Volumetric Efficiency of Engines Definitions/Terminology: Induction Process

Definitions/Terminology
Volumetric Efficiency of Engines

Induction Process: events that take place between inlet valve
opening (IVO, θvo ) and inlet valve closing (IVC, θvc ).
Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq Fresh Mixture: new gases inducted into the engine cylinder
through the inlet valve. These consist of air, water vapour, and
Professor
Department of Mechanical Engineering fuel in carbureted engines and of air and water vapour only in
Bangladesh University of Engineering & Technology (BUET) Diesel and other fuel-injection engines. Subscript ‘i ’ is used to
Dhaka-1000, Bangladesh
refer to the fresh mixture, and subscript ‘a’ to refer to the air in
[email protected] the fresh mixture.
http://teacher.buet.ac.bd/zahurul/
Residual Gas: the gases left in the charge from the previous
cycle. Subscript ‘r ’ is used in referring to these gases.
ME 417: Internal Combustion Engines
http://teacher.buet.ac.bd/zahurul/ME417/ Charge: the contents of the cylinder after closing of all valves;
the charge consists of the fresh mixture and the residual gases.
c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Volumetric Efficiency of Engines ME 417 (2018) 1 / 21 c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Volumetric Efficiency of Engines ME 417 (2018) 2 / 21
Volumetric Efficiency, ηv Factors Affecting ηv

Engine intake system – air filter, carburettor, and throttle plate (in a
SIE), intake manifold, port, valve – restricts the amount of air which 1 Fuel type, fuel/air ratio, fraction of fuel vaporized in the intake
an engine can induct. The parameter used to measure the effectiveness system, and fuel heat of vaporization
of an engine’s induction process is the volumetric efficiency, ηv . 2 Mixture temperature as influenced by heat transfer

ma m_ a X m_ a 4X 1 for 2s engine 3 Ratio of exhaust to inlet manifold pressures
ηv ≡ = = X =
ρa,i Vd ρa,i Vd N ρa,i Ap S p 2 for 4s engine 4 Compression ratio
5 Engine speed
ma = mass of air inducted into the cylinder per cycle
m
_ a = air induction rate into the cylinder 6 Intake and exhaust manifold and port design
N = engine speed, Ap = piston area, S p = av. piston speed 7 Intake and exhaust valve geometry, size, lift, and timings
Vd = engine displacement volume Some of the variables are essentially quasi steady in nature, or
If ρa,i = ρa,o (atmospheric air density): ⇒ ηv measures the
dynamic in nature (i.e. their effects depend on the unsteady flow
pumping performance of the overall inlet system. and pressure wave phenomena that accompany the time-varying nature
If ρa,i = inlet manifold air density: ⇒ ηv measures the pumping
of the gas exchange processes.)
performance of the cylinder, inlet port and valve alone.
Exhaust Stroke & Residual Mass Valve Flow & Discharge Coefficients
Mass flow rate through a Poppet valve is usually described by the
equation for compressible flow through a flow restriction:
Pe ≡ exhaust gas pressure " #1/2
PT 1/k PT (k −1)/k

2
Te ≡ exhaust gas m_ = ρ o co A E 1−
Po k −1 Po
temperature
fr ≡ residual gas fraction Upstream stagnation pressure ≡ Po , temperature ≡ To , density
√
k −1 ≡ ρo and sound speed ≡ co = kRTo ; and static pressure just
Pe k
Te = T4 P4
downstream of the flow restriction ≡ PT .
For flow into the cylinder through an intake valve:
1
fr = 1 Pe k Po = the intake system pressure, Pi
r P4
PT = the cylinder pressure.
For flow out of the cylinder through an exhaust valve,
Po = the cylinder pressure
T510 PT = the exhaust system pressure.
Choked flow occurs at a valve throat if

