“Investigation Of Structural Behaviour Of RCC Beam-Column

Joint Using Finite Element Modelling”

A PROJECT
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree
of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY
IN

CIVIL ENGINEERING

Under the supervision of

Mr. Bibhas Paul

Assistant Professor (Grade – II)
By

Samarth Aggarwal (141603)

Mohd. Nehan Rehman (141609)
Deepak Chhugani (141610)
to

JAYPEE UNIVERSITY OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

WAKNAGHAT, SOLAN – 173 234
HIMACHAL PRADESH, INDIA
May-2018

I
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

TOPICS PAGE NUMBER

CERTIFICATE.............................................................................................................................. IV

DECLARATION ............................................................................................................................ V

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ............................................................................................................. VI

ABSTRACT…………………………………………………………………………………….VII

LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................... VIII

LIST OF TABLES………………………………………………………………………………..X

LIST OF GRAPHS……………………………………………………………………………… X

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................. 1

1.1 - Background .......................................................................................................................... 1

1.2 – Case Study: Building ........................................................................................................... 1

1.3 – Project Objective ................................................................................................................. 2

1.4 – Literature Review................................................................................................................ 2

CHAPTER 2 BEAM COLUMN JOINT ..................................................................................... 7

2.1 – Types of Joint in a Frame.................................................................................................... 7

2.2 – Joint Mechanism ................................................................................................................. 8

2.3 – Exterior Joint ..................................................................................................................... 10

2.4 – Interior Joint ...................................................................................................................... 11

2.5 – Corner Joint ....................................................................................................................... 11

CHAPTER 3 FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS........................................................................ 12

CHAPTER 4 METHODOLOGY .............................................................................................. 14

4.1 – SAP2000 ........................................................................................................................... 14

II
 4.2 – STAAD.Pro ....................................................................................................................... 21

4.3 - ABAQUS ........................................................................................................................... 26

4.3.1 - Constraints .................................................................................................................. 26

4.3.2 – Boundary Conditions ................................................................................................. 27

4.3.3 - Meshing ...................................................................................................................... 27

CHAPTER 5 RESULTS ............................................................................................................. 28

5.1 – SAP2000 Results .............................................................................................................. 28

5.2 – STAAD.Pro Results........................................................................................................... 33

5.3 – Abaqus Results.................................................................................................................. 57

CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION .................................................................................................... 70

References………………..………………………………………………………………………71

III
 CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that the work which is being presented in the project report titled
“Investigation Of Structural Behaviour Of RCC Beam-Column Joint Using Finite Element
Modelling” in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of the degree of Bachelor of
Technology in Civil Engineering and submitted to the Department of Civil Engineering, Jaypee
University of Information Technology, Waknaghat is an authentic record of work carried out by
Samarth Aggarwal (141603), Mohd. Nehan Rehman (141609) and Deepak Chhugani (141610)
during a period from July 2017 to June 2018 under the supervision of Mr. Bibhas Paul Assistant
Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Jaypee University of Information Technology,
Waknaghat
Theabovestatementmadeiscorrecttothebestofourknowledge.

Date: - ………………………

Dr. Ashok Kumar Gupta Mr. Bibhas Paul External Examiner

Professor & Head of Department Assistant Professor

Civil Engineering Department Civil Engineering Department

JUIT Waknaghat JUIT Waknaghat

IV
 DECLARATION
We do here by declare that the work reported in the B.TECH thesis entitled “Investigation Of
Structural Behaviour Of RCC Beam-Column Joint Using Finite Element
Modelling”submitted at Jaypee University of Information Technology, Waknaghat, India is
an authentic record of our work carried out under the supervision of Mr. Bibhas Paul. We have
not
submitted this work elsewhere for any other degree or diploma.

Samarth Aggarwal (141603)

Mohd. Nehan Rehman (141609)
Deepak Chhugani (141610)

Department of Civil Engineering

JUIT, Solan.

Date-……………

V
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

We take upon this opportunity endowed upon us by grace of the almighty, to thank all those who
have been part of this endeavor.

We also want to thank my supervisor “Mr. Bibhas Paul” for giving me the correct heading and
legitimate direction in regards to the subject. Without their dynamic association and the correct
direction this would not have been conceivable.

We earnestly thank our Head of Department 'Prof. (Dr.) Ashok Kumar Gupta' for giving me the
shot and the support for all the time being.

Last however not the minimum, we generously welcome each one of those individuals who have
helped me straightforwardly or in a roundabout way in making this seminar project a win. In this
unique situation, we might want to thank the various staff individuals, both educating and non-
instructing, which have developed their convenient help and facilitated my undertaking.

VI
 Abstract

In the recent past, there were many buildings which were not fully implemented for seismic
resistance in many countries, including Portugal. Thus, the RC Beam-Column Joint buildings
which were designed in 1960s had less amount of reinforcing steel than the buildings designed in
accordance with recent codes. Thus, the adequacy of old RC Beam-Column joints is essential to
determine the eventual need to retrofit and the targets of the intervention.

So, in order to put a value to the current modelling techniques for the evaluation of existing
jerry-built RC Beam-Column joints, a structure is considered as representative of the stock built
in 1960s in Lisbon, Portugal.

For determining the critical joints here of the building SAP 2000 is used. As it is an old building
and it requires rehabilitation work so pushover analysis is performed. As the name say "Push -
over", push the building until the point that you achieve its most extreme ability to disfigure. It
helps in understanding the disfigurement and breaking of a structure in the event of an
earthquake and gives a kind of fair understanding of the deformation of building and
development of plastic hinges in the structure.

Then the structure is modelled in STAAD.Pro as per IS standards. The structure is modelled to
calculate the forces on the crtical beam column joints that are obtianed from the analysis in SAP
2000.

Then finally the rectification of critical beam- column joints is carried out using retrofit method
like FRP wrapping in Abaqus and then the graphs are plotted which indicated that if the
retrofitting were done in time it could have prevented the beam-column joint failure.

VII
 List of Figures
Figure Description Page No.
No.
1 Building in Lisbon (Portugal) 2
2 Types of Beam-Column joints in Frames 8
3 Pull-Push forces on joints 9
4 Failure of Beam-Column joint 10
5 Meshing in the FEM 12
6 ABAQUS software order of use 13
7 Force deformation for Pushover hinge 14
8 3D view of structure in STAAD.Pro 15
9 XY Plane view of the structure 16
10 Dead and Live load patterns 16
11 Different Load Cases 17
12 Pushover Analysis (X direction) 17
13 Load Case for PUSH(Y) 18
14 Load Case for PUSH(-Y) 19
15 Hinge properties of Beam 19
16 Hinge properties of Column 20
17 Different Load Cases 20
18 3D view of the structure in STAAD.Pro 21
19 Plan View of the structure in STAAD.Pro 22
3D rendered view of the structure showing shear walls and other
20 22
members in STAAD.Pro
21 Identification of reinforced concrete frames in the Building 23
22 Identification of reinforced concrete columns in the Building 23
23 Live Load in STAAD.Pro 24
24 Wind Load along +Z direction in STAAD.Pro 24
25 Wind Load along -Z direction in STAAD.Pro 25
26 Tetrahedral Meshing 27
27 Hexahedral Meshing 27
28 Distortion after the application of Dead Load 28
29 3D representation of the structure 29
30 Critical Nodes 29
31 3D representation of the structure 30
32 Critical Nodes 31
33 3D representation of the structure 31
34 Critical Nodes 32
35 Node(A,2,2) and connected members 35
36 Shear forces and Moment of Beam 63 35
37 Shear forces and Moment of Beam 79 36
38 Shear forces and Moment of Beam 80 36

