Chemistry 113 - FUNDAMENTALS

8/30/2010 - Monday
Chemistry - tries to explain macroscopic observations via submicroscopic interac
tions
*study of matter (properties and changes) & the energy associate
d with
the changes
Observation: quantitative or qualitative
Law: summary statement for a large set of related observations that can predict
future
observations
Hypothesis: tentative explanation for the reasons WHY
Theory: summary statement that gives formal explanation for the scientific law
Model: simplified version of system under study to help with the interpretation
of
the Theory
Matter: anything with a density . . . What is matter composed of?
Dalton's Atomic Theory (Modernized): (Substances)
1. the atom is the smallest whole piece of an element
2. all atoms of a given element are identical in their m
ass
(a sample of atoms of a given element have a uni
que
average mass)
3. atoms of different elements have different masses
4. a compound is a specific combination of atoms of more
than one element
5. in a chemical reaction, atoms are neither created nor
destroyed; they exchange places to form new substance
s
8/31/2010 - Tuesday

Substance - made of single kind of matter

Elements (one atom type)
Compound (two or more kinds of atoms in fixed whole # ratio)
Mixture - made of 2 or more substances in variable ratios, properties are variab
le,
components retain own properties
Compounds <----> Elements = chemical change
Substances <----> Mixture of substances
can use physical properties to separate mixtures
Physical Property - inherent to substance & observed without any changing compos
ition
 temp. of phase changes, density, color, magnetic propert
ies,
solubility
Energy associated with chemical OR physical changes.
Energy - capacity to do work
Work - motion against an opposing force
Energy is conserved.
total energy before = total energy after
energy total = KE + PE
KE = Kinetic Energy - energy from MOTION
KE = (1/2)mV^2
mass in KILOGRAMS
velocity in METERS/SECOND
PE = Potential Energy - energy STORED, energy possessed by an object bas
ed
on position in a field of force
*in a gravitational field
PE = mgh (mass)(gravitional constant)(height)
mass in KILOGRAMS
height in METERS
Coulombic Potential Energy:
1. depends on relative charges of particles
2. depends on distance between charged particles
PE = ((qSUB1)(qSUB2)) / 4(PI)(ESUB0)(r)
ESUB0 = Epsilon, vacuum permativity cons
tant
r = distance between charges
q = charge
What is the charge of an electron? (-1)
-1.602 x 10^-19 Coulomb = fundamental unit of charge
charge of electron = (-1)(fundamental unit) or (-1)e
PE = ((qSUB1)(qSUB2)) / 4(PI)ESUB0(r) or ((1e^2) / 4(PI)ESUB0) * ((qSUB1)(qSUB2)
/ r)
qSUB1 & qSUB2 are magnitued & sign of ch
arge
Plot PE vs r **SEE NOTEBOOK** 8/31/2010
How does this relate to an atom?
Atom is composed of THREE fundamental subatomic particles.
protons, neutrons, & electrons
9/2/2010 - Thursday
"All atoms of a given element are identical."
Atoms of a given element have a unique number of protons = atomic number (Z).
Atoms of a given element can have slightly different masses due to to different
numbers
of neutrons = ISOTOPES.
ISOTOPES are identified by their mass number (A).
IN nucleus - protons & neutrons OUTSIDE nucleus - electrons
 (p+) (n0) (e-)
~1 amu ~1 amu ~1/2000 amu
amu = fundamental atomic mass unit
mass # = # nucleons = (#p+) + (#n0)
mass # NOT equal mass of atom
Presence of isotopes ONLY discovered experimentally via mass spectrometer.
**SEE NOTEBOOK** 9/2/2010
How many p+, n0, and e- present in each isotope of chlorine?
Cl 35 Cl 37
#p+ 17 17
#n0 18 20
#e- 17 17
Atoms are NEUTRAL.
Calculations in Chemistry.
What are the units?? What equivalences exist between different unit type
s?
What is the uncertainty of a measurement and/or a calculated result?
*****SIGNIFICANT FIGURES (SF)*****
9/3/2010 - Friday
Prefixes in metric system.
pico (p) 10^-12
nano (n) 10^-9
micro (mew(u)) 10^-6
milli (m) 10^-3
centi (C) 10^-2
kilo (k) 10^3
Conversion Factors = uses equivalents to change from one unit to another
**SEE NOTEBOOK** 9/3/2010
USE UNITS to go from a given to a desired.
How many nanometers in the wavelength of 222 angstroms?
**SEE NOTEBOOK** 9/3/2010
How many inches in 22.2 nanometers?
**SEE NOTEBOOK** 9/3/2010
Density = Mass/Volume
What is the density of a substance that has a mass of 4.25 pounds and occupies 1
.53 in^3?
Express the density in g/cm^3. **SEE NOTEBOOK** 9/3/20106
Atoms, molecules, formula units are TOO small to measure individually.
mole (mol) is a specific number of objects
*****1 mol = 6.022 x 10^23 objects*****
molar mass : mass of one mole of a substance (RATIO)
