EE3 made to penetrate into the wafer by an ion

beam.
1. Thin-film integrated circuit refers to Ion-implantation.
film thickness of 16. A method of producing integrated circuit
approximately 1um. by photographing a pattern of the circuit
2. Classifications of ICs according to on a suitable light-sensitized surface of
functions include linear, digital and semicon-ductor and chemically etching away
microwave. Which of these classes greatly unwanted portions of the surface.
relies on hybrid technology? Photolithographic process.
Microwave ICs 17. In IC fabrication, the photo-sensitive
3. The term “monolithic” is derived from the emulsion coated at the wafer surface to be
Greek words monos and lithos which masked is called
respectively mean photoresist
single and stone (single stone) 18. The removal of unmasked Silicon Dioxide
4. Devices or components such as transistors (SiO2)at the wafer surface in IC
and diodes are mostly fabricated in ICs by fabrication etching
diffusion 19. The removal of the remaining photoresist
5. In most planar ICs, what do you call the in the wafer after etching during IC
layer that protects the surface of the fabrication.
chip from external contaminants? Stripping.
Oxide layer 20. Covering or coating on a semiconductor
6. Which comes first in the planar process of surface to provide a masked area for
fabricating ICs? selective etching or deposition
Crystal growth masking
7. A technique used for obtaining a 21. In most IC fabrications, how is the
relatively large single crystal from a connection pattern between components
semiconductor material. the process defined?
consists essentially of dipping a tiny By masking
seed crystal into a crucible of molten 22. What do you call the process of
mass of the same substance and then slowly interconnecting the components in an IC
withdrawing it while rotating. during fabrication?
Czochralski method. Metallization
8. In IC fabrications, the substrate is 23. The conducting material that is mostly
usually produced by used to interconnect components on chips
Czochralski process. during metallization process.
9. The process used to grow a layer of Aluminum
single-crystal semiconductor as an 24. Is the process of making the
extension of the existing crystal wafer of semiconductor chip or wafer insensitive
the same material. epitaxial to any contaminations that might cause
10. In fabricating ICs using planar drift of parameter or premature failure.
technology, what is the basic method of Passivation
adding impurities? 25. Passivation of semiconductor wafer by
Diffusion forming a layer of an insulating oxide
11. The introduction of impurities into a on the surface
semiconductor inside a hot furnace during oxide passivation
IC fabrication. 26. In monolithic ICs, electrical isolation
Diffusion between devices on the same substrate is
12. A method of introducing impurities in IC achieved by fabricating them in an
fabrication wherein the appropriate ions electrically isolated region known as
are carried by an accelerating beam. isolation pockets or tubs.
Ion-implantation 27. Which of the isolation techniques in IC
13. Which method of doping that is used in fabrication that is commonly used?
producing narrow regions in an IC? Junction isolation
Ion-implantation 28. Isolation of devices in integrated
14. Type of diffusion in which the impurity circuit by forming a silicon oxide layer
concentration at the semiconductor surface around each devices is known as oxide
is maintained at a constant level insulation, and this is a good example
throughout the diffusion cycle. of
Constant-source diffusion dielectric isolation
15. An alternative method rather than 29. An operational amplifier must have at
diffusion in introducing impurities into a least how many usable terminals?
semiconductor wherein the impurities are 14 terminals
30. What type of amplifier commonly used at output voltage appears, this voltage is
the output stage of op-amps? known as
Complementary amplifier output offset voltage
31. the transistor configuration used at the 44. calculate the output offset voltage of
output complementary stage of most op- an inverting amplifier using op-amp with
amps an input offset current of 10nA. the
common-collector current is having an input resistance of
32. the stage followed by the output 10k-ohm and a feedback resistance of
complementary in op-amps functional 100k-ohm.
block diagram 1.0mV
level shifter 45. an op-amp inverting amplifier uses a
33. what is the purpose of a level shifter feedback resistor of 100k-ohm and input
in op-amps? resistor of 10k-ohm. If the op-amps
To set and/or adjust the output voltage input offset voltage is 2.0mV,
to zero when input signal is zero. approximate the amplifier output offset
34. Primarily, op-amps are operated with voltage due to this input offset
bipolar power supply, however, we can voltage.
also use single polarity power supply by 22mV
generating a reference voltage to 46. the output offset voltage of an op-amp
ground. is due to the input offset current and
35. Calculate the CMRR of an op-amp having a voltage. If 1mV is due to the input
common-mode gain of 10 and a offset current and 22mV due to the input
differential-mode gain of 100,000. offset voltage, what is the total output
80 offset voltage of the op-amp?
