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Differential Pulse Code Modulation

DPCM aims to remove redundancy in sampled voice/video signals by coding differences between adjacent samples rather than absolute sample values. It uses a prediction filter to estimate future sample values based on past samples, quantizes the difference between actual and predicted values, and feeds quantized differences back to update predictions. This results in a processing gain over PCM, providing 4-11 dB better signal-to-noise ratio using 1-2 fewer bits per sample. DPCM is subject to slope overload distortion if predictions cannot keep up with rapid signal changes, and suffers quantization noise like PCM.

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123 views10 pages

Differential Pulse Code Modulation

DPCM aims to remove redundancy in sampled voice/video signals by coding differences between adjacent samples rather than absolute sample values. It uses a prediction filter to estimate future sample values based on past samples, quantizes the difference between actual and predicted values, and feeds quantized differences back to update predictions. This results in a processing gain over PCM, providing 4-11 dB better signal-to-noise ratio using 1-2 fewer bits per sample. DPCM is subject to slope overload distortion if predictions cannot keep up with rapid signal changes, and suffers quantization noise like PCM.

Uploaded by

thevin arokiaraj
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Differential Pulse Code Modulation

By
Dr.R.Hemalatha,
Assoc.Prof./ECE

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Objectives
Differential Pulse Code
modulation

Processing Gain

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Differential Pulse-Code Modulation
• Voice/video signals sampled at a rate higher than the
Nyquist rate will have high degree of correlation
between adjacent samples.(no rapid change in signal)

• Variance of the difference between adjacent samples is


smaller than the variance of the signal.

• Hence the samples have redundant information.

• DPCM aims at removing the redundancy and


performing an efficient coding process.

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Differential Pulse-Code Modulation
Prediction
• If we know the past behavior of a signal up to a certain point in
time, it is possible to make some inference about its future
values
• Tapped-delay-line filter (discrete-time filter)
• A simple and yet effective approach to implement the
prediction filter
• With the basic delay set equal to the sampling period
e(nTs )  m(nTs )  m(nTs  Ts )  q(nTs  Ts )

e(nTs )  m(nTs )  m(nTs )
• The quantizer output may be expressed as eq (nTs )  e(nTs )  q(nTs )
• The accumulator output may be expressed as

m q (nTs )  m(nTs )  e q (nTs ) mq (nTs )  m(nTs )  q(nTs )

m q (nTs )  m(nTs )  e(nTs )  q(nTs )
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Block Diagram-DPCM

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Prediction Filter

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Processing Gain
 M2
Output signal-to-noise ratio (SNRO) ( SNR)O  2 (3.79)
Q
σM2 – variance of m[n]
σQ2 – variance of quantization error q[n]
Rewriting using variance of the prediction error σE2
  M2    E2 
( SNR)O   2   2   G p ( SNR)Q
 E  Q 
(3.80)
 E2  M2
( SNR )Q  2 (3.81) Gp  2 (3.82)
Q E

Signal-to-Quantization Processing Gain


Noise Ratio
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Processing Gain
• The processing gain Gp when greater than unity represents the
signal-to-noise ratio that is due to the differential quantization
scheme.
• For a given input message signal, σM is fixed, so smaller the σE
greater the Gp.
• This is the design objective of the prediction filter
• For voice signals advantage of DPCM over PCM in SNR is
between 4-11 dB
• Advantage expressed in terms of bit rate (bits)
• 1 bit =6 dB of quantization noise
• So for fixed SNR, sampling rate 8 kHz – DCPM provides
saving of 8-16 kb/s (1 -2 bits per sample) PCM

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Comparison with other techniques

Comparing DPCM with DM system,


• Uses quantizer with multiple levels rather than one-bit
(two-level) quantizer in the DM system
• Replacement of single delay element in the DM by a
prediction filter

Considering noise
• DPCM, like DM, is subject to slope-overload distortion
whenever the input signal changes too rapidly for the
prediction filter to track it
• Like PCM, DPCM suffers from quantization noise.

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Summary

• The concept of differential pulse code modulation is


discussed.
• Processing gain due to differential process is analyzed.

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