1 mol of anything has the same number as are found in exactly 12.00 grams if Car
bon-12.
molar mass of He = 4.0026 g/mol He
atomic mass of He = 4.0026 amu/1 atom He
9/7/2010 - Tuesday
****MUST GET****
9/9/2010 - Thursday
Going over questions/problems.
**SEE NOTEBOOK** 9/9/2010
compound - neutral substance composed of 2 or more different kinds of atoms in a
definate
whole number ratio
atoms are BONDED
molecules - discrete group of atoms bonded to each other in a specific a
rrangement
Formula Units - smallest whole number repeating piece in ionic solids or
network
solids
ionic compounds - charged species are attracted to each
other in a ratio to obtain electrical
neutrality
- cations (positive) & anions (negative)
Total (+) = Total (-)
Ions can either be single element
MONATOMIC Na+, Li+, Ca(2+), O(2-)
Or multiple elements
POLYATOMIC NH4+, NO3-, SO4(2-), CN-.
Ionic Compounds of main group elements
IA Metals 1+ charge lose electrons
IIA Metals 2+ charge to become positive
IIIA Metals 3+ charge to have same number of
e- as nearest noble gas
IVA Elements tend not to form ions (except Sn (tin) and Pb (lead))
VA Non-metal 3- charge gain electrons
VIA Non-metal 2- charge to have same number of
VII Non-metal 1- charge e- as nearest noble gas
When forming an ionic compound of two atoms, the e- are transferred.
*Make sure charges balance.*
9/10/2010 - Friday
Going over questions/problems.
**SEE NOTEBOOK** 9/10/2010
Cations - metals keep own name
most transition metals & Tn & Pb take on more than one type of charge
 **SEE NOTEBOOK** 9/10/2010
Anion charges are fixed.
Use those charges to determine oxidation state (charge) of the metal.
**SEE NOTEBOOK** 9/10/2010
POlyatomic ions = typically anions
= group of atoms covalently bonded that has a charge
= come from acids
**SEE NOTEBOOK** 9/10/2010
9/13/2010 - Monday
Molecular Compounds
- those of non-metals use prefixes to communicate # of each type of elem
ent
**SEE NOTEBOOK** 9/13/2010
Representing Compounds
chemical formula - relative number of each type of atom in the simplest
piece of
the actual compound
structural formula - shows how atoms are bonded to each other
**SEE NOTEBOOK** 9/13/2010
empirical formula - smallest whole # ratio of atoms in a formula unit (m
olecule)
empirical formula & molecular formula of a compound are related to each
other
via masses. Molecular Formula's are whole # multiples of Empiric
al
Formulas.
**SEE NOTEBOOK** 9/13/2010
How do we find empirical formulas?
Elemental Analysis: mass percent of each element present in a sample
Mass Percent = ( mass of element / mass of sample ) x 100
What are the mass % of the element in acetic acid? **SEE NOTEBOOK** 9/13/2010
Find the empirical formula that is 2.27% H, 34.81% P, and 62.93% O by mass.
- Find moles of each element
- In 100g of sample, 2.27g of H, 34.81g of P, 62.93g of O.
**SEE NOTEBBOK** 9/13/2010
9/14/2010 - Tuesday
****MUST GET****
Combsution analysis to find an empirical formula.
A .236 sample of acetylsalicylic acid is burned in oxygen to form .519g
C02 and
.0945g of water. The compound contains C, H, and O. Use this information
to find the empirical formula of the acid.
**SEE NOTEBOOK** 9/16/2010
9/16/2010 - Thursday
 **SEE NOTEBOOK** 9/16/2010
Limiting reactant questions give more than one amount of starting materials.
Calculations are theoretical (what should be).
Reaction yield or Percent Yield
% yield = (actual / theoretical) x 100
Ethanol liquid is reacted with solid benzoic acid to create ethyl benzoate and w
ater.
How much ethyl benzoate can be formed by reacting 5.0 mL of ethanol with an exce
ss of
benzoic acid? Give answer in grams.
**SEE NOTEBOOK** 9/16/2010
9/21/2010 - Tuesday
Acid Base Reaction (transfer of H+ ions)
H(sub2)CaO(sub4) + 2NaOH --> 2H(sub2)O + Na(sub2)C(sub2)0(sub4)
**SEE NOTEBOOK** 9/21/2010
Net ionic equation - strong electrolytes (soluble ionic compounds and strong aci
ds)
dissociate into their ions **SEE NOTEBOOK** 9/21/2010
Combustion Reactions
CH(sub4) + 2O(sub2) --> CO(sub2) + 2H(sub2)O
Decomposition Reactions
one compound --> 2 or more substances
CaCO(sub3) --> CaO + CO(sub2)
KClO(sub3) --> KCl + O(sub2)
Combination Reactions
2 or more substances --> one substance
Na + Cl(sub2) --> NaCl
Metathesis or Double Displacement
2 ionic substances react to form 2 ionic substances
Only observed IF a precipitate is formed.
Will a precipitate form??
Solubility Rules
Group IA Metals and NH(sub4)+ compounds SOLUBLE
Nitrate, acetate, chlorate, and perchlorate compounds are SOLUBLE
MOST sulfate compounds are SOLUBLE
EXCPET Ba(2+), Pb(2+), etc.
INSOLUBLE COMPOUNDS are not written as separate ions in a net ionic equa
tion
**SEE NOTEBOOK** 9/21/2010