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Variable, String and Iteration

The document discusses variables, strings, lists, tuples, sets, dictionaries, conditionals, functions, objects, classes, exceptions, modules, and file input/output in Python. It provides examples and explanations of these core Python concepts and how they work.

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Kay Khine
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0% found this document useful (0 votes)
27 views34 pages

Variable, String and Iteration

The document discusses variables, strings, lists, tuples, sets, dictionaries, conditionals, functions, objects, classes, exceptions, modules, and file input/output in Python. It provides examples and explanations of these core Python concepts and how they work.

Uploaded by

Kay Khine
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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01 Variable, String

and Iteration
• Variables and arithmetic expressions, Conditionals
• String, Lists, Tuples, Sets, Dictionaries
• Iteration and Looping
Variables and arithmetic expressions

Variables
• untyped and made any type of data
during execution

Operator
• + , - , *, /
• %
• **
2
19
Conditionals

if … else
if a < b:
print (“Computer says Yes”)
else:
print (“Computer says No”)

3
19
Conditionals

pass
• To create an empty clause using pass
statement

if a < b:
pass # Do nothing
else
print (“Computer says No”)

4
19
Conditionals

AND

OR Boolean

NOT

if product == “game” and type == “pirate memory”


and not (age < 4 or age > 8):
5 print (“I'll take it!”)
19
Conditionals

• Python does not have a special


switch or case statement for testing values.

• To handle multiple-test cases, use the elif statement

6
19
Conditionals

elif
if suffix == “.htm”:
content = “text/html”
elif suffix == “.jpg”:
content = “image/jpeg”
else:
raise RuntimeError ("Unknown content type")

7
19
String

• produces the output that you get when you


str()
use the print statement

• creates a string that you type into a program


repr()
to exactly represent the value of an object

8
19
String

• converts a value to a string with a specific


format()
formatting applied

9
19
Lists

• Lists are sequences of arbitrary objects.

• Create a list by enclosing values in square brackets.


names = [ "Dave", "Mark", "Ann", "Phil" ]

• Lists are indexed by integers, starting with zero.

• Use the indexing operator to access and modify


individual items of the list.

10
19
Lists

append()
• To append new items to the end of a list
names.append ("Paula")

insert()
• To insert an item into the middle of a list
names. insert (2, "Thomas")

11
19
Lists

• can extract or reassign a portion of a list by using


the slicing operator:

b = names[0:2] # Returns [ “Dave", "Mark" ]

• Lists can contain any kind of Python object,


including other lists:

a = [1,"Dave",3.14, ["Mark",7,9, [100,101]],10]

12
19
Tuples

• To create simple data structures, you can pack a


collection of values together into a single object
using a tuple.

• Create a tuple by enclosing a group of values in


parentheses like this:

stock = ('GOOG', 100, 490.10)

13
19
Sets

• A set is used to contain an unordered collection of


objects.

• To create a set, use the set() function and supply a


sequence of items such as follows:

s = set([3,5,9,10])

14
19
Sets

• Sets are unordered and cannot be indexed by


numbers.

• The elements of a set are never duplicated.

• Sets support a standard collection of operations,


including union, intersection, difference, and
symmetric difference.

15
19
Sets

add() (or) update()


New items can be added to a set

remove()
 An item can be removed to set

16
19
Dictionaries

• A dictionary is an associative array or hash table


that contains objects indexed by keys.

• Create a dictionary by enclosing the values in curly


braces ({ }), like this:
stock = {
"name" : "GOOG",
"shares" : 100,
"price" : 490.10
}

17
19
lteration and Looping

for
• To iterate over a collection of items

for iterating_var in sequence:


statements (s)

18
19
lteration and Looping

• The for statement is not limited to sequences of


integers.

• It can be used to iterate over many kinds of objects


including strings, lists, dictionaries, and files.

19
19
02 Function,
Object and File
• Functions, Generators, Coroutines
• Objects and classes, Exceptions, Modules
• File Input and Output
Functions

• use the def statement to create a function


def remainder(a,b):
q = a // b # // is truncating division.
r = a - q*b
return r

• To invoke a function, simply use the name of


the function followed by its enclosed in
parentheses,
result = remainder(37,15)
2
14
Functions

• To assign a default value to a function


parameter, use assignment:

def connect(hostname, port ,timeout=300):


# Function body

3
14
Generators

• A function can generate an entire sequence


of results if it uses the yield statement.

next()
• produces a sequence of results through
successive calls

4
14
Coroutines

• Functions operate on a single set of input


arguments.

• A function can also be written to operate as a task


that processes a sequence of inputs sent to it.

• This type of function is known as a coroutine and is


created by using the yield statement.

5
14
Coroutines

send()
• A coroutine is suspended until a value is
sent to it

close()
• This continues until the coroutine
function returns or close

6
14
Objects and classes

• All values used in a program are objects.

• An object consists of internal data and method


that perform various kinds of operations.

>>>items = [37, 42] # Create a list object


>>>items.append(73) # Call append() method

7
14
Objects and classes

dir()
• lists the methods available on an object
and is a useful tool for interactive
experimentation.

• Special methods that always begin and end


with a double underscore. Eg. __ init__()

8
14
Exceptions

• If an error occurs in program, an exception is


raised and a traceback message appears:

Traceback (most recent call last):


File "foo.py", line 12, in <module>
IOError: [Errno 2] No such file or directory: 'file.txt‘

• The traceback message indicates the type of


error that occurred, along with its location.

9
14
Modules

• Python allows you to put definitions in a file and use


them as a module that can be imported into other
programs and scripts.

# file : div.py
def divide(a,b):
q = a/b # If a and b are integers, q is an integer
r = a - q*b
return (q,r)

10
14
Modules

• To use your module in other programs, you can use


the import statement:
import div
a, b = div.divide (2305, 29)

• To load all of a module’s contents into the current


namespace, you can also use the following:

from div import *

11
14
Modules

• If you want to import a module using a different


name, supply the import statement with an optional
as qualifier, as follows:

import div as foo


a,b = foo.divide(2305,29)

12
14
Modules

• To import specific definitions into the current


namespace, use the from statement:

from div import divide


a,b = divide(2305,29)

13
14
File Input and Output

open( )
• returns a new file object

readline()
• reads a single line of input,
including the terminating newline

>>
• print the output to a file
14
14
03 Program Testing

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