Transformation and Phase Diagram

Homework Assignment – Week 2

Ayu Sekar Tunjung – 02511940000131

Callister book, Chapter 9.

9.25 (a) Briefly describe the phenomenon of coring and why it occurs. (b) Cite one
undesirable consequence of coring.
a) Coring phenomenon occurs when a concentration gradient is established across
the grain of the microstructure of polycrystalline alloy. This happens when the
centre of each grain, which is the first part to freeze, is rich in the high-melting
element, whereas the concentration of the low-melting element increases with
position from this region to the grain boundary.
b) One undesirable consequence of cored structures is that, as a casting having a
cored structure is being reheated, grain boundary regions will melt first, and this
produces a sudden loss in mechanical integrity due to the thin liquid film that
separates the grains.
Variables Equilibrium Structure Nonequilibrium/Cored Structure
Definition A uniform structure formed by a A gradient of concentration that
very slow cooling rate, in which the forms cored structure caused by fast
phase equilibrium is continuously cooling rate, which results in
maintained. different melting point at each
concentration.
Process With Cu-Ni system (alloy of 35 wt% With Cu-Ni system (alloy of 35 wt%
Ni-65 wt% Cu) as example, the Ni-65 wt% Cu) as example, the
process of equilibrium structure process of nonequilibrium or coring of
starts with: structure starts with:
1. Cooling at starting point, namely 1. Cooling at starting point, namely
point a, in this case, at 1300°. At point a’, in this case, at 1300°. At
a, the alloy is completely liquid. a, the alloy is completely liquid.
2. Cooling begins. In this process, 2. Cooling begins. In this process, no
no microstructural or changes occur while cooling
compositional changes will be through the liquid phase region
realized until we reach a point at (moving down vertically from
liquidus line, namely point b (in point a’) until we reach a point at
this case 1260°) At b, solid α liquidus line, namely point b’. At
begins to form. point b’ (approx. 1260°C), α-phase
3. At some point along the α+L particles begin to form. Seen
phase, say at 1250°C namely through tie-line method, at this
point c, where, with continuous point the composition of 46 wt%
cooling, solid α’s fraction will Ni-54 wt% Cu with 46 Ni of α.
increase. Note that the overall 3. At point c’ (approx. 1240°C), the
alloy composition (35 wt% Ni–65 liquid composition has shifted to
wt% Cu) remains unchanged 29 wt% Ni–71 wt% Cu with 40 Ni
during cooling even though there of α. However, because the
 is a redistribution of copper and diffusion in solid α phase is
nickel between the phases. relatively slow, the α phase that
4. The solidification will be virtually formed at point b’ has not
complete once we reach a point changed thoroughly. There is still
at solidus line, namely point d, some of the α composition (at
which in this example is at about 46 wt% Ni) that is still
1220°C where there is only little continuously changing with radial
liquid left to solidify. position at the outer grain
5. Upon crossing the solidus line, perimeter. Thus, at point c’, the
sat at a point e, the remaining average composition of the solid
liquid solidifies. The final product grains that have formed would be
at point e is a polycrystalline α- some volume weighted average
phase solid solution with uniform composition, lying between 46
35 wt% Ni–65 wt% Cu and 40 wt% Ni.
composition. 4. At point d’ (approx. 1220°) there is
Note that this happens because with still an appreciable proportion of
changes in temperature, there must liquid remaining, meanwhile the α
be readjustments in the phase that’s forming has a
compositions of the liquid and solid composition of 35 wt% Ni with 35
phases in accordance with the phase Ni at α phase, whilst the average α
diagram (i.e., with the liquidus and phase composition at this point os
solidus lines). These readjustments at 38 wt% Ni with 38 Ni at α phase.
are accomplished by diffusional 5. The solidification completes
process, and to maintain equilibrium somewhere upon crossing the
during cooling, sufficient time must solidus line, namely at point e’
be allowed at each temperature for (approx. 1205°C). The
the composition of the alloy to composition of the last α phase to
readjust appropriately. solidify at this point is about 31
wt% Ni, whilst the average
composition of the α phase at
complete solidification is 35 wt%
Ni.
The result of this solidification, the
solid material at the end consists of
different compositions of α Ni.
Cause Slow cooling rate Fast cooling rate
How to May be eliminated by a
overcome/ - homogenization heat treatment at a
eliminate temperature below the solidus point.
Figure
containing
solidification
result
9.26 It is desirable to produce a copper–nickel alloy that has a minimum noncold-worked
tensile strength of 350 MPa (50,750 psi) and a ductility of at least 48%EL. Is such an alloy
possible? If so, what must be its composition? If this is not possible, then explain why.