VIII
39 Shear forces and Moment of Beam 101 37
40 Shear forces and Moment of Column 92 37
41 Node(A,2,3) and connected members 38
42 Shear forces and Moment of Column 145 38
43 Shear forces and Moment of Beam 116 39
44 Shear forces and Moment of Beam 132 39
45 Shear forces and Moment of Beam 133 40
46 Shear forces and Moment of Beam 154 40
47 Shear forces and Moment of Column 198 41
48 Node(B,2,2) and connected members 41
49 Shear forces and Moment of Beam 159 42
50 Shear forces and Moment of Beam 73 42
51 Shear forces and Moment of Beam 99 42
52 Shear forces and Moment of Column 88 43
53 Shear forces and Moment of Column 141 43
54 Node(C,2,2) and connected members 44
55 Shear forces and Moment of Beam 60 44
56 Shear forces and Moment of Beam 74 44
57 Shear forces and Moment of Beam 75 45
58 Shear forces and Moment ofBeam 100 45
59 Shear forces and Moment of Column 89 45
60 Shear forces and Moment of Column 142 46
61 Node(B,2,3) and connected members 46
62 Shear forces and Moment of Beam 112 47
63 Shear forces and Moment of Beam 126 47
64 Shear forces and Moment of Beam 152 47
65 Shear forces and Moment of Column 141 48
66 Shear forces and Moment of Column 194 48
67 Node(C,2,3) and connected members 48
68 Shear forces and Moment of Beam 113 49
69 Shear forces and Moment of Beam 127 49
70 Shear forces and Moment of Beam 153 50
71 Shear forces and Moment of Column 142 50
72 Shear forces and Moment of Column 195 50
73 Node(B,2,4) and connected members 51
74 Shear forces and Moment of Beam 165 51
75 Shear forces and Moment of Beam 179 52
76 Shear forces and Moment of Beam 205 52
77 Shear forces and Moment of Column 194 52
78 Shear forces and Moment of Column 247 53
79 Node(A,2,8) and connected members 53
80 Shear forces and Moment of Beam 375 53
81 Shear forces and Moment of Beam 376 54
82 Shear forces and Moment of Beam 389 54
83 Shear forces and Moment of Beam 390 54

IX
84 Shear forces and Moment of Column 405 55
85 Node(C,2,8) and connected members 55
86 Shear forces and Moment of Beam 378 56
87 Shear forces and Moment of Beam 392 56
88 Shear forces and Moment of Beam 393 56
89 Shear forces and Moment of Beam 498 57
90 Shear forces and Moment of Column 407 57
91 Zoomed in view of the points chosen 58
92 Zoomed out view of the points chosen 58
93 Deformation after FRP Wrapping 59
94 Zoomed in view of the points after FRP Wrapping 59
95 Critical Node(B,2,4) after analysis 61
96 Zoomed in view of the points chosen 61
97 FRP Wrapped Beam-Column joint 62
Zoomed in view of the section that is cut after the application of
98 62
FRP Wrapping
99 Zoomed in view of the points after rectification 63
100 Critical Node(C,2,8) after analysis 65
101 Section is cut for further steps 65
102 Zoomed in view of the points chosen 66
103 FRP Wrapped Beam –Column joint 66
104 Same section cut out after the application of FRP Wrapping 67
105 Zoomed in view of the cut out section 67

X
 List of Tables
Table No. Description Page No.
Stress and Displacement values with and without FRP Wrapping
1 60
for Node(C,2,3)
Stress and Displacement values with and without FRP Wrapping
2 63
for Node(B,2,4)
Stress and Displacement values with and without FRP Wrapping
3 68
for Node(C,2,8)

List of Graphs
Graph No. Description Page No.
1 Graphical portrayal of Stress values with and without FRP 60
Graphical portrayal of Displacement values with and without
2 60
FRP
3 Graphical portrayal of Stress values with and without FRP 64
Graphical portrayal of Displacement values with and without
4 64
FRP
5 Graphical portrayal of Stress values with and without FRP 68
Graphical portrayal of Displacement values with and without
6 68
FRP

XI
 CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

Earthquake can cause collapse of reinforced concrete structures, loss of lives and also loss of
capital. Most of the structures around the world,which are planned utilizing non-seismic code of
practice, are not able to resist even slight earthquake loading. Under seismic conditions,it is
important that the RC building have lateral resistancestrength against brittle failure. Since
destroying and reconstructing such RC buildings are very expensive, so retrofitting the critical
structural components may offer economic solution to ensure the safety of the building and
people.

These early established RC structures may have non-ductile reinforcement detailing in the beam-
column joint regioneither with inadequate or even no shear reinforcement, and short anchor
length of bottom steel bars running alongthe longitudinal beam. In addition, the joint may also be
bearing high resistance due to a strong beam design. A bond slip failure or joint shear failure
reduces the overall strength of the structure up to a great extent.

1.2 Case Study: Building

The building taken into consideration is aneight-storey building (ground floor plus seven storeys)
located in Lisbon (Portugal). The dimensions of the building are 36.80m in X-direction and
10.85m in Y-direction. Height of the building is 27m. The building was designed and built in the
1960‟s.

1
 Fig.1 :Building in Lisbon(Portugal)

1.3 Project Objective

The purpose of this project involves identification of critical beam-column joint using the
pushover analysis. The behavior of critical beam-column joint is observed for total deformation,
and stress using finite element method. Thereafter the joints are rectified and the behavior of
such joints is compared in terms of total deformation and stress. The pushover analysis has been
done by using SAP2000. In addition the Finite Element analysis is performed using ABAQUS vs
6.13.

1.4 Literature Review

1. Naveen Hooda, Jyoti Narwal, Bhupinder Singh, Vivek Verma, Parveen Singh“An
Experimental Investigation on Structural Behavior of Beam Column” Standard
concrete loses its resistance after the development of cracks in the structure. The ultimate
strength of concrete is significantly increased by the use of fibers which helps in resisting
the formation of cracks and the ultimate tensile strength is also increased because extra
amount of energy is required to cause failure of the fiber reinforcing the concrete. Beam-
column joint is an importantintegral part of the whole structural complexity of the
buildings. Because of this reason they must be provided with adequate strength so that
they can bear the loads transmitted between beam and columns. The studycomparesthe
behavior of such a joint with different detailing of reinforcement, different spacing of

2
 connecting ties and with different percentage of steel fibers. Increment in the deflection
and curvature was observed with the decrease in spacing of hoops/tie.

