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Magnetism

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35 views24 pages

Magnetism

Uploaded by

raks
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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APPLIED PHYSICS

CODE : 07A1BS05
I B.TECH
CSE, IT, ECE & EEE
UNIT-4
CHAPTER : 2
NO. OF SLIDES : 24

1
UNIT INDEX
UNIT-I
S.No. Module Lecture PPT Slide No.
No.
1 Introduction L9 4-9

2 Magnetic permeability, L10 10-11


Magnetization

3 Origin of magnetic L11 12-14


moment.

4 Classification of L12 15-22


2
magnetic materials.
5 Hysteresis curve, L13 23

6 Soft & Hard L14 24


Magnetic Materials

3
Introduction Lecture-9

 Magnetic materials play a prominent role in


modern technology.

 They are widely used in industrial


electronics and computer industry.

 The traditional methods of information


storage and retrieval are rapidly replaced by
magnetic storage.
4
 The magnetism of materials is mainly a
consequence of interactions of uncompensated
magnetic moments of constituent atoms and
molecules.
 Basing on the response of materials in external
magnetic field, and on the alignment of
magnetic moments in the materials, they are
classified into five types.

5
Magnetic Polestrength
 Magnetic poles always occurs in pairs.
 Magnetic Polestrength (m) : It is scalar
quantity
.It is independent of the shape of the
magnet.
.It depends on the state of magnetisation.
SI unit is – Am.

6
Magnetic field strength(B)
 Magnetic field : The space around a magnet
where its influence is felt is called magnetic
field.

 Magnetic induction field strength (B):


Magnetic induction at a point is the force
experienced by a unit north pole at that point.
 B is a vector.
 SI units of B : N/A.m (or) weber/m

7
Intensity of magnetic field (H)

 It is defined as the field that induces


magnetism in a magnetic material.
 H is measured in Ampere/metre

 When a medium is exposed to magnetic


field of intensity H it causes an induction
B in the medium.
8
Magnetic flux(Φ).
Magnetic flux(Φ): It is the total
number of lines of induction passing
normal to the cross section.
 S I unit : weber.
 Magnetic flux (Φo.)m
: Φ is a scalar.

9
Magnetic permeability. Lecture-10

 Magnetic permeability: It is defined as


the ability of a medium to allow the
magnetic lines of force to pass through it.
 B = μo (H+M) = μo (H + χ m H)
 B =μo μr H.
 Where μr =1+χm. Which is called relative

permeability.

10
Intensity of magnetisation.
 Intensity of magnetization : It is the
magnetic moment per unit volume or
pole strength per unit area.

 I=M/V = (2l.m)/(2l.a)
a= area of crossection.
It is measured in ampere/metre.
11
Magnetic moment Lecture-11

It is a product of Magnetic length and


pole strength of a magnet .
Magnetic moment M=2l.m

 S.I unit of Magnetic moment is =Am2.


(or) N-m3/wb.

12
Magnetic susceptibility.
 Magnetic susceptibility is defined as the ratio
of intensity of magnetization (I) to intensity of
magnetizing field.

 Magnetic susceptibility(χ):
χ = I/H.
χ has no units.

13
Relative permeability.

 Relative permeability of material is


expressed as the ratio of permeability
of the material to the permeability of
free space.
 Thus μr =μ/μo.
(or)
μ=μrμo.
14
Magnetic materials
Lecture-12

 These are the substances, which upon which


being introduced into the external magnetic
field, change so that they themselves become
sources of an additional magnetic field.
 And they are classified into 5 groups.

1Diamagnetic. 4.Antiferromagnetic
2.Paramagnetic. 5.Ferrimagnetic
3.Ferromagnetic.
15
Diamagnetic materials

 The materials which when placed in magnetic


field acquire feeble magnetism in the direction
opposite to that of field are known as
Diamagnetic substances.
 Diamagnetic materials exhibit negative magnetic
susceptibility.
 The magnetization in diamagnetic materials is
directed in opposite direction of the field applied.

16
 The relative permeability of a diamagnetic substance
is slightly less than unity.
 μr< 1; which implies that substances are repelled by
a magnetic field.
 The magnetic susceptibility of diamagnetic materials
is practically independent of temperature.
 Examples: Hydrogen, air, water, gold silver.

17
Paramagnetic materials

 These are the substances which when placed


in magnetic field acquire feeble magnetism
in the direction of magnetic field.
 Examples: copper chloride, chromium,
platinum.
 The magnetic susceptibility of paramagnetic
substances is positive as the magnetization
coincides the magnetic field.
18
Ferromagnetic materials

 Large magnetization occurs in thedirection of the


field.
 The relative permeability is very high (several
thousands).
 When placed in magnetic field, it attracts the magnetic
lines of force very strongly.
 Permanent and electromagnets are made using
ferromagnetic materials.
 Examples:ZnFe2O4, CuFe2O4, Zn-CuFeO4 & FeO4 etc.

19
Antiferromagnetic materials

 They show very little external


magnetism.
 Magnetic susceptebility is
positive and small.
 The magnetic dipole moments of
adjacent atoms are antiparallel.
20
 Due to antiparallel magnetic dipole moments,
the magnetic effect of antiferro magnetic
material is zero, but possess magnetism due to
temperature dependent disruption of the
magnetic moment alignment.
 The susceptibility increases with temperature
upto TN (Neil temperature). Above Neil
temperature, susceptibility decreases with
increasing temperature.

21
Ferrimagnetic materials
 Magnetic dipole moments of adjacent moloecules
or atoms are antiparallel and unequal in magnitude.
It results in a net magnetisation in the material.
 Magnetic susceptibility is large and positive.
 Above Curie temperature, thermal dnergy
randimizes the individual magnetic moments and
the material becomes paramagnetic.
 Examples: copper, zinc, cadmium, iron, cobalt,
nickel, etc.

22
Hysteresis Lecture-13

 When a magnetic field is applied on a


ferromagnetic material then magnetization
takes place. This magnetizatio9n always lags
behind the applied magnetic field. This
phenomenon is known as hysteresis of a
ferromagnetic material.

23
Magnetic materials are classified into
soft materials and hard materials.
Lecture-14
 Soft magnetic  Hard magnetic materials
retain magnetism on a
materials are permanent basis, and
easily magnetised are used in producing
and demagnetised, permanent magnets .
and therefore used  These materials play an
in ac applications. important role in
information storage
devices.

24

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