Answer:
From the figure above we can see that the tensile strength greater than of 350
MPa (50,750 psi) is possible for any composition between 23wt% Ni and 98wt%
Ni. For elongation above 48%EL, it is possible for any Nickel composition less than
8wt% and more than 98wt%. Therefore, such copper-nickel alloy is possible only
at composition 98wt%.

9.27 A 45 wt% Pb–55 wt% Mg alloy is rapidly quenched to room temperature from an
elevated temperature in such a way that the high temperature microstructure is
preserved. This microstructure is found to consist of the phase and Mg2Pb, having
respective mass fractions of 0.65 and 0.35. Determine the approximate temperature from
which the alloy was quenched.
 Answer:
From the phase diagram above we can obtain the following information:
𝑊𝛼 = 0.65 kg
𝑊Mg₂Pb = 0.35 kg
𝐶0 = 45 wt%
𝐶𝑀 = 82 wt%
Then, we can use this information to calculate the value of 𝐶𝛼 .
𝐶𝑀 − 𝐶0
𝑊𝛼 =
𝐶𝑀 − 𝐶𝛼
82 − 45
0,65 =
82 − 𝐶𝛼
53,3 − 0,65𝐶𝛼 = 37
16,3 = 0,65𝐶𝛼
𝐶𝛼 = 25, ̅̅̅̅̅
077 wt%
From the phase diagram, we can use the value of 𝐶𝛼 to determine the
approximate temperature from which the alloy was quenched, which is
approximately at 353°C.

9.33 The microstructure of a lead–tin alloy at 180°C (355°F) consists of primary β and
eutectic structures. If the mass fractions of these two microconstituents are 0.57 and
0.43, respectively, determine the composition of the alloy.
Answer: from the question above, we can obtain the following information:
𝑊𝛽 = 0.57 kg
𝑊𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑐 = 0.43 kg
 Because this lead-tin alloy consists of primary β and eutectic structure, it can be
concluded that the composition of this said alloy needs to be between 61.9 wt%
Sn and 97.8 wt% Sn. Therefore, from the phase diagram above we can obtain:
𝐶𝛽 = 97.8 wt%
𝐶𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑐 = 61.9 wt%
Then, we can use this information to calculate the value of C 0.
𝐶0 − 𝐶𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑐
𝑊𝛽 =
𝐶𝛽 − 𝐶𝑒𝑢𝑡𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑐
𝐶0 − 61.9
0.57 =
97.8 − 61.9
𝐶0 − 61.9
0.57 =
35.9
20.463 = 𝐶0 − 61.9
Therefore, the C0 of this lead-tin alloy is:
𝐶0 = 82.363 𝑤𝑡% 𝑆𝑛
Or, in the phase diagram:

9.45 Figure 9.38 shows the pressure–temperature phase diagram for H2O. Apply the
Gibbs phase rule at points A, B, and C; that is, specify the number of degrees of freedom
at each of the points—that is, the number of externally controllable variables that need
be specified to completely define the system.
Answer:
The Gibbs Phase rule is expressed by the following equation:
𝑃 + 𝐹 =𝐶+𝑁
Where P is the number of phases present, the parameter C represents the number
of components in the system, and N represents the number of noncompositional
variables, whilst F number of degrees of freedom or the number of externally
controlled variables.

The value of C (number of components) in the phase diagram above is one,

because there is only one component which is H2O. The value of N (number of
noncompositional variables) in the phase diagram above is two, because there are
two variables considered, which is pressure and temperature.

At point A:
The value of P at point A is three, considering that point A is located between
three phases present which is Ice III, Ice I, and Liquid. Therefore, by using this
information, we can determine the value of F (number of degrees of freedom).
3 + 𝐹 = 1+2
𝐹 = 1+2−3
𝐹 =0
Therefore, the number of degrees of freedom at point A is 0.

At point B:
The value of P at point B is one, considering that point B is located at a single
Vapor phase. Therefore, by using this information, we can determine the value of
F (number of degrees of freedom).
1 + 𝐹 = 1+2
𝐹 = 1+2−1
 𝐹 =2
Therefore, the number of degrees of freedom at point B is 2.
At point C:
The value of P at point C is two, considering that point C is located between two
phases present which is Ice I and Liquid. Therefore, by using this information, we
can determine the value of F (number of degrees of freedom).
2 + 𝐹 = 1+2
𝐹 = 1+2−2
𝐹 =1
Therefore, the number of degrees of freedom at point C is 1.

9.50 Consider 1.0 kg of austenite containing 1.15 wt% C, cooled to below 727°C (1341°F).
(a) What is the proeutectoid phase? (b) How many kilograms each of total ferrite and
cementite form? (c) How many kilograms each of pearlite and the proeutectoid phase
form? (d) Schematically sketch and label the resulting microstructure.

