Australasian Society for Trenchless

Technology
Standard for Horizontal Directional
Drilling

2 Minor changes JP JP JP JP 1 June 2015

1 General Revisions JC MI NH JP 03 Feb 2010
0 Issued for Use – Client Comments Incorporated JC MB NH JP 08 Sep 2009
Rev Description Author Checked Approved Authorised Date
Australasian Society for Trenchless Technology Document No: CPJP8029-STD-C-001
Standard for Horizontal Directional Drilling Revision No: 2
Issue Date: September 2009
Page No: i

CONTENTS

1.0 BACKGROUND 1
2.0 DEFINITIONS 1
3.0 SYSTEM DESIGN CONCEPT AND PARAMETERS CONSIDERATION 2
4.0 MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT 4
4.1 Equipment Requirements 4
4.1.1 Drill Rig 4
4.1.2 Drill Head 5
4.1.3 Reaming Head 6
4.1.4 Pull Back 7
4.1.5 Drill pipes 8
4.1.6 Bore Tracking Equipment 9
4.1.7 Ancillary Equipment 9
4.1.8 Drilling Fluid or Slurry 9
4.2 Pipe Materials 10
4.3 Entry and Exit Pit 10
5.0 INSPECTION AND TESTING 10
6.0 CONSTRUCTION 11
6.1 Construction Sequencing and Programming 11
7.0 REFERENCES 11

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1.0 BACKGROUND

This Standard has been developed by the Australasian Society for Trenchless
Technology (ASTT) to assist users of Trenchless Technology in Australia and New
Zealand in selecting and utilising HDD method.
This document does not replace any existing relevant manuals or standards. It remains
the users responsibility to ensure that all relevant laws, standards and specifications
are adhered to during the course of a Works.
Additional Horizontal Directional Drilling information can be obtained from the ASTT
website (www.astt.com.au), they are:

 Guideline for (Horizontal Directional Drilling, Pipe Bursting, Microtunnelling and

Pipe Jacking).document number?
 Specification for Horizontal Directional Drilling.
 National Utility Contractors Association Trenchless Assessment Guide, a web
based tool that can be used for identifying trenchless construction methods
suitable for a particular set of project parameters (i.e. diameter, length, depth,
geological conditions, and so on).

2.0 DEFINITIONS

A number of abbreviations and technical terms have been used in this standard:

ASTT - Australasian Society for Trenchless Technology.

Client - Person or company requiring the Works to be undertaken.
CCTV - Closed Circuit Television. The use of video cameras to visually inspect the
works. Often used where man entry not feasible/ possible.
Contingency Plan - A plan for backup procedures, emergency response, and post-
disaster recovery.
Contractor - Person or company undertaking the Works required.
Designer - the person(s) or company responsible for the design of the Works.
Drill String - A assembly of drill pipes, used to thrust and rotate the drill head.
Drill Pipe - Hollow thread pipes connected to form a drill string.
Environmental Impact Assessment - assessment of the possible impact—positive
or negative-that a proposed project may have on the environment.
Entry Pit – A point where the drill rig starts its drilling process penetrating into the
ground.
Exit Pit – An area where the drill rig exit the ground when completed drilling its pilot
bore.
GBR - Geotechnical Baseline Report for all anticipated conditions.

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Guideline - General information about an item, process, method, material, system or

service.
HDD - Horizontal Directional Drilling. A trenchless method of installing underground
pipes, along a prescribed path by using a surface launched steerable drilling head.
HDPE - High Density Polyethylene.
NUCA TAG - National Utility Contractors Association Trenchless Assessment Guide.
Operator - Suitably trained or qualified person who operates machinery, an
instrument, or other equipment.
Pipe - Product installed inside the ground after the drilling is completed.
Relevant Authorities - Local council, government bodies and/or landowners who are
responsible for land being drilled through.
Risk Management Assessment - The overall process of identifying all the risks to
and from an activity and assessing the potential impact of each risk.
Specifications - Specific set of requirements for an item, process, method, material,
system or service.
Stake Holders - Asset Owner, Contractors, Engineer and Designer.
Standard - A document that provides uniform technical criteria, methods and
processes to establish a norm.
TT - Trenchless Technology. Technology for installing pipelines or creating bores
without the need of full surface excavation.
Works - The project or task to be completed by the Contractor on behalf of the Buyer.