2. Prakash Panjwani , Dr. S.K. Dubey, “Study of Reinforced Concrete Beam-Column

Joint” The beam column joint forms an important integral part of the moment resisting
structure. It must be designed to handle large forces during seismic activity and its
detailing has a significant roleto play on the responsebehavior of the structure. The shear
failure of joint is not an acceptable structural response especially during seismic
conditions. The paper discusses some theories associated with the behavior and response
of joints under critical conditions. Understanding the behavior of joint in seismic
conditions is essential for proper design of joints.

3. S.V.Chaudhari, K.A.Mukane, M.A.Chakrabarti, “Comparative study on Exterior RCC

Beam Column Joint Subjected to Monotonic Loading” This paperdiscusses the use of
ABAQUS to develop a finite element model of the joint that can be used in investigating
the response of RC exterior beam-column connections. Model development includes
investigation and characterizing of the behaviors of standard concrete and reinforcing
bars. Comparing results of computed and observed response of structural elements
indicated that the model used to represent the local response mechanisms, determines
global behaviour correctly. Comparison of load displacement diagram of RCC exterior
beam column joint subjected to monotonic loading by using ABAQUS and
ANSYSnonlinear modelling is studied. It is observed that the ABAQUS gives
morepractical and accurate results than ANSYS software.

4. A.Ghobarah and A. Said, “SEISMIC REHABILITATION OF BEAM-

COLUMNJOINTS USING FRP LAMINATES” Aconventional and practical
rehabilitationtechnique for the improvement of beam-column joints is the use ofcarbon
fiber reinforced polymers (FRP). The purpose is to increase thestrength of the joint and
thus allowing the formation of flexural hinge to form in the beam. An

3
 experimentinvolving rehabilitation of an external beam-column joint from a moment
resisting frame that is designed to earlier non seismic code and is tested under axial
column load and cyclic load. The suggested retrofittingmethod was then applied to the
tested specimen. The polymer usedwas successful inincreasing the shear strength of the
nonductile beam-column joint. The paper represents a comparison study between the
structural behaviour of the specimen before and after the use of rehabilitation technique.
A design methodology involving steelfibre jacketing to increase the shear resisting
capacity of joint in moment resisting frames is proposed.

5. A.Ghobarah and A. Said, “SHEAR STRENGTHENING OF BEAM-COLUMN

JOINT” The paper discusses ways to develop effective rehabilitation techniques for
reinforced concrete beam-column joints using advanced composite materials namely
polymers. Many reinforced concrete beam-column joints were designed according to
detailing of pre-seismic code and constructed. The specimens were subjected to cyclic
loading and they showed joint shear failure at the beam tip. Different fibre-wrap
rehabilitation techniques were then applied to the joint and the joints were tested again
under the same loading. The tested rehabilitation techniques showedincrement in the
shear resistance of the joint.

6. A.K.H. Kwan, “IMPROVED WIDE-COLUMN-FRAME ANALOGY FOR

SHEAR/CORE WALL ANALYSIS” This is a popular design method offered for the
analysis of shear/core beam column joint. Basically the method treats the nonplaner
shear/core walls assemblies of 2-D planer wall units connected at their vertical wall joints
and modeling the planer wall units individually as discrete column members residing at
the centroidal axis of the wall units.

7. N.M.Nikam and L.G.Kalukar, “PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF BUILDING WITH SHEAR

WALL” Use of nonlinear static pushover analysis is carried out by either using user-defined
nonlinear hinge properties or default-hinge properties, based on the FEMA-356 and FEMA-440
guidelines. This paper shows the results ofapushover analysis (non-linear static analysis) of RC
building. The non-linear static analysis of a RCC structureprovidesus with better understanding

4
 and more accurate seismic response of the buildings which will help us to study the failure
element of the structural building.

8. Y,M.Fahjan, J. Kubin and M.T. Tan, “PUSHOVER ANALYSIS OF A 19 STORY

CONCRETE SHEAR WALL BUILDING” Modeling of the shear walls is very important in
designing of any structure for both linear and nonlinear analyses. In linear analyses of structures,
modeling of shear wall can be done using different methods either using combination of frame
elements or shell elements. In the nonlinear analyses, the nonlinear model frame is based on
plastic hinge concept.Plastic hinges are located on the plastic zones of the structural elements. In
this paper, different techniques for modeling of linear and nonlinear shear walls in structural
analyses of buildings are studied. The overall results in terms of overall behaviorusing different
approaches are compared.

9. S.Prakash, L.Prabha and V.Sharmila, “STUDY OF EXTERIORREINFORCED CONCRETE

BEAM COLUMN JOINT” Beam–column joints being an important integral part of a
reinforced concrete framed structure should have proper anchorage detailing. One of the most
effective way to increase the strength of a joint is by the use of crossed inclined bars in the
joint region. Beam column joint should be designed and detailed properly, especially
when the frame is subjected to seismic loading. Non linear analysis is carried out in
STAAD Pro software.

10. N. H. Hamid, N. D. Hadi, K. D. Ghani, “RETROFITTING OF BEAM-COLUMN

JOINT USING CFRP NAD STEEL PLATE” This paper represents the rehabilitation
of beam-column joint using steel plate and CFRP (Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer). A
specimen joint was considered which developed diagonal cracks attheupperside of the
column. CFRP were wrapped around the joint. Steel plates with bonding were attached to
the two connected beams and the jointing system. This retrofitted specimen is tested
again under lateral cyclic loading up 1.75% drift. Visual observations show that the
cracks started at joint when 0.5% drift applied at top of column. Damage of retrofitted
beam-column joint occurred inside the CFRP and it cannot be seen from outside.
Analysis of elastic stiffness, lateral strength, ductility, hysteresis loops and equivalent
viscous damping shows that these values are higher than before retrofitting. Therefore, it

5
is recommended to use this type of retrofitting method for beam-column joint with corbel
which suffers severe damage after the earthquake.

6
 CHAPTER 2

BEAM-COLUMN JOINT

The point of interconnection of beams and columns in a reinforced concrete structure is termed
as a beam-column joint. They are critical regionsin a reinforced concrete moment resisting frame
due to themovement of large amount of forces between them (i.e. beams and columns Design
check for beam-column joints is not taken into consideration in standard design of practice. But,
the failure of such frames during the past earthquakes all over the world has demonstrated the
importance of stresses in joints.Shear in the joints culminate in the collapse of the structure.
Detailed studies of joints for such buildings have been undertaken only in the past few decades.
The basic `requirement for the adequate performance of a joint in a reinforced concrete structure
is:

1. A joint should display a service load performance equal in quality to that of the member
it joins.
2. A joint should possess strength that should be equal to or more than at least with the most
adverse load combination that the adjoining member could possibly resist, several times
if necessary.
3. Strength of the structure should not be governed by the strength of the joint, and its
behavior should not hamper to the development of the full strength capacity of the
adjoining member.