k /(k −1)
Pup Pup k +1
≥ = = 1.86 if k = 1.35
Pdown Pdown cr 2
For choked flow, valve static pressure, PT depends on Po and
independent of downstream pressure. Choked flow rate, m _ cr is
(k +1)/2(k −1)
2
m_ cr = ρo co AC CD
k +1
T511
⊲ Estimate the maximum flow rate through an exhaust valve, if the valve
curtain area is 2.7 × 10−3 m2 , the valve CD is 0.6 and cylinder pressure and T512
temperature are 500 kPa and 1000 K. Assume that exhaust system pressure is
Effective area of valve assembly, AE = CD AC = CF AS
105 kPa, k = 1.35, and R = 287 J/kg K.
Valve curtain area, AC = πDv Lv , CD = discharger coefficient and
Pup 500
⇒ Pdown = 105 = 4.76 > 1.86: choked flow. its value is not a strong function of lift.
Po 500×103
⇒ ρo = RTo = 287×1000 = 1.74 kg/m3 Valve seat area, AS = (π/4)Dv2 , CF = flow coefficient.
√ √
⇒ co = kRTo = 1.35 × 287 × 1000 = 622.45 m/s Lv is valve lift, Dv is valve diameter. Typical maximum values of
=⇒ m_ cr = ρo co AC CD
2
(k +1)/2(k −1)
= 1.02 kg/s ⊳ Lv /Dv are 0.25.
k +1
Effect of IVO/IVC & Engine Speed on ηv
Z θic
1
Mass induced during valve open time, mi = mdθ
_
ω θio
Average effective intake flow area,
Z θic
1
AE ≡ AE dθ ≡ C D AC
θic − θio θio
AP S p
Inlet valve Mach Index, Z ≡
AE ci
Z θic
mi 1
Volumetric efficiency, ηv = = mdθ
_
ρi V d ωρi Vd θio
In a limiting case in which flow is always choked:
T513 T514 (k +1)/2(k −1)
A E ci 2
ηv = (θic − θio ) for choked condition
Intake & exhaust port flow Coefficient of discharge of intake & ωVd k +1
coefficients exhaust ports

=⇒ ηv = 0.58 θic −θ π
io 1
Z for k = 1.4
Sizing of Intake & Exhaust Valves

For good volumetric efficiency, Z ≤ 0.6: the average gas speed
through the inlet valve should be less than the sonic velocity, so
that the intake flow is not choked.
If Z = 0.6, average effective area of intake valves, Ai is
Sp
Ai ≥ 1.3b 2 S p = 2sN
ci
b = engine bore, s = stroke and N = engine speed in rev/s.
If Z = 0.6, average effective area of exhaust valves, Ae is
e830 e879
r
If (θic − θio )/π = 1.3, ev = 0.75/Z evb = ev (Z = 0.5) Ae ci Ti
⊞ The Mach index is not a parameter that characterizes the actual gas ≃ =
Ai ce Te
speed; rather, it characterizes what the average gas speed through the
A smaller exhaust valve diameter and lift (Lv ∼ Dv /4) can be used
inlet valve would have to be to realize complete filling of the cylinder
because of the speed of the sound is higher in the exhaust gases
gas at that particular piston speed. The Mach number for that average
than in the inlet gas flow.
inlet gas speeds would be Z /0.58 for k = 1.4.
Current practice dictates: Ae /Ai ≃ 0.7 to 0.8.
Example: Intake Valve Sizing Homework Problems
⊲ If an engine has a bore of 0.1 m, stroke of 0.08 m, inlet flow effective

⊲ What is the intake valve area Ai and the ratio of intake valve area to piston
area of 4.0 × 10−4 m2 and inlet temperature of 320 K, what is the
area required for a Mach index of 0.6 for an engine with a maximum speed of
maximum speed it is intended to be operated while maintaining good
8000 rpm, bore and stroke of 0.1 m, and inlet air temperature of 330 K?
volumetric efficiency? (4137 rpm) ⊳
Assume, k = 1.4, R = 287 J/kg K and average flow coefficient, C F = 0.35.
⊲ Calculate the ratios of the inlet valve area to piston area for the 3
⇒ S p = 2sN = 2 × 0.1 × (8000/60) = 26 m/s configurations as shown in Figure below. If the Mach index in case is
√ √
⇒ ci = kRTo = 1.4 × 287 = 364 m/s held to Zi = 0.6, ci = 400 m/s, Ai = 0.35ni (π/4)di2 (ni = number of
intake valves), what is the maximum piston speed in each case?
⇒ Ai = 1.3b 2 S p /ci = 1.3 × (0.1)2 × 26/364 = 9.3 × 10−3 m2 ⊳
⇒ Ai = C F Av Av = 2.65 × 01−3 m2
⇒ Ap = (π/4)b 2 = (π/4)(0.1)2 = 7.85 × 10−3 m2
⇒ Av /Ap = 2.65/7.86 = 0.34 ⊳
e896
Effect of (Pi /Pe ) & Compression Ratio (rc ) Effect of Fuel, Phase and Humidity
Presence of gaseous fuel & water vapour in