3.0 SYSTEM DESIGN CONCEPT AND PARAMETERS CONSIDERATION

Work designed to be undertaken using HDD methods entails many considerations and
parameters that are unique to each project. A table of key parameters and appropriate
considerations for HDD work is depicted in Table 3.1. This table serves as a reference
tool to assist TT Users in understanding the key issues when undertaking HDD work.

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PARAMETERS

GROUND DRILLING
BORE PLAN PIPE
CONDITIONS FLUID/SLURRY

Number & diameter of Type of pipe

Bores material Rock formation Characteristics
CONSIDERATIONS

Geotechnical
Depth & length of Bore Wall thickness sampling Mixture calculation
Std Penetration
Depth of Cover Allowable Stress Test Containment size
Pipe & Joints Std Classification of
Penetration Angles coating Soil Recycle methods
Radius of curvature Pipe Diameter Water Source
Profile Survey Joint type
Site access
Work space layout

TABLE 3.1 HDD PARAMETERS & CONSIDERATIONS FOR WORKS

The Client and Contractor should consider processes that should be undertaken prior
to commencing HDD outlined as follows;1

 Perform all required feasibility studies, Environmental Impact Assessment and

surveys, site protection plans, geotechnical report (or GBR), risk assessments
and contingency planning;
 Detail each step of the process, including mobilisation, rig installation, pilot hole
drilling, hole reaming operations, pull back operation, depth of cover, entry
angle, and any other pertinent data;
 Confirm drill rig required specifications including anchoring system, forces,
torques required;
 Description of drilling fluid used, recycling system employed, rates of operation,
pumps, control system, and other equipment used;
 Proposal for a water supply for operation;
 Compile product pipe specifications (size, quantity etc);
 Proposal for a guidance and steering system, include limitations and access
requirements;
 Proposal for pressure monitoring and electric recording systems, if required;
 Compile a Drilling Fluid mitigation plan including:
(a) Description of fluid along with manufactures specifications material data
sheet(MDS) and authorisation from appropriate agencies for use of fluid,

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(b) Emergency response plan with notification procedures, emergency

equipment onsite, emergency containment plans and descriptions of
cleaning and recycling systems,
(c) Disposal plan complete with estimate of volume and composition of waste,
method of containment, onsite disposal, and offsite disposal with written
authorisation from appropriate agencies (e.g. Land fill owners).

4.0 MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT

A wide range of HDD units exist in the market place today. The smallest drilling rigs
are typically used for installing residential telecommunication service cables. Larger rigs
are capable of installing pipelines up to 1200mm in diameter and over 1000m in
length. HDD rigs can be generally classified into three categories (Table 4.1). Each
category can perform different tasks. The choice of drill rig can be determined by
parameters including soil conditions and pipe diameters.
HDPE pipe is the most commonly used for HDD projects around the world. HDPE pipes
have characteristics that include abrasion resistance, flexibility, toughness, and low
profile butt-fused joints. They are available in both high and medium density material,
and in coil form (for smaller diameters). Traditional pipes (e.g. Concrete, clay, and
ductile iron) and sectional pipes that are manufactured in 4m, 6m and 12m straight
sections. HDPE piping also maintains full tensile strength at the joints as a result of
butt fusion welding.
The designer or contractor should only propose to use pipes other than HDPE if the
installation parameters of the alternative pipe materials can be shown to meet or
exceed the properties of HDPE pipe.

4.1 Equipment Requirements

4.1.1 Drill Rig

Drill rigs are classified into small, medium or large, as per Table 4.1. The rig is typically
anchored onto the surface on the centreline of the bore path at a distance ranging
from 1m to 6m away from the entry point. The angle of initial ground penetration cvan
be as high as 20 degree to the horizontal, depending on the diameter of the drilling
dead.

