INHERITANCE OF

TRAITS
C
How is GENETICS explained in the
pictures below?
 People are different because they inherit different
characteristics (or traits) from their parents.

Like all babies, this child carries a unique set of genes;

half from his mother and half from his father.

A person’s unique characteristics are caused by:

l the set of genes they inherited from their parents (nature)

l the environment in which they developed (nurture).

• Some characteristics, such as eye
colour and earlobe shape, are
only determined by genes. These
are called inherited
characteristics.

• Other types of characteristics,

such as scars and hair length,
are not inherited but depend on
environmental factors. These are
called acquired characteristics.
 Genetic Terminologies

Chromosomes carry the Gene – a unit of heredity; Genome – the entire set
hereditary information a section of DNA of genes in an organism.
(genes). sequence encoding a
single protein. Human Genome Project
Homologous Chromosomes
Genetic Terminologies
Alleles – two genes that occupy the same position on
homologous chromosomes and that cover the same
trait (like ‘flavors’ of a trait).

Homozygous – having identical genes (one from each

parent) for a particular characteristic.

Heterozygous – having two different genes for a

particular characteristic.

Dominant – the allele of a gene that masks or

suppresses the expression of an alternate allele; the
trait appears in the heterozygous condition.

Recessive – an allele that is masked by a dominant

allele; does not appear in the heterozygous condition,
only in homozygous.
 allele for allele for allele for allele for
brown eyes brown eyes blue eyes blue eyes
• Genotype – the genetic makeup of an
organisms
• Phenotype– the physical appearance
of an organism (Genotype + environment)
• Monohybrid cross: a genetic cross involving a
single pair of genes (one trait); parents differ
by a single trait.
• P = Parental generation
• F1 = First filial generation; offspring from a
genetic cross.
• F2 = Second filial generation of a genetic
cross
 MENDELIAN
PATTERNS OF
C

INHERITANCE
Gregor Johann Mendel
• Augustinian Monk, born in Czech Republic in
1822
• Son of peasant farmer, studied Theology and
was ordained priest Order St. Augustine.
• Went to the university of Vienna, where he
studied botany and learned the Scientific
Method
• Worked with pure lines of peas for eight years
on 24,034 Pisum sativum or pea plants.
• Plants pass traits through “elementen”.
What did Mendel do?
• He crossed a pea plant with wrinkled seed to plant that has
smooth seed. The result was that all offspring have smooth seeds.
This means smooth seeds are dominant over wrinkly.
• He crossed a pea plant with yellow pods to a pea plant with
green pods. The result was that all offspring has yellow pods. This
means that green pods are dominant over yellow.
Mendel`s Law of Inheritance

l Alternate  versions  of  genes  (alleles)  cause  variation  in  inherited  

characteristics.
l An  organism  inherits  two  alleles  for  each  characteristic  – one  
from  each  parent.
l Dominant  alleles  will  always  mask  recessive  alleles.
l The  two  alleles  for  each  characteristic  separate  during  gamete  
production.
 Punnett Square
• Developed by Reginald Punnett
• Punnett square to predict the
genotypes and phenotypes of the
offspring.

STEPS ON USING PUNNETT SQUARE

1. Determine the genotypes of the
parent organisms.
2. Write down your "cross" (mating).
3. Draw a Punnett square.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cWt1RFnWNzk
MONOHYBRID
CROSS
C

Problem Set
Case No. 1
In a certain population, the wild
type gene for hair type is curly (CC).
Supposed that a heterozygous man
married a homozygous straight-
haired woman, what are the
phenotypic and genotypic ratio?
In  a  certain  population,  the  wild  type  gene  for  hair  type  is  curly  (CC).  Supposed  that  a  
heterozygous  man  married  a  homozygous  straight-­‐haired  woman,  what  are  the  
phenotypic  and  genotypic  ratio?
Case No. 2
Dimples are dominant trait in
humans. A man who is homozygous
for dimples and a woman without
dimples have children. What are the
chances of having a child with
dimples?
Dimples  are  dominant  trait  in  humans.  A  man  who  is  homozygous  for  dimples  and  a  
woman  without  dimples  have  children.  What  are  the  chances  of  having  a  child  with  
dimples?
 Case No. 3
In pea plants, spherical seeds are
dominant to dented seeds. In a
genetic cross of two plants that are
heterozygous for the seed shape
trait, what fraction of the offspring
should have spherical seeds?
In  pea  plants,  spherical  seeds  are  dominant  to  dented  seeds.  In  a  genetic  cross  of  two  
plants  that  are  heterozygous  for  the  seed  shape  trait,  what  fraction  of  the  offspring  
should  have  spherical  seeds?
NON - MENDELIAN
PATTERNS OF
C