36. The non-inverting and inverting inputs 23mV
of an op-amp have an input voltage of 47. how will you minimize the output offset
1.5mV and 1.0mV, respectively. If the voltage due to the input offset current
op-amp has a common-mode voltage gain of of an op-amp?
10 and a differential mode gain of By installing a bias-current-
10000, what is its output voltage? compensating resistor
5.0125V 48. the approximate value of the bias-
37. What is the maximum output voltage swing current compensating resistor in op-amp
of an op-amp? circuits is: equal to the parallel
+Vsat to –Vsat combination of the input and feedback
38. The uA741 op-amp has a CMRR of 90dB and resistors
a differential-mode gain voltage 49. in op-amp analysis, the input offset
amplification of 200,000. What is the voltage is represented by
op-amp’s common-mode voltage gain? a battery
6.324 50. what is the effect of the input offset
39. The current needed at the input of an voltage to the output voltage if the op-
op-amp to operate it normally amp has no feedback element? Causes the
input bias current output to saturate either towards
40. Ideal op-amp requires no input current, positive or negative.
but real op-amp needs a very small input 51. How can we minimize the effect of the
current called input bias current. At input offset current and input offset
both inputs, the bias currents have a voltage at the output offset voltage?
slight difference. What do you call this By making the feedback resistance small
difference? 52. An op-amp is wired as an inverting
Input offset current amplifier with an input and feedback
41. the change in input offset current due resistances of 1k-ohm and 100k-ohm
to temperature change respectively. When the input signal is set
input offset current drift to zero, the output was found to have an
42. the reason why a slight difference offset voltage of 101mV. Calculate the
between the input bias current occurs in input offset voltage.
op-amps is due to the unsymmetrical 1.0mV
circuit component parameters. This 53. What is the most effective way of
unsymmetrical condition also produces a minimizing the output offset voltage of an
difference in input voltage called what? op-amp?
Input threshold voltage By properly using and adjusting the
43. ideally, the output voltage of an op-amp offset-null terminals
is zero when there is no input signal,
however, in practical circuits, a small
54. In large signal dc-amplifiers using op- 71. Op-amps whose internal transistor biasing
amp, which parameter has the least effect can be controlled externally are
on its performance? categorized as
Drift programmable-op-amps
55. For ac-amplifiers using op-amps what 72. The most popular op-amp packages are the
parameters can affect its performance. metal can, 8-pin DIP, and the SMT. Which
Slew rate and frequency response of these corresponds to TO-99?
56. If an op-amp is used to amplify small ac- Metal can
signals, what parameter should you greatly 73. Dual-in-line or DIL package is designated
consider to ensure better performance? as TO-116
Frequency response 74. For high-density ICs, involving many op-
57. What do we mean by internally compensated amps, what packaging is most suitable?
op-amps? op-amps with internal frequency SMT
compensation capacitor to 75. A reactive device used in controlling
prevent oscillation electrical power by using two windings on
58. The frequency at which the open-loop gain a common iron core. The control winding is
of an op-amp is 0.707 times its value at supplied with small dc-current which
very low frequency. causes the reactance of a large ac-winding
Break frequency to change accordingly.
59. The reduction of op-amps gain due to Saturable reactor
increasing operating frequency. 76. a saturable reactor with regenerative
Roll-off feedback.
60. Frequency at which the voltage gain of op- Magnetic amplifier
amp reduces to unity. 77. an electronic switch that has the highest
Unity-gain bandwidth product single-device current capacity and can
61. An op-amp has a specified transient withstand overloads better.
response rise time of 0.3us, calculate its ignitrons
unity-gain bandwidth. 78. which power control switching method that
1.167MHz greatly generates RFI or EMI and is
62. What is the maximum signal frequency that therefore limited to low-frequency
can be used in an op-amp having a applications?
specified slew rate of 0.5v/usec? The Phase-control
maximum output voltage desired is 5V. 79. a converter that changes ac-voltage
16kHz. frequency from one to another.
