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Inheritance

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64 views40 pages

Inheritance

Uploaded by

Yashodha
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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INHERITANCE

WHAT IS DNA?
DNA IS A VERY LONG MOLECULE. IT IS SHAPED
LIKE A TWISTED LADDER.

TWO LONG STRANDS MAKE THE BACKBONES


AND ARE CONNECTED BY RUNGS OR LINKS.
BASE PAIRS

THE STRANDS ARE CONNECTED


BY BASE PAIRS
• ADENINE (A)
• THYMINE (T)
• CYTOSINE (C)
• GUANINE (G)

THE BASES ONLY MATCH:


A-T
C-G
GENES COME IN VARIATIONS

SOMETIMES MORE THAN ONE VERSION OF A GENE OCCURS. THE DIFFERENT


VERSIONS ARE CALLED ALLELES
(I.E. WE ALL HAVE THE GENE FOR IRIS PIGMENT (PROTEIN), BUT THERE ARE
DIFFERENT COLOURS OF IRIS PIGMENT, SAME GENE BUT DIFFERENT ALLELES)
ALLELES GIVE RISE TO VARIATION
ALLELES GIVE RISE TO A RANGE OF DIFFERENT INHERITED CHARACTERISTICS
IN A POPULATION.
THESE CAN INCLUDE IN HUMANS:

Eye Colour
Skin Colour
Hitch Hikers Thumb
Rolling of the tongue
Earlobe shape
Blood Type
Many many others………..
DEFINITIONS OF INHERITANCE TERMS

DOMINANT:
A GENE ALLELE THAT ‘EXPRESSES’ OVER ANOTHER ALLELE IN HOMOZYGOUS AND
HETEROZYOGUS PAIRS. SHOWN IN PHENOTYPE.

B b
Recessive:
A gene allele that only ‘expresses’ when it is matched with
another recessive allele and never when matched with a
dominant allele. Homozygous Recessive. Shown in phenotype

b b
DEFINITIONS OF INHERITANCE TERMS

Homozygous: having identical alleles at corresponding


chromosome Loci (Gene Location).
Heterozygous: having dissimilar alleles at
corresponding chromosomal Loci.

b B B B b b
DEFINITIONS OF INHERITANCE TERMS
DEFINITIONS OF INHERITANCE TERMS
DEFINITIONS OF INHERITANCE TERMS

Phenotype: the set of observable characteristics of an


individual resulting from the interaction of its genotype with
the environment
Genotype: The genetic makeup of a
cell, an organism, or an individual
with reference to a specific
characteristic.
DEFINITIONS OF INHERITANCE TERMS
DEFINITIONS OF INHERITANCE TERMS

Codominance: A single gene has more than one dominant allele and both genes are
expressed in an heterozygous.

When writing alleles remember:


All alleles are CAPITAL letters

*I remember codominance in the form of an example like so:


red x ---> r d & h t s o t d
GENETIC DIAGRAMS – PUNNETT SQUARES

FLOWER COLOUR

SEED COLOUR GENDER


GENETIC DIAGRAMS – TEST CROSS

HOW TO DRAW TEST CROSS FOR MONOHYBRID INHERITANCE:

1) PHENOTYPE OF PARENTS P1
2) GENOTYPE OF PARENTS
3) GAMETES PRODUCED
4) GENOTYPE OF F1 (YOU MAY NEED A PUNNETT SQUARE)
5) PHENOTYPE OF F1
6) GAMETES FROM F1 PRODUCED
7) GENOTYPE OF F2 (YOU MAY NEED A PUNNETT SQUARE)
8) PHENOTYPE OF F2
9) WHAT ARE THE RATIOS OF F2 PHENOTYPE AND GENOTYPES
GENETIC DIAGRAMS – TEST CROSS
TESTCROSS

GENETICISTS USE THE TESTCROSS TO DETERMINE UNKNOWN


GENOTYPES
A TESTCROSS CAN REVEAL AN UNKNOWN GENOTYPE
1. MATE AN INDIVIDUAL OF UNKNOWN GENOTYPE AND A HOMOZYGOUS-
RECESSIVE INDIVIDUAL
2. IN A TEST CROSS YOU BREED AN ORGANISM SHOWING THE DOMINANT
FEATURES WITH ONE SHOWING THE RECESSIVE FEATURE
3. EACH OF THE TWO POSSIBLE GENOTYPES (HOMOZYGOUS OR
HETEROZYGOUS) GIVES A DIFFERENT PHENOTYPIC RATIO IN THE F1
GENERATION
TESTCROSS
PEDIGREE CHARTS
A pedigree is a chart of the genetic history of family over several generations.