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SMALL RIGS MEDIUM RIGS LARGE RIGS

Thrust/ Pullback < 18000 N 18000 – 45000 N > 45000 N
Maximum Torque < 5500 N.m 5500 – 27000 N.m > 27000 N.m
Rotational Speed > 130 rpm 90 – 210 rpm > 210 rpm
Carriage Speed > 0.5 m/s 0.46 – 0.5 m/s 0.46 m/s
Carriage Drive Chain, Cylinder or Chain or Rack & Pinion Rack & Pinion with or
Rack & Pinion without Cable Assist
Drill Pipe Length 1.5 – 3 m 3–9m 9 – 12 m
Drilling Distance < 215 m < 610 m < 1230 m
Installed Pipe Up to 250mm Up to 400mm 400 to 1200 mm
Diameter
Power Source < 150 KW 150 – 250 KW > 250 KW
Mud Pump < 285 L/min 190 – 760 L/min > 760 L/min
Weight of Drill Rig < 6800 kg < 27200 kg > 27200 kg
Rig Footprint Area 1m x 3m - 2m x 6m 2 mx 6m - 2.5m x > 2.5m *13.5 m
(width x length) 13.5m
Recommended 6m x 18m 30m x 45m 45m x 75m
Work Area
Requirements

TABLE 4.1: RIG TYPE CLASSIFICATIONS2

4.1.2 Drill Head

HDD processes make use of a fluid assisted drill head. There are a wide variety of drill
bits available in today’s TT industry, and they suit many different ground conditions.
Some of the most commonly used drill bits and their applications are shown in Table
4.2:

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DRILL BIT TYPE APPLICATIONS COMMENTS

Slant Face Bits
Flat Spade Clay Increased Width, length and/or angle
Bent Spade Sand for more aggressive steering

Organic Soils
Modified Spade Hard ground conditions Modified by adding teeth, taper etc.
to match conditions
Rock Bits Rock Small surface steering area;
Hard pan abrasion and impact resistant cutters
Rock drilling Bits
Roller–cone, mill tooth Soft rock (<35 Mpa) Are these used in HDD?
Sealed Bearing Roller- Medium rock (35 – 70
cone, Tungsten-Carbide Mpa)
Inserts
Sealed Bearing Roller- Hard rock (>70 Mpa) No moving parts
cone, Drag bit
Polycrystal Diamond Hard rock formations Generally too expensive and fragile
Compact(PDC) Drag bit for HDD applications

TABLE 4.2: DRILL BIT TYPES AND APPLICATIONS2

4.1.3 Reaming Head

After the pilot bore has been completed all the way to the exist chamber, the pilot drill
bit is replaced with a reamer, which is then used to enlarge the borehole. The reaming
head is pulled back whilst rotating to enlarge the borehole. The number of passes
required in the reaming process depends on the fluid diameter of the borehole. For a
ratio of borehole to pipe diameter typically in the range of 1 to 1.5. This can be
achieved in between 3 to 5 passes.

*Do you mean ratio of “pilot borehole” or “final borehole”?

CATEGORY TYPE APPLICATION COMMENTS

Compaction Barrel, Mixed Soils - Minimal flow characteristics

Spiral Clays - some cutting capability
Silts - minimal mixing
Sands - must have overcuts to maximise
Cobbles circulation
- caution due to more potential
for ground heaving
- best application after pre-ream
is completed
Mixing Wheel, Soft soils, - Excellent flow characteristics

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Blade, Clays, - good cutting capability

Combination, Sands, - facilitates suspension of cuttings
(wheel/blade) in drilling fluids
Off-set bar, - minimal compaction
Wing - best used only on pre-ream
because may tend to cut bottom
of hole on subsequent reams
All-Purpose Fluted, Varied soil - Moderate flow characteristics
Modified compaction conditions - moderate cutting capability
- substantial compaction
Hole - Opener For hard soil - Excellent flow characteristics
and rock - excellent cutting capability
formations.
- low torque due to rolling cutters
- used for reaming and pre-
reaming hole

TABLE 4.3: TYPES OF REAMER

4.1.4 Pull Back

Pull back is the process of drawing the new pipe backwards trough the borehole. The
swivel connecting the new pipe to the reeming head ensures that the pipe is not
twisted by the rotation of the drill string and reamer. This allows the new pipe to be
pull through safety. After the reamer has completed reaming the borehole, the pull
back process begins. A swivel is attached between the new pipe and the reaming
head. The safety break-away swivel reacts only to axial tension force. A safety break-
away swivel is also installed between the pipe and the reamer head. The safety break-
away swivel acts as a tension fuse. The break-away force is set at such a level that no
tension damage will be done to the pipe. This ensures that if the pulling force of the
drill pipe is greater than the maximum allowed for the new pipe, the break-away swivel
will disconnect first before damaging the pipe.