63. What must be the slew rate of an op-amp to Cycloconverter
be used in order to provide an undistorted 80. in electronic converters, what signal is
output voltage of 10V at a frequency of mostly used to trigger the active
100,000 rad/sec. device? \
1.0V/usec Square wave
64. An op-amp zero crossing detector without 81. which of the trigger diodes has the
hysteresis. highest-holding voltage?
Has no feedback. Bidirectional-trigger diac
65. What is the noise gain of op-amps? 82. general term of electronic devices used to
1+Rf/Ri control or trigger large-power switching
66. In most ac-amplifiers using op-amps, the devices.
feedback resistor is shunted with a very Break-over devices
small capacitance, what is its purpose? 83. a break-over device that is basically a
To minimize high-frequency noise diode.
67. Approximate the noise-gain of an inverting Trigger diode
adder using op-amps if it has five inputs 84. the voltage decreased across the Anode (A)
six(6) and cathode (K) of an SCR from non-
68. What is true about the external frequency- conducting state to conducting state.
compensation capacitor? Breakback voltage.
The lower its value, the wider its 85. An SCR rated 10A is used in the
bandwidth. controlling switch in a circuit powered by
69. Typical value of the external frequency- 50 Vdc. When the SCR fires ON, its Anode
compensating capacitor of op-amps. (A) to Cathode (K) voltage was observed to
3.0-30 uF be 2V. Calculate the breakback voltage of
70. The magnitude of the op-amps input offset the SCR.
voltage before it can be classified as a 86. Use of heat sinks, forced air, and water
low-input offset voltage op-amp. cooling are examples of external cooling
0.2mV. in SCRs and other devices. Which of these
 is the only recommended to be used for the 0.48
largest power dissipating device? 98. A 20V-dc power supply was found to
Water cooling have a ripple voltage of 2Vrms when
87. In connecting two SCRs in series, supplying 1.5amps load. Calculate its
during “OFF” state, the voltage source percent ripple. 10.0%
must be properly shared between them, but 99. Which power supply filter gives the
due to devices’ differences, there might smallest ripple voltage?
be unequal voltages across each SCR. How Multi-section LC-filter
do we equalize these voltages? 100. Which regulator is the most
By using a blocking-equalizing resistor inefficient?
88. A circuit used for voltage Shunt
equalization during ON-OFF switching 101. Sampling circuit used in most voltage
action of SCRs in series. regulators.
Snubber circuit Voltage-divider network
89. in controlling electrical power using 102. a 12Vdc power supply is regulated
phase control method with SCR/triac being using 7805IC and is used in TTL circuits
the active device, what do we call the that require a 0.2 amps current. Determine
period of the cycle before the device the dropout voltage of the system.
switches to conduction? 7V
Firing delay angle 103. a load draws 1A current from a 10-V
90. how many times per second does an SCR regulated power supply. Calculate the
is turned ON and OFF when it is operated power dissipated by the regulator if it
in a full-wave phase control at a line has an input voltage of 16V.
frequency of 60 Hz? 6 watts
120 times (FW) 104. what three-terminal IC regulator that
91. a three terminal device that behaves has a variable negative voltage output?
roughly like SCRs, except that it can 337
conduct current in either direction when 105. in a three-terminal adjustable
at ON. positive voltage regulator (317), what is
SBS the bandgap voltage between the output
92. a thyristor that is very similar to terminal and adjustment terminal?
an SCR except that it has a low voltage 1.25V
and current ratings. It is very 106. typical ripple rejection of most
temperature stable, and is therefore three-terminal voltage regulators.
suitable to be used as a triggering 0.1%
device. 107. the three-terminal voltage
SUS regulators, such as the 78xx series has a
93. silicon unilateral switches (SUS), typical current rating of 1.5 amperes. If
generally have a breakover voltage of 8V, a high current is required, say 30
however, this value can be altered by amperes, how will you make modifications
normally connecting a zener diode. How is for this regulator in order to provide the
the diode installed? required current?