2.1Types of Joints in a Frame

There are basically three types of beam-column joint-

1. Interior Beam-Column joint –Interior joint is the joint in which four beam are connected
to one column.
2. Exterior Beam-Column joint –Exterior joint is the joint in which three beam, all
perpendicular to each other are connected the vertical face of a single column.

7
 3. Corner Beam-Column joint –Corner joints are the joints that can be seen on the corner
edges of a frame. Corner joint is the joint in which two beams are connected to vertical
face of a single column.

Fig.2 :Types of beam-column Joints in frames

2.2 Joint Mechanisms

During shaking of ground (earthquake), the beams connecting a joint are exposed to moments
whose magnitude are large and direction is same either in clockwise or anti-clockwise. Under
these conditions, the top reinforcing bars ofthe joints are pulled in one direction and the bottom
one in the opposite direction. Thisdifference in magnitude forces are balanced by bond stress that
isdeveloped between steel and concrete. If the column is not wide enough or if the grade of the
concrete used is not adequate enough, then there is weak gripof concrete on the steel bars. In
such condition there is slippage ofreinforcement bar under the joint region and ultimately the
beam lossesitsstrength to carry load. Under these forces of opposite nature at top and bottom

8
joint ends, joint undergo deformation that is, one end of the joint expands and the other
compresses and if the cross-sectional areaof the column is not adequate, then the concrete
member in the joint develops cracks. These pull-push forces on joint cause two problems i.e. slip
ofreinforcing bars in joint region and deformation of joints causing diagonal cracks and crushing
of concrete.

Fig. 3 :Pull-Push Forces on joints

In strong column-weak beam design, plastic hinges develops at the beam. The high internal
forces accumulated at plastic hinges causes critical bond-slip conditions in the joint reinforcing
bars and also impose high shear demand in the joint region. The joint behavior exhibits a
complex connection between bond and shear. The strong the bond strength of the bars anchored
in thejoint,the stronger is the shear resisting mechanism of the structure.

9
 Fig. 4 :Failure of beam-column joint

2.3 Exterior Joint

In exterior joints the reinforcement bars of the beamterminates within the joint core. After a few
repetition of inelastic loading, the bond between concrete and reinforcing bars starts to
deteriorateat the face of the column due to formation of cracks which progresses towards the
joint core. Repetition of loading evenworsens the case and a complete loss of bond of the entire
bent region of the bar may take place. The beam reinforcement baris pulled by a massive amount
of tensile force due to progressive loss of bond. Tensile failure of the longitudinal reinforcing
beam bars results in complete loss of flexural strength. This kind of failure is undesirable at any
stage. Hence, proper ductile detailingof the reinforcement bars in the joint core is of most
importance. The pull out-failure of bars in exterior joints can be prevented by the providing
hooks or by modified reinforcement techniques. Modified reinforcement technique, can be used
to provide adequate anchorage when accommodated with adequate horizontal development
length and the additional mechanism of shear transfer at joints. The development length that is to
be considered should be adequate from the critical section beyond the region of yield
penetration. Thus, the length of the member should include the development length considering
the probability of yield penetration.

10
2.4 Interior Joint

Many RC framed structure that were destroyed in the past earthquakes and which were not build
according to seismic code have been studied and in most of the cases, the failure of interior
beam-column joints initiated the collapse process of structures. Therefore, interior beam-column
jointisconsidered as the weakest joint in any existing RC moment-resisting frames. The reason of
failure of interior joint is inadequate shear strength of the joint. Inadequate joint shear strength is
because of insufficient and inadequately reinforcement detailing in the joint region. Due to
inadequate detailing particularly in transverse reinforcement in the joint, joint brittleness
increases, which, in turn, adds significantly to the collapse of the structure. Modified
reinforcement technique, is helpful in the shear transfer or additional mechanism to shear transfer
at joint region.

2.5 Corner Joint

Corner joints are the joints that are generally found at the roof level of a RC framed structure.
These joints, if not designed safely, may suffer substantial damage during earthquakes due to
generation of shear reinforcement in the joint region. The internal forces generated at this joint
may result in failure of the joint before the strength of the beam or column, whichever weaker, is
attained. Several techniques of retrofitting such of RC joints, damaged by earthquakes, have been
going on in earthquake prone countries such as Japan, Mexico, and China.

For the corner joint, adequate strength can be expected only the following condition:

1. The reinforcing steel is continuous around the corner of the joint (i.e. it is not lapped
within the joint).
2. The tension reinforcing bars are bent to a sufficient length to prevent grip failure under
the bars. Nominal transverse bars placed under the bent bars.

11
 CHAPTER 3
FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS
For some engineering complications, analytical solutions are not feasible, in perspective of the
unpredictability of the material properties, the limit conditions and the structure itself. Finite
Element Method also assigned as Finite Element Analysis is used to locate the approximate
solutions of various boundary value problems or field value problems as called sometimes.The
essential idea of FEM is that it divides or represents the structure into small elements called finite
elements. It divides the domain of problem into collection of sub domain.

Fig. 5 :Meshing in the FEM

Overall, this is a surmised strategy and result must be approved before utilize. At the point when
alluded to the examination of structures the FEM is an intense strategy for figuring the
relocations, stresses and strains in a structure under the arrangement of burdens.The Finite
Element Method changes over the elliptic fractional differential condition into an arrangement of
arithmetical conditions which are anything but easy to tackle. The initial value problems which
comprise of an illustrative or hyperbolic differential condition and the underlying conditions
(other than the limit conditions), can not be totally illuminated by the finite element method. The
parabolic or hyperbolic differential equations contain the time as one of the independent
variables. There is a requirement of both Finite Element Method and Finite Difference Method to
solve an initial value problem.

12
 Pre-processing Evaluation and Post-processing
(Modeling) Simulation (Visualization)

Abaqus/CAE or other Abaqus/Standard or Abaqus/CAE or other

products Abaqus/Explicit products

Fig. 6 :ABAQUS software order of use

Every finite-element analysis comprises of 3isloate stages:

1. Pre-processing or modeling: This stage includes making an input file or information document
which contains a designer's plan for a finite-element analyzer (also called "solver").

2. Processing or finite element analysis: An output visual file is made in this stage.

3. Post-processing or generating report, image, animation, etc. from the output file: a visual
rendering stage.

Each software has some features and other has another which is making one superior over
another. Like Abaqus is capable of doing the above mentioned processes of the solver; in any
case, the main stage should likewise be possible by other CAD software, or even a text editor.

13
 CHAPTER 4

METHODOLOGY

The procedure is divided into three different phases namely

1. SAP2000 - for finding critical beam-column joints.

2. STAAD.Pro - for determining the forces in the critical beam column joints.
3. Abaqus – for modeling of joint and carrying out the required rectification process.

4.1 – SAP2000

In first phase, the structure is modeled and designed in SAP 2000 and critical beam-column
joints are identified using the Pushover Analysis.SAP2000 is a broadly useful structural
buildingprogram perfect for the investigation and plan of an auxiliary framework. Fundamental
and propelled frameworks, going from 2D to 3D, of basic geometry to complex, might be
demonstrated, dissected, composed, and advanced utilizing a down to earth and natural protest
based displaying condition that rearranges and streamlines the engineering process.For
determining the critical joints here of the building SAP 2000 is used. As it is an old building and
it requires rehabilitation work so pushover analysis is performed.