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CATEGORY TYPE OF
APPLICATION COMMENTS
OF REAMER REAMER

Compaction Barrel Mixed Soils - Minimal flow characteristics

Spiral Clays - some cutting capability
Silts - minimal mixing
Sands - must have overcuts to
Cobbles maximise circulation
- caution due to more potential
for ground heaving
- best application after pre-ream
is completed
Mixing Wheel Soft soils - Excellent flow characteristics
Blade Clays - good cutting capability
Combination Sands - facilitates suspension of
(wheel/blade) cuttings in drilling fluids
Off-set bar - minimal compaction
Wing - best used on pre-ream because
can cut bottom of hole on
subsequent reams
All-Purpose Fluted Varied soil conditions - Moderate flow characteristics
Modified - moderate cutting capability
compaction - substantial compaction
Hole - Opener For hard soil and rock - Excellent flow characteristics
formations. - excellent cutting capability
- low torque due to rolling
cutters
- used for reaming and pre-
reaming hole

TABLE 4.4: TYPES OF REAMER2

4.1.5 Drill pipes

The drill string must have sufficient strength to withstand the rotational torques and
longitudinal forces that are encountered during HDD process. The drill pipes must also
be flexible and smooth enough to accommodate the required curvature along the drill
path. The drill pipe also transports drilling fluid to the drill and reaming head.
Drill string material specifications are provided by the equipment manufacturer. These
should indicate its bending radii, grade of steel and water tightness requirement for
tubing sizes when transporting the drilling fluid, associated tensional and torsional load
capabilities, thickness, minimum and maximum tool joint torque capacity, type of each
tube connection, and connection thread type.

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4.1.6 Bore Tracking Equipment

The drill head is to be tracked during the drilling operation by using either a walk-over
or a hand-wired system. The tracking system will transmit the following data to the
operator; position, pitch, depth, direction, roll, temperature and battery status.
Walk-over systems involve inserting a transmitter in the drill head. Walk over systems
should only to be used where an operator has full access to all the surface area directly
above the bore path. Varieties of transmitters are available for different penetration
depth. These systems generally function at depths of up to 40 m. The receiver is often
a small, hand held portable device. The Operator must be qualified and skilled, as
sufficient care must be taken when interpreting data, due to possible electronic or
electrical interferences. The contractor is normally required to keep a logbook
containing drill pipe number, pitch, depth, steering commands, apparent underground
obstructions and ground conditions.2
In situations where access above the bore path is not feasible (e.g. drilling under a
body of water) or where the bore depth is over 40m, then hard-wire systems shall be
used.
Bore tracking accuracy can be significantly improved using supplemental surface
monitoring systems. One such system involves setting up a grid with known corner
point locations to track the bore. This system can track bore depth 3 times the width of
the grid, and can track under bodies of water by setting up the corner points on the
shores. The grid may have up to 32 corners.

4.1.7 Ancillary Equipment

The tools that are used to attach the product pipe to the drill pipe during the pull back
process are called as Swivel connectors. The main function of the swivel is to connect
the new pipe and other tools to the pulling tools. They are also designed to prevent
damage to the new pipe from the rotation force exerted from the drill pipe.
Other equipment may include pipe support rollers for the new pipe on the surface
during the installation process, cable pullers and breakaway swivel connectors. The
contractor should be fully aware of industry available HDD accessories, as well as their
functions and capabilities, and utilise these accessories whenever required for any HDD
works.

4.1.8 Drilling Fluid or Slurry

The ?most commonly use? drilling fluid used for HDD is a Bentonite mixture which is
modified with a Polymer and water mix. The drilling fluid performs the following
functions:

 Spoil and debris removal,

 Drill head lubrication,
 Reaming head lubrication,
 Transmitter coolant,

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 Drill string lubrication,

 Borehole stabilizing.