Diode’s cathode to SUS’s gate and diode’s By the use of external pass transistor
anode to SUS’s cathode 108. active devices used in switching
94. a silicon unilateral switch (SUS) has regulators may experience large over-
a forward breakover voltage of 8V. a zener currents during conduction (turn-on-state)
diode is connected between its gate and and large over-voltages during turn-off.
cathode terminals with the diode’s cathode These excessive currents and voltages may
at SUS’s gate. If the zener voltage is cause distraction or damage of the active
3.9V, what is the new forward breakover devices. How do we protect them?
voltage of the device? By installing a snubber circuit.
4.50V 109. In switching SCRs to on-state, the
95. relate the magnitude of the dc-output current rises rapidly and some-times
voltage to the ac input rms voltage of a causes damage to the device. One way of
full-wave rectifier. preventing this to happen is by connecting
Vdc=0.90Vrms an inductance in series with the load. If
96. determine the dc-voltage of a full- for example, an SCR with a di/dt rating of
wave bridge rectifier when the input ac- 100A/us and is used in 220 Vac, what
voltage is 24Vrms. should be the value of the inductance to
21.6V be used?
97. ripple factor of a full-wave 2.48uH
rectifier.
110. When SCRs switches to “off” from on- 123. Refers to the ability of a logic
state, a voltage across the anode and circuit to withstand noise superimposed on
cathode rises rapidly, this voltage change its input signal.
creates a voltage gradient internally and Noise immunity
may cause the SCR to trigger again. To 124. The number of logic gates of the same
prevent this unscheduled firing, a family that can be connected to the input
capacitor may be installed across the SCR. of a particular gate without degrading the
For an SCR with a maximum forward-blocking circuit performance.
voltage of VFBM=500V and a maximum dv/dt Fan-in
of 25V/us,calculate the capacitance needed 125. A logic circuit family with a supply
to prevent unscheduled firing if the SCR voltage of 25V. and are generally used in
has a load of 10-ohm. industry where machinery causes electrical
2uF noise and large power line transients to
111. One of the major concerns in power occur.
electronics is to clean-up or shape-up the HLDTL
utility-supply voltage (the wall outlet 126. in a transistor-transistor-logic
220V/60Hz) from disturbances such as (TTL), if the base collector junction of a
overvolt, undervolt, voltage spikes and transistor is clamped with a Schottky-
harmonic distortions. What circuit is used diode it becomes Schottky TTL. What is the
for this? significance of having this diode?
Power conditioners It increases the switching speed
112. Karnaugh map is the most commonly 127. PMOS are generally supplied with a
used method in simplifying Boolean voltage up to
expression or logical functions. In this 15 V
method only 1’s and 0’s are entered into 128. NMOS can be interlaced to CMOS by
the table, while providing a
map-entered variable technique includes pull-up resistor
variable into the table. 129. a digital IC whose output transistor
113. A suitable method in simplifying has no internal pull-up resistor.
Boolean expression when the system deals Open-collector configuration
with more than six variables. 130. in digital ICs, such as buffers and
Quine-mccluskey tabular method registers, what output configuration is
114. If the fan out of a logic gate is not used if they are intended for “busing” ?
enough, a/an buffer should be used. tri-state output
115. Is considered as a controller 131. in TTL ICs, which input
inverter. configurations gives a high-input
XOR impedance at both logic states (HIGH and
116. Known as universal gates LOW state)?
NOR and NAND Substrate pnp input
117. The number of NAND-gates needed to 132. what is the purpose of internal
form an OR-gate. 3 clamping diodes at the input of a logic
118. Flip-flop that changes state every circuit?
time the input is triggered. To minimize negative ringing effects
Master slave flip-flop 133. in TTL ICs with more than one gates
119. Type of memory that is formed by a available, sometimes not all gates are
series of magnetic bubbles at the used. How will you handle these unused
substrate gates?
bubble memory Force the output to go HIGH
120. Digital device similar to that of a 134. how will you handle unused inputs in
ROM and whose internal connections of a logic gate/logic IC?
logic arrays can be programmed by passing Pull them up or down, depending on circuit
high current through fusable links. function
PLA and PAL
121. A circuit used for selecting a single
output from multiple inputs
universal logic module (ULM)
122. What is formed when the complemented
output of the last stage of a shift
register is fed back to the input of the
first stage? Twisted ring counter