As the name say "Push - over", push the building until the point that you achieve its most
extreme ability to disfigure.It helps in understanding the disfigurement and breaking of a
structure in the event of an earthquake and gives a kind of fair understanding of the deformation
of building and development of plastic hinges in the structure.

IO- Immediate
Occupancy

LS- Life Safety

CP- Collapse
Prevention

Fig. 7 :Force Deformation for Pushover Hinge

14
As shown in the above figure, there are five points that are labelled as A, B, C, D, E, these are
used to define the force- deformation pattern of the hinge, and the three points in between B and
C (IO, LS, and CP) determines the acceptance criteria for the hinge. The values allocated to each
one of these focuses depends on the member classification and on numerous different parameters
defined in ATC-40.

The modelling of structure is carried out and the section properties are defined. Applying the
different load cases, different load combinations the result is obtained in the three axes („+x‟,
„-y‟, „+y‟) that is the critical joints. In total the critical joints obtained after the Pushover analysis
are Eight (x = two, y+= zero, y-= six).

Fig. 8 :3D view of the structure

Grids are define on the three axes and given above is the 3D view of the structure consisting of
Beams, Columns and Shear Wall.

15
 Fig. 9 :XY plane view of the structure.

Fig. 10 :Dead and Live Load Patterns

A different load pattern that is Dead and Live is assigned.

16
 Fig. 11 :Different Load Cases

After assigning the load patterns, load cases are introduce. The main point, which is considered,
is that Dead load is Nonlinear Static. Then the Pushover Load case is assign, which is assigned to
the three different directions as stated above (+x, -y, +y).

Fig. 12 :Pushover Analysis (X direction)

17
Consider the figure above where the Pushover analysis is Static Nonlinear. The Load Case
PUSHX is (continued from State at End of Nonlinear case) which means that the Pushover load
is applied only after the application of the Dead load and also with the Load Type acceleration
and Scale Factor 1.

Similarly the Load case is done for PUSH (Y) and PUSH (-Y) with the Load Type acceleration
and Scale Factor 1 and -1 respectively.

Fig. 13 :Load case for PUSH(Y)

18
 Fig. 14 :Load case for PUSH(-Y)

After the load cases, the hinge properties of the frame building were assigned.

Fig. 15 :Hinge Properties of Beam

The above pictures portray the hinge properties that are assign in the Beams. The M3 degree of
freedom and the Dead Load Case Combo is assigned.

19
 Fig. 16 :Hinge properties of Column

Similarly for Columns the Hinge properties are assign and P-M2-M3 degree of freedom is
applied asthe P-M2-M3 hinge is best suited for nonlinear static pushover and the Case Combo
Dead Load is applied. The relative distance is basically applied as to jump over to the next
structural member that is Beam or Column.Then the Analysis of the building is performed.

Fig. 17 :Different Load Cases

Taking all the Cases into consideration the analysis is performed.

20
In second phase, the structure is modelled in STAAD.Pro as per IS standards. The structure is
modelled to calculate the forces on the crtical beam column joints that are obtianed from the
analysis in SAP 2000.

4.2 STAAD.Pro

STAAD.Pro can make use of various forms of analysis from the traditional 1st order static
analysis, 2nd order p-delta analysis, geometric non-linear analysis, Pushover analysis (Static-
Non Linear Analysis) or a buckling analysis. It can also make use of various forms of dynamic
analysis from modal extraction to time history and response spectrum analysis.

Fig. 18 :3D view of structure in STAAD.Pro

The building structure is designed in STAAD.Pro

21
 Fig. 19 :Plan view of structure in STAAD.Pro

Fig. 20 :3D rendered view of structure showing shear walls and other members in STAAD.Pro

22
To easily identify the nodes, a simple notation is developed to know the exact coordinates of the
beam and columns attached to that specific node.

Fig. 21 :Identification of Reinforced Concrete frames in the building.

Each frame in the above figure represents the beams on the different floors of the building. By
knowing the frame number, the exact node can be located in the building.The frames are along
the XY-plane.The frame numbers are denoted by using numbers 1, 2 and 3 for further simplicity
in identifying the location of nodes and easy understanding of the structure and results regarding
the analysis of the structure.

Fig. 22 :Identification of Reinforced Concrete columns in the building.

23
The above figure denotes the labeling of columns in the building. The notations used are A, B
and C only because of the mirror image of the building plan along its centre line along Y-axis.

Example: a member placed at third floor along column-C in Frame-1 is represented by (C,1,3).

The types of loadings applied in STAAD.Pro are:

1. Dead load: Self weight and 6kN/m UDL on each member

2. Live load: 3 kN/m2 pressure as floor load
3. Wind load: Loading from to directions namely +z and –z directions.
4. Time history: Time history seismic loading applied using ElCentro acceleration data
along the North-South direction.

Fig. 23 :Live load in STAAD.Pro

Fig. 24 :Wind load along +z direction in STAAD.Pro

24
 Fig. 25 :Wind load along -z direction in STAAD.Pro

The load combinations used in STAAD.Pro are as in the following table:

25
 The dimensions of members used in the structure are as follows:

1. 700mm x 300mm Columns

2. 500mm x 250mm Columns
3. 400mm x 250mm Columns
4. 300mm x 250mm Columns
5. 600mm x 250mm Columns
6. 650mm x 250mm Beams
7. 650mm x 300mm Beams

The Concrete grade used in the structure is M30.The steel grade used in the structure is Fe415.

The results in the STAAD.Pro are obtained and taking the forces into consideration the critical
beam column joints are modeled in ABAQUS and the results are observed.

4.3 ABAQUS

Finite-Element analyzer that employs explicit integration scheme to solve highly nonlinear
systems with many complex contacts under transient loads.ABAQUS main job is to design and
analyze the critical beam-column joints of the building structure. The results from SAP 2000 are
used to simulate the actual deflections and forces in the joints. ABAQUS is mainly taken into
consideration for analysis of Beam-column joints because of Finite Element modeling which
gives more accurate results than other software‟s and also has an aspect to provide more
detailing to the model designed.

4.3.1 Constraints

In ABAQUS, the methodology followed is, firstly the constraints are defined. Two Constraints
are taken into account: Tie and Embedded. Tie Constraint is used to join the materials of similar
properties like Concrete members whereas Embedded constraints are used to join the materials
of varying properties like Concrete and Steel.

26
4.3.2 Boundary Conditions

These conditions are defined in such a way that the length of the members are considered upto a
point where moment is zero. This gives the benefit of directly applying the Fixed End Moment
boundary condition at the end of each member.

4.3.3 Meshing

Meshing is done on the members. Meshing is of four types. Tetrahedral Meshing is consideredto
be most effective among all four because sometimes the structure is too complex or geometry of
the structure is too disoriented that it is difficult to solve or to model the whole structure and that
is where tetrahedral meshing is taken into account. Therefore, if the geometry is simple it is ideal
to mesh with Hex. The current working structure is not that complex or the geometry of the
structure is not distorted so therefore the meshing, which is done on the members is hexahedral
meshing.

