PREMIER EDUCATION SOCIETY’S

T R I NI T Y I N T E R N A T I O N A L S CHO O L (IGCSE – A LEVEL)

STD. X BIOLOGY 2020-2021
REVISION SHEET – 14.2 (Pages – 6)

Name: ________________________ Roll No. _______ Date: ________

Inheritance
1. The four o’clock plant, Mirabilis jalapa, can have flowers of three different colours as
shown in Fig.

(a) A student crossed some crimson-flowered plants with some yellow-flowered plants (cross
1). She collected the seeds and grew them. All of the plants that grew from these seeds
had orange-red flowers.

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(b) The student then carried out three further crosses as shown in Table

Complete Table by writing the genotypes of the offspring of crosses 2, 3 and 4, using
the same symbols as in the genetic diagram in (a).
Write the genotypes in Table.
You may use the space below for any working.

(c) Flower colour in M. jalapa is not an example of the inheritance of dominant and recessive
alleles. Explain how the results of the crosses show that these alleles for flower colour
are not dominant or recessive.

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Flowers from M. jalapa were cross-pollinated.

(d) Explain the difference between self-pollination and cross-pollination.

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(e) Some species of plants are self-pollinated. Discuss the long-term effects of self-
pollination on the evolution of these plants.

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2. Haemoglobin is a large protein molecule. The structure of each haemoglobin molecule is
controlled by a gene that has two alleles:
• HbA codes for the normal form of haemoglobin,
• HbS codes for an abnormal form of haemoglobin.
Red blood cells containing only the abnormal form of haemoglobin become a stiff, sickle
shape in conditions of low oxygen concentration. This gives rise to sickle cell anaemia.
(a) Describe the harmful effects on the body of having red blood cells which become sickle-
shaped.

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People who are heterozygous for the gene for haemoglobin produce both the normal and
abnormal forms of haemoglobin. These people show no symptoms or have very mild
symptoms known as sickle cell trait.
(b) (i) Complete the genetic diagram to show how a couple who are both heterozygous may
have a child with sickle cell anaemia.

offspring genotypes offspring phenotypes sickle cell trait _____________

________________ .___________________ . __________________

sickle cell trait ___________ _______ ______ ___________ _____________

________ ________. ________________.

(ii) What is the chance of a child born to this couple having sickle cell anaemia?

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In some parts of the world, up to 25% of the population have sickle cell trait.
(c) State the advantage of having sickle cell trait.

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(d) Discuss whether sickle cell trait is an example of codominance.

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3. Two species of beetle, Tribolium castaneum and T. confusum, can infest and eat stored
flour.
In an investigation these two species were kept together in containers of flour under
different environmental conditions.
Many identical containers were set up, each with the same mass of flour.
Equal numbers of male and female flour beetles of the two species were put into each
container at the start.
The numbers of beetles were counted regularly.
The containers were left until only one species survived.
Table 5.1 shows the percentage of containers in which T. castaneum or T. confusum
were the only survivors.

(a) Compare the survival of the two species of flour beetle in different temperatures and
humidities. Use data from Table 5.1 to illustrate your answer.

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There is a gene in T. confusum which controls body colour.
A represents the dominant allele for red-brown body colour.
a represents the recessive allele for black body colour.

(c) Complete the genetic diagram below to show the colour of beetles produced when
heterozygous beetles are crossed with beetles that are homozygous recessive for this
gene.

offspring genotypes ______________________

offspring phenotypes _____________________

ratio of phenotypes _______________________

The eyes of Tribolium species are usually black. A very small number of flour beetles
have white eyes.
(d) Explain how this happens and why they are so rare.

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(e) Insect pests, such as flour beetles, eat the flour and deposit nitrogenous waste in urine
and faeces into the flour. This leads to the growth of bacteria and fungi in the flour.
Suggest and explain what happens to the nitrogenous waste and the faeces released by
the flour beetles.

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