room temperature. The
popsicle will melt and then the liquid
will warm to room temperature.
 HEAT TRANSFER

• Heat always moves from a

warmer place to a cooler place.
• Hot objects in a cooler room will
cool to room temperature.
• Cold objects in a warmer room will
heat up to room temperature.
 HOW IS HEAT TRANSFERRED?
There are THREE ways heat can move.

– Conduction

– Convection

– Radiation
 CONDUCTION

• Heat is transferred from one particle

of matter to another in an object.
• Conduction = CONTACT
 HAVE YOU EVER…

Touched a metal spoon sitting in a pan of

boiling water only to be surprised by HOW
hot it is?

What conducts heat

better, metal or
nonmetal? Why?
EXAMPLE OF
CONDUCTION
A piece of
cheese melts as
heat is transferred
from the meat to
the cheese
(Contact)
 CONVECTION

• Convection is the
movement that
transfers heat
within fluids
• Heat is transferred
by currents within
the fluid or gas
WATER MOVEMENT

Cools at the Convection

surface
current

Cooler Hot water

water sinks rises
 EXAMPLES OF CONVECTION:

• Have you ever noticed that the air on

the second floor of your house is warmer
than the first floor? Or that water in a
pool is cooler at the deep end?
 EXAMPLES OF CONVECTION

Convection currents
cause the cooler
breezes you
experience by a large
body of water.

These currents also

cause the movement
of magma within the
earth.
HOW DOES HEAT ENERGY GET FROM
THE SUN TO THE EARTH?

There are no particles

between the Sun and the
Earth so it CANNOT
travel by conduction or
by convection.

? RADIATION
 RADIATION

• Radiation is the transfer of energy by waves

• What type of waves?
• ELECTROMAGNETIC
• Radiation does NOT require matter to transfer
thermal energy
 RADIATION MAY COME FROM
OTHER SOURCES

Have you ever

sat too close to
a campfire?
You’re
enjoying the
warmth ….. only
to notice that
your skin is really
warm?
 EXAMPLES OF RADIATION

1. Fire
2. Heat Lamps
3. Sun
HEAT TRANSFER

HEAT TRANSFER
SUMMARY