Fig. 26:Tetrahedral Meshing Fig. 27 : Hexahedral Meshing

27
 CHAPTER 5

RESULTS

1. SAP 2000 results

The modelling of structure is carried out and the section properties are defined. Applying the
different load cases, different load combinations the result is obtained in the three axes („+x‟,
„-y‟, „+y‟) that is the critical joints.

Below is the figure obtained after applying the Dead Load.

Fig.28: Distortion after the application of Dead Load

As stated in methodology, Dead Load is Nonlinear Static and value is 6 kN/m2.

Then the Pushover Load case is assign, which is allocated to the three different directions as
stated above (+x, -y, +y).

28
Result of SAP 2000 after application of pushover load in (X) direction.

Fig. 29 : 3D representation of the structure

Fig. 30 : Critical Nodes

29
As seen in the above figure, the Pushover Analysis is done and the structure is deformed
therefore the hinges are formed. The side bar which is given is bascially the hinge deformation
graph which tells about the hinge formation. The point CP is maximum and above that faliure is
observed.

The circled ones in the below figure are the most critical nodes among all, as they lie in the (LS-
CP zone) which is the highest of all the other node zones.

Similarly, the pushover load case is assigned in the +Y and –Y directions.

Result of SAP 2000 after application of pushover load in (Y) direction

Fig. 31 : 3D representation of the structure

30
 Fig. 32 : Critical Nodes

Result of SAP 2000 after application of pushover load in (–Y) direction

Fig. 33: 3D representation of the structure

31
 Fig. 34 : Critical Nodes

+X +Y -Y

Node - (A,2,2) Node - (B,2,2) Node - (A,2,8)

Node - (A,2,3) Node - (B,2,3) Node - (C,2,8)

Node - (B,2,4) Node - (C,2,2)

Node - (C,2,3)

These are the critical nodes obtained by the Static Pushover analysis in SAP 2000 in three axes
that are +X, +Y and –Y.

32
 2. STAAD.Pro Results

There are 9 critical nodes from the analysis done in SAP2000 along different push axis.

Critical node details:

Node Location Connected Reinforcement

no. Members
1 A,2,2 Beam-63 Top: 3# 16ø; Bottom: 3# 16ø; Stirrups: 2 legged 6ø @300mm c/c
Beam-79 Top: 3# 16ø; Bottom: 3# 16ø; Stirrups: 2 legged 6ø @300mm c/c
Beam-80 Top: 3# 16ø; Bottom: 3# 16ø; Stirrups: 2 legged 6ø @300mm c/c
Beam-101 Top: 3# 16ø; Bottom: 3# 16ø; Stirrups: 2 legged 6ø @300mm c/c
Column-92 Main: 6# 25ø; Ties: 6ø @ 250mm c/c
Column-145 Main: 6# 25ø; Ties: 6ø @ 250mm c/c

2 A,2,3 Beam-116 Top: 3# 16ø; Bottom: 3# 16ø; Stirrups: 2 legged 6ø @300mm c/c
Beam-132 Top: 3# 16ø; Bottom: 3# 16ø; Stirrups: 2 legged 6ø @300mm c/c
Beam-133 Top: 3# 16ø; Bottom: 3# 16ø; Stirrups: 2 legged 6ø @300mm c/c
Beam-154 Top: 3# 16ø; Bottom: 3# 16ø; Stirrups: 2 legged 6ø @300mm c/c
Column-145 Main: 6# 25ø; Ties: 6ø @ 250mm c/c
Column-198 Main: 6# 25ø; Ties: 6ø @ 250mm c/c

3 B,2,2 Beam-59 Top: 3# 16ø; Bottom: 3# 16ø; Stirrups: 2 legged 6ø @300mm c/c
Beam-73 Top: 3# 16ø; Bottom: 3# 16ø; Stirrups: 2 legged 6ø @300mm c/c
Beam-99 Top: 3# 16ø; Bottom: 3# 16ø; Stirrups: 2 legged 6ø @300mm c/c
Column-88 Main: 6# 16ø; Ties: 6ø @ 250mm c/c
Column-141 Main: 6# 16ø; Ties: 6ø @ 250mm c/c

4 C,2,2 Beam-60 Top: 3# 16ø; Bottom: 3# 16ø; Stirrups: 2 legged 6ø @300mm c/c
Beam-74 Top: 3# 16ø; Bottom: 3# 16ø; Stirrups: 2 legged 6ø @300mm c/c
Beam-75 Top: 3# 16ø; Bottom: 3# 16ø; Stirrups: 2 legged 6ø @300mm c/c
Beam-100 Top: 3# 16ø; Bottom: 3# 16ø; Stirrups: 2 legged 6ø @300mm c/c

33
 Column-89 Main: 6# 25ø; Ties: 6ø @ 250mm c/c
Column-142 Main: 6# 25ø; Ties: 6ø @ 250mm c/c

5 B,2,3 Beam-112 Top: 3# 16ø; Bottom: 3# 16ø; Stirrups: 2 legged 6ø @300mm c/c
Beam-126 Top: 3# 16ø; Bottom: 3# 16ø; Stirrups: 2 legged 6ø @300mm c/c
Beam-152 Top: 3# 16ø; Bottom: 3# 16ø; Stirrups: 2 legged 6ø @300mm c/c
Column-141 Main: 6# 16ø; Ties: 6ø @ 250mm c/c
Column-194 Main: 6# 16ø; Ties: 6ø @ 250mm c/c

6 C,2,3 Beam-113 Top: 3# 16ø; Bottom: 3# 16ø; Stirrups: 2 legged 6ø @300mm c/c
Beam-127 Top: 3# 16ø; Bottom: 3# 16ø; Stirrups: 2 legged 6ø @300mm c/c
Beam-128 Top: 3# 16ø; Bottom: 3# 16ø; Stirrups: 2 legged 6ø @300mm c/c
Beam-153 Top: 3# 16ø; Bottom: 3# 16ø; Stirrups: 2 legged 6ø @300mm c/c
Column-142 Main: 6# 25ø; Ties: 6ø @ 250mm c/c
Column-195 Main: 6# 25ø; Ties: 6ø @ 250mm c/c

7 B,2,4 Beam-165 Top: 3# 16ø; Bottom: 3# 16ø; Stirrups: 2 legged 6ø @300mm c/c
Beam-179 Top: 3# 16ø; Bottom: 3# 16ø; Stirrups: 2 legged 6ø @300mm c/c
Beam-205 Top: 3# 16ø; Bottom: 3# 16ø; Stirrups: 2 legged 6ø @300mm c/c
Column-194 Main: 6# 16ø; Ties: 6ø @ 250mm c/c
Column-247 Main: 6# 16ø; Ties: 6ø @ 250mm c/c

