Minnesota Power Systems Conference

November 2-
2-4, 1999

Shunt Capacitor Bank

Switching Transients:
A Tutorial and Case Study
G. Gopakumar,
Gopakumar, H. Yan,
Yan, B. Mork
Michigan Technological University

and
K. K. Mustaphi
Northern States Power Company

Capacitor Bank Switching

• Overview of recent installations at NSP

• Observations and trends

• Study work that must be done

• Tutorial on capacitor bank switching

• Brief overview of 115-

115-kV case study

• Comments

Page 1
 MMTU Phase I

(Increased Power Transmission)

Station Voltage MVAR Configuration

Red Rock 115 kV 240 3 x 80

Kohlman 115 kV 240 3 x 80

Lake

MMTU Phase II

(Increased Power Transmission)

Station Voltage MVAR Configuration

Forbes 500 kV 600 2 x 300

400 MVAR Thyristor Switched

Page 2
 MMTU Phase III

(Increased Power Transmission)

Station Voltage MVAR Configuration

Prairie 115 kV 480 12 x 40 MVAR

Little Fork 230 kV 240 6 x 40 MVAR

Sheyenne 115 kV 200 5 x 40 MVAR

Roseau 230 kV 80 2 x 40 MVAR

Others
(Voltage/VAR Support)

Station Voltage MVAR Configuration

Eau Claire 161 kV 320 4 x 80 MVAR
Parkers Lake 115 kV 240 3 x 80 MVAR
Aldrich 115 kV 240 2 x 120 MVAR
Elm Creek 115 kV 120 1 x 120 MVAR
Elliot Park 115 kV 80 1 x 80 MVAR
Rogers Lake 115 kV 240 3 x 80 MVAR

Page 3
 Others, Cont’d
(Voltage/VAR Support)

Station Voltage MVAR Configuration

Koch Refinery 161 kV 80 1 x 80 MVAR
Split Rock 115 kV 160 2 x 80 MVAR
Cherry Creek 115 kV 40 1 x 40 MVAR
Lk Yankton 115 kV 40 1 x 40 MVAR
Buffalo Ridge 34.5 kV 80 Total Dist.
Traverse 69 kV 14 1 x 14 MVAR

Trends
• At least 4 GVAR installed in NSP system in
recent years.

• Most installed at 115-

115-kV and above

• LOTS of stored energy in cap banks

• Higher X/R ratio means less damping than is

observed at lower voltage levels.

• More concern about switching transients

Page 4
 Types of Studies Needed
• Inrush/Outrush
Inrush/Outrush Current
• Transient Overvoltage (TRV)
• Voltage Magnification (Interaction with
capacitors on nearby distribution system)
• Existing Equipment Ratings
– Breakers
– Surge Arresters
• New Equipment Ratings
– Breakers
– Surge Arresters
– Inrush/Outrush
Inrush/Outrush Current-
Current-Limiting Reactors
• Current Transformer High Secondary Voltage

Getting Started -

Useful Reference Information

• A. Greenwood, Electrical Transients in Power Systems

• IEEE Std. C37.012-
C37.012-1979
• IEEE Standards Collection on Power Capacitors
• IEEE Tutorial - Application of Power Circuit Breakers
• IEEE Special Publication - Modeling and Analysis of
System Transients using Digital Programs
• Other misc.
misc. papers

Page 5
Learning the Basic Concepts of
Capacitor Bank Switching

34.5-
34.5-kV Per-
Per-Phase System

1 - Energization Inrush

CB1 and CB4 Closed, Close Switch S1.

Page 6
 Energization Inrush - First Bank C1
V (0) 1
i(t ) =
L ω0 =
sinω0t Z0 =
Z0 C1 LC1
S i n g l e B a n k E n e r g i z a t i o n - In r u s h C u r r e n t ( A ) vs . t i m e ( m s )
3500

2625

1750

875

-8 7 5

-1 7 5 0

-2 6 2 5

*10 -3
-3 5 0 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
( fi l e S K _ C 1 . p l 4 ; x - va r t ) c : S E Q U IV - B U S

Peak Current = 3041 Amps, Natural Frequency = 500 Hz

Energization Inrush - First Bank C1

V (0) 1
i(t ) =
L ω0 =
sinω0t Z0 =
Z0 C1 LC1
S i n g l e B a n k E n e r g i z a t i o n - B u s V o l t a g e ( V ) vs . t i m e ( m s )
6
*10 4

-2

-4

*10 -3
-6
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
( fi l e S K _ C 1 . p l 4 ; x - va r t ) v: B U S

Bus Voltage: Peak Voltage = 1.87 per unit

Page 7
 2 - Back-to-Back Energization

CB1, CB4, S1 Closed. Close Switch S2.