Constructing a Pedigree Connecting Pedigree


Symbols
• Female • Married
Couple
• Male
• Siblings
• Not Affected
• Fraternal
• Affected twins
• Deceased
• Identical
twins
Interpreting a Pedigree Chart (hard)
DETERMINE IF THE PEDIGREE CHART SHOWS:
• AN AUTOSOMAL DISEASE
-THE DISEASE ALLELE IS NOT ON SEX CHROMOSOME
(X Y)
-THE DISEASE ALLELE CAN BE DOMINANT OR
RECESSIVE

• X-LINKED DISEASE
-THE DISEASE ALLELE IS FOUND ON X SEX
CHROMOSOME
-( X = NORMAL ALLELE, XR = DISEASE RECESSIVE
ALLELE)

If it is a 50/50 ratio between men and


women. The disorder is autosomal.
Most of the males in the pedigree are
affected. The disorder is X-linked
Interpreting a Pedigree Chart (additional)
Sex Linked diseases can include:
• Hemophilia (Xr) - Recessive
• Colour blindness (Xr) - Recessive The phenotype of a Carrier
is “NOT DISEASED”
INHERITED DISEASES

• CYSTIC FIBROSIS
• SUFFERERS OF THIS DISEASE PRODUCE A THICK,
STICKY MUCUS WHICH COATS THEIR AIRWAYS AND
LUNGS. IF IT IS NOT CLEARED DAILY THE PERSON CAN
GET SERIOUS CHEST INFECTIONS.
• THE DISEASE IS CAUSED BY A RECESSIVE ALLELE.
•
•
SICKLE CELL ANAEMIA
• This inherited disease
causes the red blood cells
to change from their
usual round shape to
become pointed like a
sickle.
• This shape change means
that they get stuck in
blood vessels and cannot
pick up oxygen properly
from the lungs.
• The allele responsible for
it is a recessive.
•
MITOSIS MEIOSIS

1) Produces 2 daughter cells 1) Produces 4 gamete cells


2) Daughter cells are diploid 2) Daughter cells are haploid
(have 23 pairs of chromosomes) (Only have 23 chromosomes)
3) Daughter cells are genetically 3) Gametes are different to
identical to each other. each other
4) Daughter cells are genetically 4) Gametes are different to
identical to the parent cell (no the parent cell (crossing over of
genetic crossing over) genetic material)
5) One stage process 5) Two stage process
6) Happens everywhere in the 6)Happens in Reproductive
body organs only
EVOLUTION BY NATURAL SELECTION

Evolution is the process by which the range of


organisms on Earth change
New species arise through a process known as
NATURAL SELECTION
1) Living organisms produce more offspring than are needed
to replace them, not all of these off-spring grow up and
breed themselves. These offspring have different alleles.
2) Those organisms best suited to their local environment
survive best and breed, passing on their genetic
(genes/DNA) information to the next generation
3) In this way the different forms will become more and more
different until eventually they are a new species
Mutations are: a) inherited b) happen on their own
(although this is rare).
The frequency that mutation occurs naturally can be
increased by exposure to radiation
• gamma rays
• X-rays
• ultraviolet rays

Chemical mutagens
• chemicals in tobacco..Not Nicotine!)
SELECTIVE BREEDING
.
DEFINITION

SELECTIVE BREEDING:
a. INDIVIDUALS WITH DESIRED
CHARACTERISTICS ARE BRED TOGETHER
b. THIS IS TO PRODUCE OFFSPRING WHICH
EXPRESS DESIRED CHARACTERISTICS.
c. OFFSPRING WITH DESIRED
CHARACTERISTICS ARE BRED
d. REPEAT OVER MANY GENERATIONS
Examples:

Increased yield and reduction of stem length in wheat

Increased yield of meat and milk in cattle.


SELECTIVE BREEDING

• IDENTIFY INDIVIDUAL ORGANISMS THAT HAVE A DESIRABLE TRAIT IN A


POPULATION.
• BREED THESE INDIVIDUALS TOGETHER.
• FROM OFFSPRING CHOOSE THOSE WITH THE DESIRABLE TRAIT.
• BREED THESE OFFSPRING TOGETHER.
• CONTINUE FOR A LONG, LONG, LONG TIME
PROCESS OF GENETIC ENGINEERING
TRANSGENIC ORGANISMS
THE ORGANISM THAT RECEIVES THE NEW GENE FROM A DIFFERENT SPECIES
IS A TRANSGENIC ORGANISM.
PROCESS
1) PLASMIDS ARE ISOLATED FROM A BACTERIUM.

2) THEY ARE CUT OPEN WITH A SPECIFIC RESTRICTION ENZYME.

3) THE GENE TO BE TRANSFERRED IS CUT FROM THE DONOR DNA USING THE SAME
RESTRICTION ENZYME, SO THAT THE PLASMID AND THE GENE HAVE THE SAME
STICKY ENDS AND CAN BE JOINED TOGETHER. (ENDS MATCH)
PROCESS
4) THE 'OPENED-UP' PLASMIDS AND THE ISOLATED GENE ARE MIXED WITH A DNA
LIGASE ENZYME TO CREATE RECOMBINANT PLASMIDS.

5) BACTERIA ARE INCUBATED


WITH THE RECOMBINANT DNA.

6) SOME BACTERIA WILL TAKE UP THE PLASMIDS.


PROCESS
7) THE BACTERIA THAT HAVE TAKEN UP THE
PLASMID NOW CONTAIN THE GENE
FROM THE DONOR CELL. THIS COULD BE A
GENE CONTROLLING THE PRODUCTION
OF HUMAN INSULIN.

8) SO THE BACTERIUM IS TRANSGENIC.


PUTTING IT ALL TOGETHER

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