The HDD process relies on the drilling fluid as the main means of ensuring the
borehole does not collapse. Critical fluid characteristics that need to be considered are
viscosity, gel strength, fluid loss & fluid density, sand content, pH, filtration control and
filter cake.
HDD projects require separate mixing systems, holding tanks, and mud recycling
systems. The mixing system provides proper mixture containment for the drilling fluid,
additives and the water. The holding tank is not only use as a water containment area,
but also provides drilling fluid mixing and a washing point during the project. The
drilling fluid is mixed to meet requirements dictated by the geological conditions of the
Works. Recycling systems are used to clean out debris during the cutting so the fluid
may be recycled. (These are often referred to as mud recycling systems)

4.2 Pipe Materials

The HDD process requires the utilisation of pipe materials that can withand the
expected axial tension and bending loads. They should also be abrasion resistant
.HDPE pipe is normally sufficient in all these areas.The designer or contractor may
propose the use pipes other than HDPE if the proposed pipe properties can be clearly
shown meets or exceed the properties of HDPE pipe for the HDD project.

4.3 Entry and Exit Pit

HDD entry is mostly executed from the surface without the need for a large entry pit. A
small containment of drilling fluid is created at the entry end for removal or recycling of
the slurry. In addition, an exit pit shall be identified, or excavated, prior to any HDD
implementation. Any requirements to excavate small access potholes (for accessing
crossing utilities either for location or load limitation reasons) should also be identified
and considered.

5.0 INSPECTION AND TESTING

Pipe inspection and testing shall be performed to client’s specification.

The new pipe will be hydrostatically tested prior to installation. Post installation
hydrostatic testing will also be performed on the pipeline.
CCTV inspection should be undertaken post installation to ensure the internal pipe is
structurally sound. Any defects that may be structurally detrimental to the completed
installation shall be repaired or replaced.
Individual pipe joints shall be tested post installation using low-pressure air methods
in accordance with ASTM C828. Is there an Australian Standard?

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6.0 CONSTRUCTION

6.1 Construction Sequencing and Programming

The construction sequence shall be completed prior to commercing any HDD

construction works.
The construction sequence shall involve:

 Pre-construction planning, environmental assessments, and public relation

initiatives and consultations;
 Project sign off by all clients;
 Excavation of both exit pits and entry side fluid containment;
 Set up of drilling rig;
 Set up of controls and any auxiliary equipment;
 Set up of guidance system;
 Set up of the slurry lines and hydraulic hoses;
 Drill pilot hole through to the exit pit;
 Attach reamer, and commence the reaming process. Increase reaming headdiam
and repeat as required
 When the bore has reached the required diameter , commence pipe pull back
process;
 Pipe testing and inspection for pre and post installation;
 Removal of the drill rig and other equipment;
 Disposal of any slurry or spoil;
 Grouting of the annular space between the exterior pipes internal surface with
the installed conduit inside;
 Lateral services connections (if applicable);
 Begin the restoration process to pre project condition;
 Project completion.

7.0 REFERENCES

Bennett, D. Ariaratnam, S.T. Como, C.E. 2004, Horizontal Directional Drilling Good
Practices Guidelines, HDD Consortium, Virginia, USA
Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers (CAPP) 2004, Planning Horizontal
Directional Drilling for Pipeline Construction, Guideline, Alberta, Canada

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Geotechnical Baseline Reports for Construction – suggested guidelines, Randall

J.Essex,P.E. (ASCE) 2007
Griesbaum R. Kögler, R. 2009, Horizontal Directional Drilling and Microtunneling – a
comparison of two successful pipe-laying methods with regard on their strengths and
weaknesses, HERRENKNECHT AG,
International Society for Trenchless Technology (ISTT) 2005, Horizontal Directional
Drilling, 2nd edition, Trenchless Technology Guidelines, Trenchless Technologies
Information Centre

DISCLAIMER: Neither ASTT, nor any person acting on its behalf, makes a warranty,
express or implied, with respect to the use of any information, equipment, method, or
process disclosed in this document, or that such use may not infringe on privately
owned rights; or assumes any liabilities with respect to the use of, or for damages
resulting from the use of, any information, equipment, method, or process disclosed in
this report.

1
Canadian Association of Petroleum Producers (CAPP) 2004, Planning Horizontal Directional Drilling for Pipeline Construction, Guideline,
Alberta, Canada
2
Bennett, D. Ariaratnam, S.T. Como, C.E. 2004, Horizontal Directional Drilling Good Practices Guidelines, HDD Consortium, Virginia,
USA

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