8 A,2,8 Beam-375 Top: 3# 16ø; Bottom: 3# 16ø; Stirrups: 2 legged 6ø @300mm c/c
Beam-376 Top: 3# 16ø; Bottom: 3# 16ø; Stirrups: 2 legged 6ø @300mm c/c
Beam-389 Top: 3# 16ø; Bottom: 3# 16ø; Stirrups: 2 legged 6ø @300mm c/c
Beam-390 Top: 3# 16ø; Bottom: 3# 16ø; Stirrups: 2 legged 6ø @300mm c/c
Column-405 Main: 6# 16ø; Ties: 6ø @ 250mm c/c

9 C,2,8 Beam-378 Top: 3# 16ø; Bottom: 3# 16ø; Stirrups: 2 legged 6ø @300mm c/c
Beam-392 Top: 3# 16ø; Bottom: 3# 16ø; Stirrups: 2 legged 6ø @300mm c/c

34
 Beam-393 Top: 3# 16ø; Bottom: 3# 16ø; Stirrups: 2 legged 6ø @300mm c/c
Beam-418 Top: 3# 16ø; Bottom: 3# 16ø; Stirrups: 2 legged 6ø @300mm c/c
Column-407 Main: 6# 16ø; Ties: 6ø @ 250mm c/c

There are 2 critical nodes in +X axis analysis.

Node (A,2,2) and Node (A,2,3)

Results for node (A,2,2):

Fig. 35 :Node(A,2,2) and connected members.

Beam 63:

Fig. 36 :Shear forces and moments of beam-63

35
Beam-79:

Fig. 37 :Shear forces and moments of beam-79

Beam-80:

Fig. 38 :Shear forces and moments of beam-80

36
Beam-101:

Fig. 39 :Shear forces and moments of beam-101.

Column-92

Fig. 40 :Shear forces and moments of column-92.

37
Results for Node (A,2,3):

Fig. 41 : Node (A,2,3) and connected members

Column 145:

Fig. 42 : Shear force and Moment of Column 145

38
Beam 116 :

Fig. 43 : Shear force and Moment of Beam 116

Beam 132:

Fig. 44 : Shear force and Moment of Beam 132

39
Beam 133:

Fig. 45 : Shear force and Moment of Beam 133

Beam 154:

Fig. 46 : Shear force and Moment of Beam 154

40
Column 198:

Fig. 47 : Shear force and Moment of Column 198

Results for node-(B,2,2):

Fig. 48 : Node-(B,2,2) and connected members.

41
Beam-59:

Fig. 49 : Shear force and Moment of Beam 59

Beam 73:

Fig. 50 : Shear force and Moment of Beam 73

Beam 99:

Fig. 51 : Shear force and Moment of Beam 99

42
Column 88:

Fig. 52 :Shear force and Moment of Column 88

Column 141:

Fig. 53 :Shear force and Moment of Column 141

43
Results for node-(C,2,2):

Fig. 54 :Node-(C,2,2) and connected members

Beam 60:

Fig. 55 :Shear force and Moment of Beam 60

Beam 74:

Fig. 56 :Shear force and Moment of Beam 74

44
Beam 75:

Fig. 57 :Shear force and Moment of Beam 75

Beam 100:

Fig. 58 :Shear force and Moment of Beam 100

Column 89:

Fig. 59 :Shear force and Moment of Column 89

45
Column 142:

Fig. 60 :Shear force and Moment of Column 142

Results for node (B,2,3):

Fig. 61 :Node-(B,2,3) and connected members.

46
Beam 112:

Fig. 62 :Shear force and Moment of Beam112

Beam 126:

Fig. 63 :Shear force and Moment of Beam 126

Beam 152:

Fig. 64 :Shear force and Moment of Beam 152

47
Column 141:

Fig. 65 :Shear force and Moment of Column 141

Column 194:

Fig. 66 :Shear force and Moment of Column 194

Results for Node (C,2,3):

Fig. 67 :Node(C,2,3) and its connected members

48
Beam 113:

Fig. 68 :Shear force and Moment of Beam 113

Beam 127:

Fig. 69 :Shear force and Moment of Beam 127

Beam 128:

Fig. 70 :Shear force and Moment of Beam 128

49
Beam 153:

Fig. 70 :Shear force and Moment of Beam 153

Column 142:

Fig. 71 :Shear force and Moment of Column 142

Column 195:

Fig. 72 :Shear force and Moment of Column 195

50
Results for node (B,2,4):

Fig. 73 :Node(B,2,4) and its connected members

Beam 165:

Fig. 74 :Shear force and Moment of Beam 165

51
Beam 179:

Fig. 75 :Shear force and Moment of Beam 179

Beam 205:

Fig. 76 :Shear force and Moment of Beam 205

Column 194:

Fig. 77 :Shear force and Moment of Column 194

52
Column 247:

Fig. 78 :Shear force and Moment of Column 247

Results for node (A,2,8):

Fig. 79 :Node(A,2,8) and its connected members

Beam 375:

Fig. 80 :Shear force and Moment of Beam 375

53
Beam 376:

Fig. 81 :Shear force and Moment of Beam 376

Beam 389:

Fig. 82 :Shear force and Moment of Beam 389

Beam 390:

Fig. 83 :Shear force and Moment of Beam 390

54
Column 405:

Fig. 84 :Shear force and Moment of Column 405

Results for Node (C,2,8):

Fig. 85 :Node(C,2,8) and its connected members

55
Beam 378:

Fig. 86 :Shear force and Moment of Beam 378

Beam 392:

Fig. 87 :Shear force and Moment of Beam 392

Beam 393:

Fig. 88 :Shear force and Moment of Beam 393

56
Beam 418:

Fig. 89 :Shear force and Moment of Beam 418

Column 407:

Fig. 90 :Shear force and Moment of Column 407

1.3 ABAQUS results-

ABAQUS main job is to design and analyze the critical beam-column joints of the building
structure. The results from SAP 2000 and STAAD.Pro used to simulate the actual deflections
and forces in the joints.

57
Critical Node – (C,2,3)

Fig. 91 : Zoomed in view of the points chosen

In the above figure the meshing is done and the points are chosen in the pattern as shown above.

Fig. 92 : Zoomed out view of the points chosen

58
 Fig. 93 : Deformation after FRP Wrapping

The beam column joint is wrapped in FRP and rectangle meshing is done, thereby increasing the
strength and load bearing capacity of the beam column joint and thereby rectifying it.

Fig. 94 : Zoomed in view of the points after FRP Wrapping

59
 TABLE-1
STANDARD FRP
STRESS- DISPLACE-
STRESS(N) DISPLACE(mm)
FRP(N) FRP(mm)
371.882 6.174 371.975 6.046
372.459 6.162 370.503 6.058
379.508 6.097 361.714 6.017
371.466 6.068 370.907 6.013
369.326 6.042 368.732 6.009
368.732 6.026 366.587 6.017
364.153 6.026 363.199 6.011
364.345 6.038 363.038 5.999
366.828 6.054 365.768 5.991
369.211 6.070 368.897 5.983
371.377 6.099 371.021 5.986
378.330 6.127 366.350 5.991
379.892 6.194 361.215 6.032
372.152 6.207 361.215 6.021

6.300
6.200
6.100
DISPLACE
6.000
DISPLACE-FRP Graph 1 : Graphical Portrayal of
5.900
5.800 Stress Values with and without
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 FRP

380.000
375.000
370.000
365.000 STRESS
360.000 STRESS-FRP Graph 2 : Graphical Portrayal of
355.000 Displacement Values with and
350.000
without FRP
1 3 5 7 9 11 13

60
The table above shows the stress and displacement values with and without FRP Wrapping.
Below them are the graphs which clearly shows the reduction in the amount of stress and
displacements after the rectification.