INHERITANCE
Problem Set
Incomplete Dominance?
• Sometimes two different alleles are neither fully dominant or
recessive to each other.
• In heterozygous individuals, this creates a phenotype that is
an intermediate mix of the other two. This is called
incomplete dominance.
For example, when a red Mirabilis jalapa
plant (also called the snapdragon or ‘Four
o'clock flower’) is crossed with a white
Mirabilis jalapa plant, all the offspring flowers
are pink because both the red and white
alleles are expressed.
• Chickens with blue feathers are an example of incomplete
dominance. When a black and a white chicken reproduce
and neither allele is completely dominant, the result is a
blue-feathered bird.
• When a long-furred Angora rabbit and a short-furred Rex
rabbit reproduce, the result can be a rabbit with fur longer
than a Rex, but shorter than an Angora. That's a classic
example of incomplete dominance producing a trait
different from either of the parents.
• Tail length in dogs is often determined by incomplete
dominance. Pups of long-tailed and short-tailed parents
often split the difference and have medium-length tails.
•Pink snapdragons are a result of
incomplete dominance. Cross-pollination
between red snapdragons and white
snapdragons result in pink when neither
the white or the red alleles are dominant.
•The fruit color of eggplants is another
example of incomplete dominance.
Combining deep purple eggplants with
white eggplants results in eggplants of a
light violet color.
•When one parent with straight hair and one
with curly hair have a child with wavy hair,
that's an example of incomplete dominance.
•Eye color is often cited as an example of
incomplete dominance. In fact, it's a little
more complicated than that, but hazel eyes
are partially caused by incomplete
dominance of multiple genes related to
green and brown eye color.
• Case No. 1

•A red carnation is crossed with a white

carnation and the resulting offspring are all
pink (indicating incomplete dominance).
What would be the result of a cross between
two pink carnations? Show genotype and
phenotype.
A  red  carnation  is  crossed  with  a  white  carnation  and  the  resulting  offspring  are  all  pink  
(indicating  incomplete  dominance).  What  would  be  the  result  of  a  cross  between  two  pink  
carnations?  Show  genotype  and  phenotype.
Codominance – A condition in which both
alleles are expressed in a heterozygous
offspring
• Case 1

In a certain fish, blue scales and red

scales are codominant. When a fish
has the hybrid genotype, it has a
patchwork of blue and red scales.
What is the phenotypic ratio of the
possible offspring if a patchwork fish
and a blue scaled fish is crossed?
In  a  certain  fish,  blue  scales  and  red  scales  are  codominant.  When  a  fish  has  the  hybrid  
genotype,  it  has  a  patchwork  of  blue  and  red  scales.  What  is  the  phenotypic  ratio  of  the  
possible  offspring  if  a  patchwork  fish  and  a  blue  scaled  fish  is  crossed?
Codominance
The human ABO blood group system is controlled by three
alleles: A, B and o. A and B are dominant while o is
recessive.

In heterozygous individuals who

have both A and B alleles, both
are fully expressed, creating an
extra phenotype.

This is called co-dominance.

Rhesus factor / Rh factor
The function of the Rh-RhAG complex might involve
transporting ammonium or carbon dioxide. The RhD
protein encodes the D antigen. Two genes, RHD and
RHCE, encode the Rh antigens.
CASE 2
•A mother has a blood type AB and the father has a
blood type O. What is the probability that he will
have a child that has A type of blood. Can they
have offspring's that have O type of blood?
A  mother  has  a  blood  type  AB  and  the  father  has  a  blood  type  O.  What  is  the  probability  
that  he  will  have  a  child  that  has  A  type  of  blood.  Can  they  have  offspring's  that  have  O  
type  of  blood?  
CASE 3 (your turn)
•A type A woman whose mother was Type B marries
a Type B man whose mother was Type A. Show
punnett square, genotypes and phenotypes of their
offspring (%).
Multiple Alleles
Genes that have more than two alleles.

Any individual can carry only two alleles of

gene, but members of a population can
carry many different alleles of a gene.
Example: Blood
Case. 1
•A wealthy couple is killed when their yacht is sunk by
a hurricane. They leave an estate of 5 million dollars.
Six months after their death a man claims he is their
long lost son. The man claiming to be their sun has
blood type A. The wealthy man is type A and his wife
is type O. You are the judge. What do you do with
the $5,000,000?
Sex-linked Inheritance
• The  inheritance  of  genes  located  in  the  sex  chromosomes.
• Sex-­linked  are  the  genes  found  on  the  X  or  Y  chromosome.  
• Genes  located  on  the  X  chromosomes  are  called    X-­linked  genes.
• Genes  located  on  the  Y  chromosomes  are  called  Y-­linked  genes.

XX XY
Female Male
Sex-­Linked  Genes

• X-­linked  traits  are  more  common  to  males  than  females.

• X-­linked  traits  are  less  common  to  females  since  they  have  
an  extra  X-­chromosome  that  will  mask  the  trait. WHY
?!
• Both  males  and  females  can  pass  X-­linked  genes.
• Only males  can  pass  Y-­linked  genes.
• Y-­linked  genes  are  ALWAYS manifested.

PowerPointPresentation By AM DUNGCA
 X-­Linked  Trait
• HEMOPHILIA  (X-­linked  recessive  disorder)
-­is  a  rare  disorder  in  which  blood  doesn't   clot  normally  
because   it  lacks  sufficient  blood-­clotting   proteins  (clotting  factors).

Genotype Phenotype
XHXH normal  female
XHXh normal  female, carrier  of  the  gene
XhXh female  with  Hemophilia
XHY normal  male
XhY Male  with  hemophilia

PowerPointPresentation By AM DUNGCA
Hemophilia
Punnett  Square
1. Identify  the  genotypes.
2. Draw  Punnett  square.
3. Cross  the  genotypes.
Carrier XH Xh

XH XH XH XH Xh

XHY XHXh
Y XH Y Xh Y
No Hemophilia PowerPointPresentation By AM DUNGCA
 X-­Linked  Trait

COLOR  BLINDNESS
(X-­linked  recessive  disorder)
-­According to MedicineNet.com, color-­blindness is
the inability to perceive colors in a normal fashion.
-­Females are MOSTLY carriers and males are
affected. As a result, approximately 1 in 8 males is
colorblind as compared to less than 1 in 100 females.

PowerPointPresentation By AM DUNGCA
 Color-­blindness
Genotype Phenotype
XX normal  female XC Y
XCX normal  female, carrier  of  the  gene
XCXC
XY
color blind  female
normal  male
XC XC XC XC Y

XCY Color blind  male

X XC X XY
• What  is    the  percentage  of  producing  color  blind    
male  child?
• What  is    the  percentage  of  producing  color  blind     Phenotypic  Ratio:  
female    child? 2  colorblind:2   Normal  Vision
• What  is    the  percentage  of  having  normal  vision   Genotypic  Ratio:  
child? 1:1:1:1
• What  is  the  percentage  of  having  colorblind  child?
PowerPointPresentation By AM DUNGCA
 X-­Linked  Trait

CONGENITAL  GENERALIZED  
HYPERTRICHOSIS
(X-­linked  dominant  condition)
It is a disorder wherein the skin
produces extra hair follicles, and hence
more denser and more abundant upper
body hair.
Hair growth is milder and patchier in
females because of the presence of a
second X chromosome.
PowerPointPresentation By AM DUNGCA
 Y-­Linked  Trait
• HYPERTRICHOSIS  PINNAE  AURIS
-­is  a  genetic  disorder  in  
humans  that  causes  hairy  ears.
Since  the  trait  is  found  in  the  Y  
chromosome,  then  only  males  can  
have  the  trait.
A  father  who  has  the  condition  
will  pass  it  to  ALL  of  his  sons,  in  
turn,  will  pass  it  on  to  their  own  
sons.
PowerPointPresentation By AM DUNGCA
Case 1
•A woman who is a carrier for hemophilia marries
a man with hemophilia. Could any of their
children have hemophilia? If so, would the child
be male or female?
A  woman  who  is  a  carrier  for  hemophilia  marries  a  man  with  hemophilia.  Could  any  of  
their  children  have  hemophilia?  If  so,  would  the  child  be  male  or  female?
Case. 2
•In fruit flies, the gene for white eyes is X-linked
recessive. (R) is red and (r) is white. Cross a white
eyed female with a normal red-eyed male.
•a. What percent of the males will have red eyes?
White eyes?
•b. What percent of the females will have red eyes?
White eyes?
•c. What total percent of the offspring will be white-
eyed?
In  fruit  flies,  the  gene  for  white  eyes  is  X-­‐linked  recessive.  Cross  a  white  eyed  female  with  
a  normal  red-­‐eyed  male.
a.  What  percent  of  the  males  will  have  red  eyes?  White  eyes?
b.  What  percent  of  the  females  will  have  red  eyes?  White  eyes?
c.  What  total  percent  of  the  offspring  will  be  white-­‐eyed?
Sex-influenced Inheritance
Refers to autosomal traits whose expression of
dominance is affected by the sex of the
individual.
Example: Baldness and the expression of
testosterone, cleft lip, spinna bifida.