the intake system reduces the air partial
h i pressure below the mixture pressure.
1 Pe /Pi −1
ηv /ηvb = 1.0 − k rc −1 Pi = Pa,i + Pf ,i + Pw ,i
h i−1
Pa,i m_f Ma
ηvb = ηv (Pe /Pi = 1.0) Pi = 1 + m_ a M + m _ w
m
_a
Ma
Mw
As values of Pe /Pi and rc are h f i−1
Pa,i Ma
varied, the fraction of the cylinder Pi = 1 + (F /A) Mf + 1.6 m _w
m
_ a
volume occupied by the residual

gas at the intake pressure varies. Correction for water vapour is small ≤
As this volume increases so the ev 0.03.
decreases. e762
For conventional liquid fuels such as gasoline the effect of fuel vapour
(and humidity) is small. For gaseous fuels and for methanol vapour, ηv
e877 is significantly reduced by the fuel vapour in the intake mixture.
Effect of Fuel Vaporization & Heat Transfer Similitude in Air System Design
Similar engines: engines which have the following characteristics:

If no heat transfer to mixture, mixture temperature decreases as
All design ratios are the same. Similar engines are built from the
liquid fuel is vaporized. For complete evaporation of iso-octane,
with φ = 1.0, T2 − T1 = −19o C. For methanol, temperature same set of detail drawings, only the scale of the drawings is
depression is −128o C. different for each engine.
The same materials are used in corresponding parts. For example,
In practice, heating occurs; also, fuel is not completely vaporized
prior to entry to the cylinder. in the MIT similar engines all the pistons are of same aluminium
alloy and all crankshafts are of the same steel alloy.
Experimental data show that decrease in Ti due to fuel
evaporation more than offsets the reduction in Pa,i due to the Similar engines running at the same values of mean piston speed and
increased amount of fuel vapour: for same heating rate, ηv with at the same inlet and exhaust pressures, inlet temperature, coolant
fuel vaporization is higher by a few percent. temperature, and fuel-air ratio will have the similar volumetric
efficiency within measurable limits.
Effect of Engine Size & Speed Effect of Inlet Charge & Coolant Temperatures
Effect of Inlet Charge Temperature (Ti ):

r
ηv Ti
=
ηvb 330
ηvb = ηv ( at baseline temperature, Ti = 330 K).

Effect of Coolant Temperature (Tc ):
r
e880
ηv 1450
◮ No significant difference in ηv =
ηvb Tc + 1110
between three engines at a given value
of Z , in spite of the fact that the ηvb = ηv ( at baseline temperature, Tc = 340 K).
Reynold’s numbers are different in the
e897
proportion of 2.5, 4 & 6.
Dimensional Analysis
ηv = ηv (Pe /Pi , rc , Ti , Tc , Z , φ, · · · )
N
Y
ηv = ηvb Ki
i =1
where, ηvb are baseline volumetric efficiency obtained for the set of
operation parameters:
h i
1 Pe /Pi −1
1 Pe /Pi :=⇒ K1 = 1.0 − k rc −1
q
Ti
2 Ti :=⇒ K2 =
q330
1450
3 Tc :=⇒ K3 = Tc +1110
..
4 .
◮ Dimensional analysis is used only to assess the effect of a parameter

qualitatively.
c Dr. Md. Zahurul Haq (BUET) Volumetric Efficiency of Engines ME 417 (2018) 21 / 21

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Definitions/Terminology