Critical Node – (B,2,4)

Fig. 95 : Critical Node (B,2,4) after analysis

Fig. 96 : Zoomed in view of the points chosen

61
In the above picture the section is cut and the following points are chosen.

Fig. 97 : FRP Wrapped Beam Column Joint

The beam column joint is wrapped in FRP and rectangle meshing is done, thereby increasing the
strength and load bearing capacity of the beam column joint and thereby rectifying it.

Fig. 98 : Zoomed in view of the section that is cut after the application of FRP Wrapping

62
 Fig. 99 : Zoomed in view of the points after rectification

TABLE-2

STANDARD FRP
STRESS- DISPLACE-
STRESS(N) DISPLACE(mm)
FRP(N) FRP(mm)
782.997 -2.974 781.720 -2.895
794.351 -2.967 770.675 -2.898
800.803 -2.955 765.462 -2.896
792.800 -2.946 779.332 -2.898
798.074 -2.939 769.223 -2.901
780.088 -2.933 779.979 -2.904
777.459 -2.927 777.263 -2.909
777.233 -2.922 777.473 -2.914
780.102 -2.917 779.945 -2.919
788.641 -2.925 774.774 -2.913
797.177 -2.933 769.874 -2.910
791.185 -2.941 780.414 -2.908
799.161 -2.953 767.175 -2.910
783.124 -2.960 781.562 -2.907

63
 810.000
800.000
790.000
780.000
STRESS
770.000 Graph 3 : Graphical Portrayal of
STRESS-FRP
760.000 Stress Values with and without
750.000
FRP
740.000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14

-2.840
1 3 5 7 9 11 13
-2.860

-2.880

-2.900 DISPLACE
DISPLACE-FRP Graph 4 : Graphical Portrayal of
-2.920
Displacement Values with and
-2.940
without FRP
-2.960

-2.980

The two tables above shows the stress and displacement values with and without FRP Wrapping.
Next to them are the graphs which clearly shows the reduction in the amount of stress and
displacements after the rectification.

64
Critical Node –(C,2,8)

Fig.100 : Critical Node (C,2,8) after analysis

Fig. 101 : Section is cut for further steps

65
 Fig. 102 :Zoomed in view of the points chosen

In the above picture the section is cut and the following points are chosen.

Fig. 103 : FRP Wrapped Beam Column Joint

The beam column joint is wrapped in FRP and rectangle meshing is done, thereby increasing the
strength and load bearing capacity of the beam column joint and thereby rectifying it.

66
 Fig. 104 : Same section is cut out after the application of the FRP Wrapping

Fig. 105 : Zoomed in view of the cut out section

The points are marked again after the application of FRP Wrapping on the member.

67
 TABLE-3
STANDARD FRP
STRESS- DISPLACE-
STRESS(N) DISPLACE(mm)
FRP(N) FRP(mm)
899.087 1.296 899.794 1.276
899.087 1.297 898.013 1.278
913.016 1.300 897.863 1.279
915.673 1.302 901.161 1.282
920.905 1.304 905.012 1.284
922.049 1.306 907.838 1.286
922.173 1.308 909.072 1.288
921.288 1.311 909.164 1.290
919.194 1.313 908.118 1.293
916.590 1.316 905.490 1.295
913.917 1.319 901.818 1.298
907.798 1.321 898.443 1.301
899.328 1.324 898.193 1.304
897.559 1.328 899.730 1.306

925.000
920.000
915.000
910.000
905.000 STRESS Graph 5 : Graphical Portrayal of
900.000 STRESS-FRP
895.000 Stress Values with and without
890.000 FRP
885.000
1 3 5 7 9 11 13

1.340
1.320
1.300 Graph 6 : Graphical Portrayal of
DISPLACE
1.280 Displacement Values with and
DISPLACE-FRP
1.260 without FRP
1.240
1 3 5 7 9 11 13

68
The table above shows the stress and displacement values with and without FRP Wrapping.
Below them are the graphs which clearly shows the reduction in the amount of stress and
displacements after the rectification.

69
 CHAPTER-6

Conclusion

1. The failure of beam-column joint could have been prevented if they were retrofitted and
rectified in time. The loads in the structure were higher than the bearing capacity of the
members which lead to the state called „Weak column, strong beam‟.
2. The use of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer or CFRP reduced the stresses in the
members by nearly an average of 10% which is a significant value considering the
previous state of the members
3. The values of displacement were also reduced significantly by reduction around 10-15%
from the non-retrofitted members compared to the member with CFRP wrapping.
4. Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer or CFRP is an economical choice as well because the
mass to be used per beam-column joint is very less and the reduction in the stresses and
displacement values is relatively good in comparison retrofitting measures.
5. The retrofitting by use of CFRP would have saved the building from facing „Soft Storey‟
failure along the ground and first floors. Thus, making the building available for use in
the future as well at a low cost rectification.

70
 REFERENCES
[1]"Experimental Investigation on Seismic Behavior of Eccentric Reinforced Concrete Beam-Column-
Slab Connections", ACI Structural Journal, vol. 105, no. 2, 2008.
[2]A.Ghobarah and A. Said, "Shear strengthening of beam-column joints", Engineering Structures,
vol. 24, no. 7, pp. 881-888, 2002.
[3]P.Panjwani and D. DUBEY, "Study of Reinforced Concrete Beam-Column Joint", International
Journal of Engineering Research, vol. 4, no. 6, pp. 321-324, 2015.
[4]S.V.Chaudhari, K. K.A.Mukane and M. M.A.Chakrabarti, "Comparative Study on Exterior RCC
Beam Column Joint Subjected to Monotonic Loading", International Journal of Computer
Applications, vol. 102, no. 3, pp. 35-40, 2014.
[5]A. GHOBARAH∗ and A. SAID†, "SEISMIC REHABILITATION OF BEAM-COLUMN JOINTS
USING FRP LAMINATES", Journal of Earthquake Engineering, vol. 5, no. 1, pp. 113-129, 2001.
[6]A. Kwan, "Improved Wide‐Column‐Frame Analogy for Shear/Core Wall Analysis", Journal of
Structural Engineering, vol. 119, no. 2, pp. 420-437, 1993.
[7]Z.Su, T. Han and S. Sun, "Nonlinear Static Pushover Analysis for Shear Wall Structures in
SAP2000 Program", Applied Mechanics and Materials, vol. 470, pp. 1007-1010, 2013.
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