Back-to-Back Energization
V (0 ) 1 C1C2
i (t ) =
LB ω =
sin ω 01t Z 01 = 01 C EQ =
Z 01 C EQ LB C EQ C1 + C2
B a c k - t o - B a c k In r u s h - C u r r e n t i n t o C 2 ( A ) vs . t i m e ( m s )
1500

1000

500

-5 0 0

-1 0 0 0

-1 5 0 0 *1 0 -3

1 6 .5 1 7 .0 1 7 .5 1 8.0 1 8 .5 1 9.0
( fi l e S K . p l 4 ; x - va r t ) c :S W 1 -S W 2

Peak Current = 1400 Amps, Natural Frequency = 9.4 KHz

Page 8
 Back-to-Back Energization
V (0 ) 1 C1C2
i (t ) =
LB ω =
sin ω 01t Z 01 = 01 C EQ =
Z 01 C EQ LB C EQ C1 + C2
B u s V o l t a g e D u r i n g B a c k - t o - B a c k In r u s h - B u s V o l t a g e ( V ) vs . t i m e ( m s )
4
*10 4

-1

-2

-3

*10 -3
-4
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
( fi l e S K . p l 4 ; x - va r t ) v: B U S

Peak Bus Voltage = 1400 Amps

3 - Outrush Transient

V (0 ) 1
i(t ) =
LF ω 02 =
sin ω 02t Z 02 =
Z 02 C1 LF C1

CB1, CB3, CB4, S1 Closed. Fault on Feeder or Bus.

Page 9
 4 - Voltage Magnification

CB1, CB2, CB4 Closed. Close Switch S1 or S2.

Voltage Magnification
1 1
ω0 = =
L2C LV L1C1
V o l t a g e M a g n i fi c a t i o n - D i s t r i b u t i o n B u s V o l t a g e ( V ) vs . t i m e ( m s )
1 .5
*1 0 4

1 .0

0 .5

0 .0

-0 . 5

-1 . 0

*10 -3
-1 . 5
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
( fi l e S K . p l 4 ; x - va r t ) v: X F S E C

Peak Distribution Bus Voltage = 1.76 per unit.

Page 10
 5 - Transient Recovery Voltage

CB1 Closed, Fault on Bus. Open CB1 to Clear Fault.

Transient Recovery Voltage

Oscillation between Circuit Breaker Bushing
Capacitance and Source Inductance.
R e c o ve r y V o l t a g e - V o l t a g e o n S o u r c e S i d e o f C B 1 ( V ) vs . t i m e ( m s )
4 .5
*1 0 4

3 .0

1 .5

0 .0

-1 . 5

-3 . 0

*10 -3
-4 . 5
30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44
( fi l e S K . p l 4 ; x - va r t ) v: S E Q U IV

Peak Bus Voltage = 1.4 per unit, Frequency = 5 KHz.

KHz.

Page 11
 Split Rock - A Case Study

2 - 80 MVAR 115-kV Banks

The Study Zone

• Multi-
Multi-Port 60-
60-Hz Thevenin Equivalent
to model surrounding system
• Transformers - coupled R-
R-L with core
saturation and bushing capacitances
• Transmission Lines: distributed parameter for
long lines. Coupled-
Coupled-Pi for very short sections
• Capacitors with parallel dissipation resistors
• RLC Coupled-
Coupled-Pi for Buswork

Page 12
 Single Bank Energization

Inrush Reactor Sizing

4400
Inrush

4350

4300

4250
Ipeak, Amps

4200

4150

4100

4050
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Reactor Size, mH

Page 13
Back-to-Back Energization

Capacitor Outrush Current

Page 14
 Outrush Reactor Sizing
1.8e+08
Outrush with Bank#1 in Service
1.6e+08 Outrush with Bank#1,2 in SErvice
Definite Purpose Circuit Breaker
Ipeak * Frequency, Amps*Hz

1.4e+08
General Purpose Circuit Breaker
1.2e+08

1e+08

8e+07

6e+07

4e+07

2e+07

0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9
Reactor Size, mH

Voltage Magnification Summary:

Peak Distribution Bus Voltages
Peak Voltage
on Bus#1/2 Single-Bank Energization
Back-to-Back Switching

21
20
19
18
17
16
3
2
1
2 1
3
Cap Bank on Bus#1 4 0 Cap Bank on Bus#2

Page 15
 Other Concerns

• Statistical studies of peak currents and

voltages in synchronous closing schemes
• Failure of synchronous closing scheme
• Time delay required to discharge banks in
cases where reclosing is applied. Nonlinear
voltage ringdown in cases when discharged
through voltage transformers.
• Unintentional re-
re-energization of bank before it
has discharged. Worst case: energize when
source voltage is opposite the polarity of the
trapped charge.
• Changes in frequency response of system
due to addition of capacitor banks.

CLOSING COMMENTS
• Studies performed over last 10 years and
equipment specified seem to be correct.
• Ferroresonance involving the banks and
regulator transformers has been observed for
short periods of time. Nonlinearity of
transformer makes it hard to predict. Some
work in this area may be in order.
• Simulation results are only as good as the
model. Transmission line and transformer
models must be continually improved.
• Gathering equipment parameters can be most
time-
time-consuming part of simulation. Ask for
complete equipment parameters when writing
new equipment specifications.

Page 16
COMMENTS?

QUESTIONS?

Page 17