Answer:
a. Proeutectoid phase is the phase which precipitates out before the eutectoid
reaction.
b. From the phase diagram above we can obtain the following information:
𝐶𝛼 = 0.022 wt%
𝐶𝐹𝑒₃𝐶 = 6.70 wt%
𝐶0 = 1.15 wt%
 We can use the information to find the value of Wα and 𝑊𝐹𝑒₃𝐶 :
𝐶𝐹𝑒₃𝐶 − 𝐶0
𝑊𝛼 =
𝐶𝐹𝑒₃𝐶 − 𝐶𝛼
6.7 − 1.15
𝑊𝛼 =
6.7 − 0.022
5.55
𝑊𝛼 =
6.678
𝑊𝛼 = 0.83108715 𝑘𝑔

𝐶0 − 𝐶𝛼
𝑊𝐹𝑒₃𝐶 =
𝐶𝐹𝑒₃𝐶 − 𝐶𝛼
1.15 − 0.022
𝑊𝐹𝑒₃𝐶 =
6.7 − 0.022
1.128
𝑊𝐹𝑒₃𝐶 =
6.678
𝑊𝐹𝑒₃𝐶 = 0.16891285 𝑘𝑔

After knowing the value of the mass fraction of each phase, we can use it to
determine how many kilograms of total ferrite (α-phase) and cementite (Fe3C)
form:
0.83108715 𝑘𝑔 × 1 𝑘𝑔 = 0.83108715 𝑘𝑔
0.16891285 𝑘𝑔 × 1 𝑘𝑔 = 0.16891285 𝑘𝑔
Therefore, there are 0.83 kilograms of ferrite and 0.17 kilograms of cementite
form in the alloy.
c. From the phase diagram above we can obtain the following information:
𝐶𝑃 = 0.76 wt%
𝐶𝐹𝑒₃𝐶 = 6.70 wt%
𝐶0 = 1.15 wt%
We can use the information to find the value of WP and 𝑊𝐹𝑒₃𝐶 :
𝐶𝐹𝑒₃𝐶 − 𝐶0
𝑊𝑃 =
𝐶𝐹𝑒₃𝐶 − 𝐶𝑃
6.7 − 1.15
𝑊𝑃 =
6.7 − 0.76
5.55
𝑊𝑃 =
5.94
𝑊𝑃 = 0.93434343 𝑘𝑔

𝐶0 − 𝐶𝑃
𝑊𝐹𝑒₃𝐶 =
𝐶𝐹𝑒₃𝐶 − 𝐶𝑃
1.15 − 0.76
𝑊𝐹𝑒₃𝐶 =
6.7 − 0.76
0.39
𝑊𝐹𝑒₃𝐶 =
5.94
 𝑊𝐹𝑒₃𝐶 = 0.06565657 𝑘𝑔

After knowing the value of the mass fraction of each phase, we can use it to
determine how many kilograms of total pearlite and proeutectoid (Fe3C) form:
0.93434343 𝑘𝑔 × 1 𝑘𝑔 = 0.93434343 𝑘𝑔
0.06565657 𝑘𝑔 × 1 𝑘𝑔 = 0.06565657 𝑘𝑔
Therefore, there are 0.93 kilograms of pearlite and 0.065 kilograms of
proeutectoid Fe3C form in the alloy.
d. The resulting microstructure formed:

9.55 The microstructure of an iron–carbon alloy consists of proeutectoid ferrite and

pearlite; the mass fractions of these microconstituents are 0.20 and 0.80, respectively.
Determine the concentration of carbon in this alloy.

Answer:
From the problem above, we can obtain the following information:
𝑊𝛼 = 0.20 kg
𝑊𝑃 = 0.80 kg
Because this iron-carbon alloy consists of proeutectoid ferrite and pearlite
structure, it can be concluded that the composition of this said alloy needs to be
between 0.022 wt% C and 0.76 wt% C. Therefore, from the phase diagram above
we can obtain:
𝐶𝛼 = 0.022 wt%
𝐶𝑃 = 0.76 wt%
Then, we can use this information to calculate the value of C 0 as the concentration
of this iron-carbon alloy.
𝐶0 − 𝐶𝛼
𝑊𝑃 =
𝐶𝑃 − 𝐶𝛼
𝐶0 − 0.022
0.8 =
0.76 − 0.022
 𝐶0 − 0.022
0.8 =
0.738
0.5904 = 𝐶0 − 0.022
Therefore, the C0 of this iron-carbon alloy is:

𝐶0 = 0.6124 𝑤𝑡% 𝐶
Or, in the phase diagram: