THE PUNJAB SCHOOL

TEACHING MATERIAL
CLASS VI

Unit No. 1 SCIENCE SKILLS

TEST YOURSELF Page no.7

Qno.1Why do scientists use measuring instruments?
Ans. Scientists use measuring instruments because their senses cannot always
give them
accurate answers.
Qno.2Which units are used to measure a) volume? b) length? c) mass? d)
time?
e) temperature?
Ans.a) litre, millilitre, cubic centimetre
b) kilometre, metre, centimetre
c) kilograms, gram
d) hour, minute, second
e) Degrees Celsius, Fahrenheit
Qno.3 Which measuring instrument which you use to measure (N)
a)the mass of a bag of flour?Ans.Electronic balance
b)the length of a piece of cloth?Ans.Tape measure
c)the volume of a stone?Ans.Measuring cylinder
d)the temperature of a cup of tea? Ans.Thermometer
e)the time taken to run a race?Ans.Stopwatch
Qno.4 Make a list of four measuring instruments in your home. (N)
Ans.
1. Weighing scale
2. Stop clock
3. Measuring spoon
4. Thermometer
TEST YOURSELF Page no.8
Qno.1 What is the average mass of one nail if 50 nails have a mass of 200g?
Ans. Mass of 50 nails = 200g
Average mass of one nail = 200/50
Mass of 1 nail = 4 g
Qno.2A cork floats in water. Suggest how you could find the volume of an
irregular piece of cork.
Ans.
1. Put some water into a measuring cylinder and measure the volume.
2. Push the cork down so that it is just under the surface of water.
3. Measure the volume again.
4. The difference in the two readings is the volume of the cork.

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Qno.3 A bee beats its wings 250 times each second. What is the average
time for a single beat of a bee’s wing?
Ans. Time for 250 beats= 1 sec
Average time for a single beat of a bee’s wing =1/250 = 0.004 s

TEST YOURSELF Page no.9

Qno.1 What is ‘data’?
Ans. Scientific information is called data.
Qno.2 Look at the table (N)
a) What is the highest temperature? Ans. 18 °C
b) When was the temperature lowest? Ans. Day 3 at 11.00 pm
c) Describe the relationship between the amount of cloud and the night
time temperature. Ans. The higher the night-time temperature, the more
amount of cloud.
Qno.3 What advantage does a line graph have over a bar chart?
Ans. It can be used to read off values which have not been measured.
Qno.4 Look at the bar chart. (N)
a) What is the smallest height? Ans.151cm
b) What is the most common height? Ans.160cm
c) How many students have a height of 160cms or more? Ans. 7 students

TEST YOURSELF Page no.10 (N)

Qno.5 Look at the line graph above.
a) What was the temperature of the tea at the start? Ans. 60oC
b) How long did it take for the temperature of the tea to fall to 30 oC?
Ans.2 mins
c) What was the temperature of the room where this experiment was
carried out? Ans.20 oC
Qno.6 Look at the pie chart.
a) Which is the most popular season of the year for this group of
students?
Ans.Summer
b) What proportion of the students chose spring as their favourite
season?
Ans. 16%
c) This data came from 40 students. How many students chose winter as
their favourite season? Ans. 10 students ( 40x25/100 = 10)

Workbook Unit no. 1

Page 2
1.i. False ii. True iii. False iv. True v. False
2.i. a ii. c iii. b iv. c v. a
Page 3

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3. i. pipette ii. scales iii. round bottomed flask iv. test tube v. beaker vi.
spatulavii. evaporating basin viii. flat bottomed flask ix. ruler

4.
Measurement Units Unit symbol
Length m
kilograms
volume metres cubed
or cubic metre
seconds
temperature

Page 4
5.i. 40 ml ii. 64 ml iii. 122 ml iv. 72 ml
6.i. 20oC ii. 50 oC iii. 75oC iv. 25 oC
7.i. 5 min 7s ii. 36 min 26s iii. 8s iv. 20 min 56s

Page 5
8. 4.8g 72.6g 199.1g 0.5g
9. i.

ii. 25 km/s (± 1 km/s)

iii.12 s (± 1 s)
iv. Cyclist has reached his/her maximum speed

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 Unit No. 2 LIFE AND LIVING THINGS

TEST YOURSELF Page no.18

Qno.1 Suggest why an animal needs to move quickly?
Ans.An animal needs to move quickly in order to
Ø search for food
Ø escape from its enemies.
Qno.2 Why do animals eat food? (N)
Ans.Animals eat in order to produce energy and to grow.
Qno.3 What use is made of the energy released during respiration?
Ans.Living things use the energy produced by respiration
Ø to grow
Ø to move
Ø to enable the body to work properly
Qno.4 Name one thing that plants excrete. (N)
Ans. Plants excrete carbon dioxide.
Qno.5A car moves, takes in fuel, releases energy from fuel, gets rid of waste
through the exhaust pipe. Is a car living thing? Explain your answer. (N)
Ans. A car is not a living thing because
1. it is not made up of cells
2. it does not grow
3. it cannot reproduce
4. a car does not move on its own
5. it has to be driven by a human being.

TEST YOURSELF Page no.20

Qno.1 Why is the nucleus called ‘control centre’ of the cell?
Ans.Because nucleus contains the information which controls everything that
happens in the cell.
Qno.2 a) What is the cytoplasm?
Ans.The cytoplasm is all the living matter of the cell except the nucleus.
b) What is it like?
Ans.It is a jelly-like substance which is fluid in nature.
Qno.3 What is a cell vacuole?
Ans.The vacuole is a space that is filled with a fluid.
Ø In plant cells the fluid is cell sap.
Ø In animal cells it usually contains waste matter.

TEST YOURSELF Page no.21

Qno.1 Name three types of cell in your body? (N)
Ans.1) Nerve cells 2) Red blood cells 3) Muscle cells.
Qno.2 What are epithelial cells? (N)
Ans. 1. Epithelial cells are thin and flat. 2.They cover the surface like skin
protecting against infection and from losing too much water.

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Qno.3 Why do red blood cells have a large surface area? (N)
Ans.They have large surface area to pick up lots of oxygen.
Qno.4 How are pollen grains adapted to help plant pollination?
Ans. Pollen grains are carried from one plant to another and help in pollination.
Ø Pollen grains have a spiky surface to help them stick to the bodies of
insects.
Ø Others have tiny wings to enable them to be carried by the wind.

TEST YOURSELF Page no.22 (N)

Qno.1 a) What is tissue?
Ans.A group of similar cells doing the same job is called a tissue.
b) Name three types of tissue.
Ans. 1) Muscle tissue 2) Nerve tissue 3) Blood tissue.
Qno.2 a) Name an organ find in a human.
Ans.Stomach is an organ.
b) List three tissues which make up the organ.
Ans. 1) Muscle tissue 2) Nerve tissue 3) Blood tissue.
Qno.3 What is an organ system? Give one example.
Ans. Organs work together in groups to form an organ system.e.g.Digestive
system.

TEST YOURSELF Page no.25

Qno.1 What does the ring of muscle around the lens do? (N)
Ans.It changes the shape of the lens.
Qno.2 Describe the image produce on the retina. (N)
Ans.Upside down (inverted) and smaller than the object.
Qno.3 Explain what happens to the iris and the pupil when u walk into a
dark room and turn on a bright light.
Ans.In the dark the iris increases the size of the pupil allowing more light into
the eye. When the light is switched on the opposite happens.

TEST YOURSELF Page no.26

Qno.1 Why do we have two ears? (N)
Ans.To determine where a sound is coming from.
Qno.2 What do the ears flaps do? (N)
Ans.Collect vibrations in the air and send them down the ear canal.
Qno.3 Describe how vibrations in the eardrum are interpreted as sound.
Ans. 1. Vibrations in the eardrum are transferred and amplified by the hammer,
anvil, and stirrup to set up vibrations in the liquid in the cochlea.
These vibrations are detected by nerve endings in the walls of the
cochlea. Signals are sent to the brain to be interpreted as sound.(Diagram page
no.26)

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Qno.4 Explain how you keep your balance.
Ans. Semi circular canals in the ear helps us to keep the balance.
Ø They are at right angles to each other.
Ø Movement of fluid inside the canals is detected by nerve cells in the walls
which send messages to the brain.
Ø The brain ‘tells’ the muscles to keep us upright.

TEST YOURSELF Page no.27

Qno.1 What job does the skin do?
Ans.1) Skin stops germs and harmful chemicals getting into the body.
2) Protects against sunlight and prevents water loss.
Qno.2 How many layers are there in the skin? What are they called? (N)
Ans. Skin has four layers.
1. Outer layer
2. Inner layer
3. Fatty layer
4. Dead layer
Qno.3 If someone gently strokes the hairs on the back of your neck, you feel
a tingling sensation. Explain why. (N)
Ans. There are touch sensitive nerve cells at the root of every hair on the body.
Qno.4 Explain why you feel warmer if you stand with your back to a fire.
Ans.There are fewer heat sensitive nerve cells on your back so it takes more
heat to give the sensation of warmth.
Qno.5 Explain why people with white skin get sunburned.
Ans.White skinned people do not have the colouring that protects against
sunlight.

TEST YOURSELF Page no.28

Qno.1 Where are your taste buds? (N)
Ans.In between ridges on the surface of the tongue.
Qno.2 Why is it an advantage to move food around your mouth before you
swallow it?
Ans.To stimulate as many different taste buds as possible.
Qno.3 Explain why you seem to lose your sense of taste when you have a
cold.
Ans.Flavours of food are detected by the nerve cells in the nose.
Qno.4Name the five senses and their sense organs. (N)
Ans.
Senses Sense Organs
1. Sight Eyes
2. Hearing Ears
3. Touch Skin
4. Taste Tongue
5. Smell Nose

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Workbook Unit no. 2
Page 6
1.i. False ii. True iii. False iv. True v. True
2. i. c ii. b iii. a iv. a v. c
Page 7
3.Respiration- getting energy out of food
Growing - getting bigger
Reproduction - making more of the same kind
Movement - going from one place to another
Excretion - getting rid of waste
Response - reacting to something
Feeding - taking in nutrients
Page 8

iii. a. Plant cells have a cell wall.

b. Plant cells have chloroplasts.
c. Plant cells have a large central vacuole.

Page 9
5.red blood cells - smooth and circular shape to squeeze easily past other cells.
nerve cell - long extension to carry messages over long distances
pollen grain - spiky surface to help them stick to the insects.
epithelial cell - thin and flat to form a protective layer against infection.

Page 10
6.Lungs to exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide with the surrounding air.
Kidneys to remove waste from the body and to regulate the amount of water in
the blood.
Stomach and intestines digest and absorb food into the body.
Heart is a muscular pump which send blood around the body.
Nerve is made up of nerve cells which carry messages around the body.

Page 11
7. i. A - eyepiece lens B - objective lensC - stageD - mirror E - focus knob
ii. To magnify the image.
Putting the microscope slide on.
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Reflects light through the object and then through the lenses.
Adjusts the objective lens to focus the image.
iii. It magnifies the image 10 times so it appears 10 times larger
iv. 10 × 10 = 100 times

Page 12
8. i. 1. Light from an object
2. Light passes through the cornea, pupil, and lens.
3. Light strikes the retina and stimulates nerve cells.
4. Image on the retina is small and upside down.
5. Nerve cells send signals to the brain along the optic nerve.
ii.1)Upside down 2)Smaller than the object 3)Laterally inverted
iii. Light rays are focused by the cornea and lens
iv. The lens

Page 13
9. i. a. fingertip b. elbow
ii. It is not the same all over the body.
iii. They are not the same distance apart all over the body
iv. Repeat the test on more people.

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 Unit no. 4 Electrical circuits

Test Yourself - Page 52

Qno.1.a. What is an electrical conductor?(N)
Ans.An electrical conductor allows electricity to pass through it.e.g. iron
Qno.1.b.What is an electrical insulator?(N)
Ans.An electrical insulator does not allow electricity to pass through it.e.g.
wood
Qno.2 Name three electrical conductors and three electrical insulators. (N)
Ans. Conductors: metals e.g. iron, graphite (carbon), silver
Insulators: glass, rubber, wood
Qno.3 Explain why plugs, sockets and switches are made of plastic?
Ans.They are made of plastic because plastic is an insulator and does not allow
electricity to pass through it.
Qno.4.a. Draw an electrical circuit consisting of a battery, two wires and a
bulb.
Ans.

Qno.4.b.What could you add to this circuit to control the bulb? (N)
b. A switch

Test Yourself - Page 54

Qno.1 Draw the symbols for
a) a bulb b) a motor c) a bell d) a buzzer
Ans.

Qno.2 List the energy changes that take place in the following electrical
components: (N)
Ans.a.A buzzer: Electrical energy is turned into sound energy.
b. A lamp: Electrical energy is turned into heat and light energy.
c.A motor: Electrical energy is changed to mechanical energy.
d.A battery: Chemical energy is turned into electrical energy.
Qno.3 Why is it important to keep electrical components clean?
Ans. Electrical components must be kept clean so that they do not corrode.
They become reliable and last longer.

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Qno.4 What is the insulator between the contacts of a bell push switch when
it is off? (N)
Ans. The gap between the contacts acts as an insulator.
Qno.5 Explain how a reed switch works.
Ans. A reed switch is operated by a magnet. When a magnet is held close to the
switch, the contacts close and the switch is on. The switch is off when the
magnet is removed. (Diagram pg # 53)

Test Yourself - Page55

Qno.1 In what units is the size of an electrical current measured? (N)
Ans. Electric current is measured in Amperes (amps).Its symbol is A.
Qno.2 What device is used to measure current flow accurately? (N)
Ans. An ammeter is used to measure current flow accurately.
Qno.3 What does the symbol ‘A’ stands for? (N)
Ans. The symbol ‘A’ means amperes (amps).
Qno.4 Describe how you would connect an ammeter into an electrical
circuit correctly.
Ans. 1.The positive connector of the ammeter should be connected to the
positive connector of the battery.
2.The negative terminal of the ammeter shouldbe connected to the negative
connector of the battery.( Circuit diagram pg # 55)
Qno.5 If the current of 4A flows into a bulb, how much current flows out of
the bulb? (N)
Ans. The same amount of current that is 4 A flows out of the bulb.

Test Yourself - Page 57

Qno.1 What is voltage?
Ans. Voltage is the ‘push’ needed to make a current flow in a circuit.
Qno.2 What is the unit of voltage? (N)
Ans. The unit of voltage is the volt (V).
Qno.3 What happens to a light bulb in a circuit when the voltage is
increased? Explain why this happens. (N)
Ans. The bulb glows brighter. As higher the voltage , the more energy is
provided.
Qno.4 Explain how a voltmeter is used in an electrical circuit. (Dig)
Ans.1.A voltmeter is always connected in parallel with a component in a circuit.
2. Always connect +ve of the voltmeter to the +ve of a battery or power supply.
3. Connect –ve of voltmeter to the –ve of a battery or power supply.

Test Yourself - Page 58

Qno.1 Describe how components are connected in a series circuit. (N)
Ans. All the components are joined together in a line i.e. in series.
Qno.2 What happens to the bulbs in a series circuit if one bulb blows?
Ans. If one of the bulbs blows, the circuit is broken. The other bulbs will not
glow. ( Circuit diagram pg # 57- 3rd)
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Qno.3 Explain why adding more cells to a series circuit will cause bulbs in
the circuit to glow more brightly.
Ans. Adding more cells in a series circuit will push more current in the circuit
and the bulbs will glow more brightly.( Circuit diagram pg # 58 - 2nd)
Qno.4 Explain why adding more bulbs to a series circuit will cause bulbs to
glow less brightly.
Ans. Adding more bulbs in a series circuit will make it more difficult for the
current to flow. All bulbs in the circuit will glow dimly.( Circuit diagram pg #
58 - 3rd)
Qno.5 Draw a circuit diagram showing a cell, a switch and a lamp
connected in series.
Ans.

Test Yourself - Page 60

Qno.1 Describe the difference between a series circuit and a parallel
circuit.
Ans.
Series circuit Parallel circuit
In a series circuit, all the In parallel circuits, the components
components are joined together are arranged in such a manner that
in a line. provides more than one pathway
for electricity to flow.
e.g. in decorative lights e.g. at homes
(Diagram pg# 57 , 59)
Qno.2 What happens to the bulbs in a parallel circuit if one bulb blows?
Ans. If one bulb blows, the other bulbs keep glowing. This happens because the
circuit still remains complete through the undamaged bulb or bulbs.( Circuit
diagram pg # 59 - 3rd)
Qno.3.a. Draw a circuit diagram showing a cell, a switch and two bulbs
connected in parallel.
Ans.

Qno.3.b. Explain why both bulbs are of equal brightness. (N)

Ans. Both bulbs glow with equal brightness as the same amount of current
flows through them.

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Qno.4 Draw a circuit diagram showing a battery (two cells)and three bulbs.
One bulb must be on all the time and the other two must remain
independent. (N)
Ans.

Test Yourself - Page 62

Qno.1 What is the great advantage of using parallel circuits in the home?
Ans. Electrical devices can be connected to the parallel circuit in homes at any
point.
Qno.2.a. Describe a ring main.
Ans. A ring main is an extended form of a parallel circuit. The circuit is
arranged in the form of a ‘ring’ around a house.(Diagram pg # 61)
Qno.2.b. How are devices connected to a domestic ring main? (N)
Ans. Devices can be placed anywhere between the two wires of the ring.
Qno.3 List four devices that you might connect to a domestic ring main. (N)
Ans.1.Lamp 2.Radio 3.Washing machine 4.Toaster
Qno.4 a.What is the difference between a simple parallel circuit and a
domestic ring main?
Ans.
Ring main Parallel circuit
A ring main is an extension of a In parallel circuits, the components
parallel circuit with an earth wire are arranged in such a manner that
(connections). provides more than one pathway
e.g. at homes for electricity to flow.
e.g.electronics
Qno4.b. What is the reason for this?
Ans. The earth wire is present for the sake of safety.

Test Yourself - Page 63

Qno.1 Suggest a reason for a bulb blowing in an electrical circuit. (N)
Ans. Too much current is flowing through the bulb.
Qno.2 Describe what happens when a bulb blows. (N)
Ans.The thin filament of the bulb gets hot, burns and melts when a large current
flows through it.
Qno.3.a. Name two materials that have a different electrical resistance.
Ans. 1. Copper 2.glass
Qno.3.b.Which of these has the lowest resistance?

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Ans. Copper has the lowest resistance.
Qno.4 What effects does the thickness of a wire have on its resistance?
Ans. The resistance of a wire decreases as its thickness increases.
Exercise Pages 64
1. Multiple choice questions
i. c ii.c iii.b iv.a v. a
2. True or False i. False ii.True iii. False iv. False v. True
Unit no.4– Workbook
Page 22
1. i. True ii.False iii. True iv. False v. False
2. i. b ii.c iii.c iv.d v. b
Page 23
3. From book.
Page 24
4.

5. i. 0.4 A
ii. a. The brightness decreases.
b. The total current is divided between the two bulbs.
c. It becomes difficult for the current to flow in the circuit.
d. The cell is pushing the current through two bulbs.
Page 25
6. i. a. B2
b. The switch to B1 is open so no current can flow to B1
ii. They will be dimmer than when B2 was lit on its own.
iii. Parallel circuit
iv. in the home
Page 26
7. i. a.The reading on the ammeter also increases.
b. The wire wool becomes hotter and glows red.
ii. The wire wool should not be touched.
iii. It tries to stop the current from flowing through it.
iv. in an electric bulb or in fuses
Page 27
8. i. a. 13 A b. 3 A
ii. If the current flow becomes too large, the 13 A fuse will not break the circuit,
and the food processor may burn out.
iii. a. 13A b.Current in amps = Power (in Watts) = 920/230 = 4 A
c. 5A Voltage (in Volts)
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 Chapter No. 5 Plant and Photosynthesis

TEST YOURSELF Page no.70.

Qno.1Why are plants important? (N)
Ans. Plants are part of our food chain and we would die without them.
Qno.2 Where does the energy for photosynthesis come from? (N)
Ans. Energy for photosynthesis comes from the Sun.
Qno.3 How does the shape of leaves help them do their job?
Ans. Leaves are well adapted for the function they perform. Their broad, flat,
thin shape provides a large surface area, and ideal for absorption of carbon
dioxide and sunlight.

TEST YOURSELF Page no.71.

Qno.1Explain how the starch shows that a plant has been
photosynthesizing?
Ans. The iodine turned from brown to blue-black at the end of the test. It does
so only in the presence of starch. Therefore, the test shows that the leaf had been
photosynthesizing.
(Diagram page no.70)
Qno.2 a) What color is iodine? (N)
Ans. Brown.
b) What colour does iodine go when mixed with starch? (N)
Ans. Blue-black.

TEST YOURSELF Page no.72. (N)

Qno.1 What gas is absorbed by soda lime?
Ans. Carbon dioxide.
Qno.2 Suggest why foil is only put around part of a leaf in the experiment
to show that light is needed for photosynthesis.
Ans. Starch will be present only in the uncovered part.
Qno.3What does a glowing splint do when it is put into oxygen?
Ans. It bursts into flame.

TEST YOURSELF Page no.74.

Qno.1 Why do root hair cells have thin membranes?
Ans. A thin cell membrane makes it easy for water and minerals to pass
through.
It also helps the cells to absorb oxygen easily from air in the spaces between the
soil particles.
Qno.2 a) What is osmosis? (N)
Ans. Osmosis is the movement of water from a region of high water
concentration to a region of low water concentration.

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b) Explain how water enters root hair cells?
Ans. There is more water outside the root hair cells than inside so water enters
the cells by osmosis.
c) Where does the water go?
Ans. Water moves from cell to cell by osmosis because of the different water
concentrations inside them. Eventually water enters the xylem to be carried
round the plant.
Qno.3 a) Where do root cell get their oxygen from? (N)
Ans. from air in spaces between the soils.
b) What do they do with this oxygen? (N)
Ans. Oxygen is important for respiration in the root cells.

TEST YOURSELF Page no.75

Qno.1 Why do plants need mineral elements? (N)
Ans.Plants need minerals for normal and healthy growth.
Qno.2 Explain how minerals get into the soil?
Ans.1. Some minerals come from rocks, dissolved in rainwater.
2.Others come from the faeces and urine of animals.
3. From the dead bodies of plants and animals as they decay.
4.Farmers add artificial fertilizers to the soil which contain all the minerals that
crop plants need.
Qno.3 Explain why some soils need fertilizers added to them?
Ans. In cultivated soils, removal of minerals takes place by uptake of minerals
by plants and by leaching. So fertilizers have to be added to improve the fertility
of the soil.
Qno.4 Describe two ways that minerals get into root cells.
Ans. Mineral salts are found in soil in solution form.Some dissolve in water
which is pesent in soil then enter root hair cells. Most minerals enter the plant
root cells by using energy.

Exercise Pages 76
1.Multiple choice questions i. b ii. d iii. b iv. a v. c
2.True or False i. False ii. False iii. True iv. False v. False

Work book Unit no. 5

1. i. False ii. True iii. True iv. False v. True

2. i. a ii. c iii. b iv. a v. c

Page 29

3. Glucose is a type of sugar. It is the ‘food’ made by plants during

photosynthesis’. A plant can do lots of things with the glucose it makes. Some
of it will be used straight away to produce energy during respiration. Some

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glucose is changed into cellulose to make new cell walls. It gives a strong coat
to plant cells. Some glucose will be changed into starch or oil and stored in the
roots, stem, seeds, and fruits. Some is joined up with minerals from the soil.
Nitrogen, for example, is joined with glucose to make protein which is needed
for growth.

4. i.

ii. Carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen

Page 30

5. i. a. to soften/kill it
b. alcohol will catch fire
c. removes chlorophyll
d. iodine
e. blue-black

Page 31

ii. a. Sunlight
b.The part that was covered did not receive sunlight therefore it could not
photosynthesize and make starch.
c.So the leaf gets enough water. Only one variable is changed.
6.i. So there is enough light for photosynthesis
ii. Bubbles of gas are produced during photosynthesis and are lighter (less
dense) than water.
iii. a. oxygen
b. Test the gas with a glowing splint, it will burst into flame.
iv. a. The rate of the bubbles rising in the tube will slow down.
b. Less light means less photosynthesis therefore less oxygen produced.

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Page 32

i. Graph

ii. So the only water lost is through the leaves

iii. The volume of water in the cylinder falls.

Page33

iv. Water is absorbed by the plant through the roots and carried to the leaves
where it is lost to the air by transpiration.
v. Root hairs increase the surface area for absorption. Their thin walls help to
absorb water quickly.
8. i.
a. Magnesium Its leaves will be yellow. Good root growth.
b. Phosphorus Its leaves will be yellow. Poor root growth.
ii. A plant starved of nitrogen has yellow leaves, a short stem and a poor root
system.
A plant starved of magnesium also has yellow leaves but the stem is longer and
has better root growth.
iii. Through the roots. Some in solution in soil water &some transported directly
as mineral ions.
iv. Nitrogen joins with glucose to make protein which leads to successful and
rapid growth of leaves etc. The better the growth the more food is produced.

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 Unit No. 6 PARTICLES

TEST YOURSELF Page no.84

Qno.1 Explain why a balloon slowly deflates.
Ans.The ‘skin’ of the balloon has millions of tiny holes in it. The air molecules
are small enough to pass through these holes and so the balloon deflates
slowly.(Diagram pg no.83)
Qno.2 Explain why a balloon deflates quickly when you stick a pin in it.(N)
Ans.When a pin is stuck in an inflated balloon, it deflates quickly because a
larger hole has been made through which the gas particles escape.
Qno.3 What is diffusion? (N)
Ans. The spreading of one substance through another is called ‘diffusion’.
Qno.4 Suggest why diffusion does not happen in solids.
Ans. Diffusion does not happen in solids because the particles are held together
by strong forces of attraction. Although the particles vibrate, they are unable to
break free.
Qno.5 What are the three physical states of matter? (N)
Ans. The three physical states of matter are solid, liquid, and gas.
Qno.6 What can you say about (N)
a) the shape of a solid?
A solid has a well-defined shape.
b)the shape of a gas?
A gas does not have a well-defined shape.
c) the volume of a liquid?
A liquid has a specific volume.
d)the volume of a solid?
A solid has a definite volume.
Qno.7 If natural gas is invisible, how can you tell when gas is leaking?)(N)
Ans. Natural gas has a specific smell which spreads through the air.
Qno.8 Name a substance that commonly exist as a solid, a liquid and as a
gas. (N)
Ans. Water exists in all three states: solid (ice), liquid (water), gas (steam)
Qno.9 Explain why a) solids do not flow
Strong forces of attraction hold the atoms or molecules close together in a solid
that is why they do not flow.
b)gases compress easily
Due to the large distances between gas particles, gases can be compressed
easily.

TEST YOURSELF Page no.85

Qno.1 Explain why a metal bar expands when it is heated.
Ans.When a metal bar is heated, its molecules gain energy and begin to move
faster. They bump into each other more often and with greater force. This makes

18
them move further apart and the space between them increases and causing the
bar to expand.( Diagram pg no.85)
Qno.2 Why do you think gases expand more than solids?
Ans.Heating gives atoms and molecules more energy. This causes them to
move faster and bump into each other more often and with greater force .Then
they move further apart. Particles are much further apart in gases as compared
to solids therefore expansion is more in gases than in solids.( Diagram pg
no.85)
TEST YOURSELF Page no.86
Qno.1 How is gas pressure produced?(N)
Ans. Gas pressure is produced when gas is heated in a sealed container.
Qno.2 Explain how air pressure keeps a balloon inflated.
Ans.Millions of air molecules inside the balloon move rapidly in all directions,
bouncing off each other and the walls of the balloon. Each time a molecule hits
the wall of the balloon, it gives the wall a tiny push. Millions of tiny pushes add
up to one big push, leading to increasing air pressure that inflates the balloon.(
Diagram pg no.86)
Qno.3 When a balloon is inflated, where do you think the air pressure is
highest, inside or outside? Explain your answer. (N)
Ans. Air pressure is highest inside the balloon. That is why it remains inflated:
otherwise it would become squashed.
Workbook Unit no. 6
Page 34

1. i. True ii. True iii. True iv. False v. False

2. i. a ii. c iii. a iv. b v. a
Page 35

3. i. a. bricks, timber, tiles b. They are solid and have fixed shape and
volume.
ii. a. Paint and polish
b. They are liquid and have no fixed shape. They take the shape of their
container. A lid is useful to prevent spillage.
iii. a. Propane gas, butane gas, and compressed air.
b. Gases take up all available space and escape easily so need to be kept in
sealed containers.
Page 36

4. i. solid
ii. The particles are held close together in rows and they are arranged in a
definite pattern.

19
iii. The particles have enough energy to move about (vibrate) but not break
away.
Page 37

5. i. melting ii. boiling iii. cooling iv. freezing

v. melting and boiling
Page 38

6. i. The particles of water fill the spaces between the alcohol particles and this
makes the volume smaller than expected.
ii. There are tiny holes in the skin of the balloon through which the air particles
escape.
iii. The molecules of the gas collide with the moving air molecules and spread
through the room by diffusion.
iv. The air pressure inside the tyre increases as more air particles will be
pumped into it. It will get harder as more particles bounce off the inside of the
tyre.
Page 39

7. i. a. There will be an even light brown colour in both jars.

b. No, the result should be the same. The gases would mix evenly by diffusion
irrespective of their position.
ii. Since particles are always in motion, some of the manure particles collide
with the air particles and the smell of the manure will spread by diffusion.
iii. The smell of food cooking in the kitchen spreads throughout the house.
8. i. The top would expand, loosen and come off easily.
ii. The particles of the metal screw top will gain heat energy and will start
moving faster, thus bumping into each other and pushing each other away and
causing expansion.
iii. Plastics do not expand and contract as much as metals so plastic tops will
usually be easier to remove.

________________________________________________________________

20
 Chapter No. 7 Forces and their effects

TEST YOURSELF Page no.92.

Qno.1 a) What appears to happen to the weight of an object when it is
submerged in water?
Ans. It seems to lose weight.
b) Explain why this happen?
Ans. When object is submerged in water, the water pushes against the object
giving an impression that the object has lost weight.
In other words, the upward push or up thrust is equal to the weight of the water
that had been displaced by the object.
Qno.2 Water has a density of 1g/cm3. What does this mean? (N)
Ans. This means that one cubic centimeter of water weighs one gram.
Qno.3 Explain how balanced forces enable a boat to float?
Ans. A floating boat displaces a large volume of water. This water provides
enough up thrust on the hull to balance the weight of the boat pushing
downwards.
Qno.4 The Dead Sea has a very high salt content. Explain why it is easier
for a swimmer to float in the Dead Sea than in a swimming pool containing
fresh water.
Ans. Because of the high salt content in the Dead Sea, the density of the water
is very high. The body of the swimmer will float because it is less dense than
the sea water.

TEST YOURSELF Page no.93

Qno.1 a) What is elasticity? (N)
Ans.a) The ability of the body to return to its original length after being
stretched.
b) Explain what ‘elastic limit’ means. (N)
Ans. b)Elastic limit is the maximum amount of force beyond which the material
which is being stretched will not come back to its original length.
Qno.2 Explain why rubber is a good material for making
a) elastic bands b) bicycle tyres
Ans a) Rubber is a very elastic material. It can stretch several times its original
length so it is useful for making rubber bands.
Ans b) Since bicycle tyres need to bear a lot of pressure of the air inside them,
the elasticity of the rubber helps them to bear the pressure without bursting.
Qno.3 Why are springs good force measurers?
Ans.Springs are good force measurers because when forces are applied, they
stretch and spring back into shape evenly afterwards.

21
Qno.4 Explain how you could use a spring, a ruler, some standard masses,
and some graph paper to find the weight of an unknown object? (N)
Ans. 1. Hang a meter-ruler and a strong spring from a nail. 2. Mark the position
of the end of the spring on the ruler.3. Hang the given standard masses to the
end of the spring and note the extension in the spring on the ruler. 4. Now hang
the unknown object on the spring and mark the extension of the spring on the
ruler. 5. Use the obtained information to plot a graph and calculate the weight of
the unknown object.
Qno. 5 A spring stretches by 10 cm when a force of 20 N is applied. When a
force of 22 N is used, the spring stretches by 11cm. (N)
a. what would be the extension for forces of
i) 10 N? ii) 1N? iii) 15 N?
Ans.a. i. 5 cm ii. 0.5cm iii. 7.5 cm
b) Suggest what the extension of the spring might be if a force of 30 N
was applied. (N)
Ans. b. 15 cm

TEST YOURSELF Page no.95

Qno.1 a) A student has a mass of 50 kg. Calculate what the student would
weigh? (N)
As we know Weight = Mass x Gravity
a) In paris (g= 9.8 N/kg)
Ans. a. 50 x 9.8 = 490 N
b) At the North Pole (g= 9.85 N/kg)
Ans. b. 50 x 9.85 = 492.5 N
c) On the Moon (g= 1.6 N/kg)
Ans. c.50 x 1.6 = 80 N
d) On Mars (g= 3.7 N/kg)
Ans. d. 50 x 3.7 = 185 N
Qno.2 People who want to get slimmer may go to club called ‘Weight
Watchers’. Explain why scientist might argue that the club should be called
‘Mass Watchers’.
Ans. 2 People who want to get slimmer lose the quantity of matter (mass).
Whereas weight varies from place to place.
TEST YOURSELF Page no.96
Qno.1 What is friction? (N)
Ans. The force that is produced when two surfaces rub against each other.
Qno.2 Give three examples of surfaces that produce (N)
a) High friction.
Ans. a. Wood, rubber, sand.
b) Low friction
Ans. b. Water, oil, Ice.
Qno.3 Where on a bicycle can friction be (N)
a) A nuisance?
Ans. a. Friction can be a nuisance when the tyres rub against the road slowing
the bicycle down.
22
 b) Very helpful?
Ans. b. Friction can be very helpful when we apply the brakes of the bicycle.
Qno.4 Explain what is meant by air resistance.
Ans. The molecules of the gases in air bump into moving objects causing a
force which is called air resistance.
Qno.5 Describe how air resistance can be overcome.
Ans. Air resistance can be overcome by using shapes which let the air slip past
more easily. This is called streamlining.

Exercise Page 98

1. Multiple choice questions i. b ii. c iii. c iv. b v. c

2. True or False i. True ii. False iii. True iv. True v. False

Work book Unit no. 7

Page 40
1. i. True ii. True iii. False iv. False v. True
2. i. a ii. c iii. b iv. b v. c

Page41
3. i.
Pull cables Brake pads Pulls brake pads Brake cables
onto the wheel
Turns the main The wheels Turns the wheels A chain
gear around round

3. ii. a. brakes, gripping pedals, gripping handlebars, tyres on the road

b. oiling the chain and other moving parts, keeping tyres inflated to reduce
contact with the road
iii. a. increases
b. surfaces rub together more as speed increases

Page 42
4. i. A life jacket is filled with air so it is less dense than water. Up thrust of the
water is greater than the weight of the body and lifejacket.
ii. The up thrust of water on the ship is greater than that of the steel block due
to the difference in the amount of water displaced.
iii. As the load increases, the weight of the ship becomes greater so reducing the
up thrust of the water.
iv. When in water, up thrust acts upon the whale’s body making it feel relatively
light.

23
v. Up thrust of the sea water acts on our feet, so reducing the force being
applied on the pebbles and causing less pain.

5. i. copper block
ii. cork, wood, magnesium, china, aluminium, copper
iii. wood 6 / 8 = 0.75 g/cm3 ;cork 2.4 / 8 = 0.3 g / cm3 ;copper 70 / 8 = 8.75
g/cm3 ;magnesium 14 / 8 = 1. 75 g/cm3 ;aluminium 22 / 8 = 2.75 g/ cm3
;china 19 / 8 = 2.38 g/cm3
iv. a. wood and cork
b. They have a density less than that of water.

Page43
6. i. 4 kg ii. 10 N iii. 10 N iv. 1 kg

7. i. 10N ii. 2 kg iii. 6 times

iv. a. Nothing He/she is weightless.
b. No gravitational pull in outer space.

Page44
8. ladder
i. large ii. Otherwise the ladder would slip
handgrippinghandle
i. large ii. otherwise the person’s hand would slip and not grip the handle
sliding door
i. small ii. otherwise it would need a lot of force to open and close the door
ship
i. small ii. Otherwise it would be difficult for the ship to move
subway track
i. large ii. so the wheels grip the track
skier
i. small ii. otherwise the skier would not be able to ski downhill

_______________________________________________________________

24
 Unit no. 9_Elements, compounds, and mixtures

Test Yourself - Page 119

Qno.1 What is an element? Why is carbon called an element?(N)
Ans.An element is a substance containing only one kind of atom. Carbon
contains only carbon atoms.
Qno.2 Roughly how many natural elements are there? (N)
Ans.About 90
Qno.3 From the elements in the photographs, name three solids, one liquid
and one gas. (N)
Ans. Solids: Iron, silver, zinc Liquid: Mercury Gas: Bromine
Qno.4. Name an element used for making a) jewellery b)water pipes
c)thermometers (N)
Ans.a.silver b.copper c.mercury

Test Yourself - Page 121

Qno.1 What is the simplest way of classifying elements? (N)
Ans. Dividing them into metals and non-metals.
Qno.2.a. What does malleable mean? (N)
Ans.It can be easily bent.
Qno.2.b. Name a malleable element? (N)
Ans. Copper
Qno.3.a. What does sonorous mean? (N)
Ans.Makes a ringing sound when hit.
Qno.3.b. Name a sonorous element. (N)
Ans. Iron
Qno.4 Describe a method for testing whether an element is a metal or a non
– metal.
Ans.An easy way of checking whether an element is a metal or a non – metal is
to see if it conducts electricity. Only metals can conduct electricity.
Draw diagram of apparatus from Page 121.
Qno.5 A student was testing an unknown element to see if it was a metal or
non – metal. The element was solid, dull in appearance, very brittle and
conducted electricity. What was this unknown element? (N)
Ans..All these properties shows that the given substance is a non metal and the
only non metal that is carbon in the form of graphite conducts electricity.

Test Yourself - Page 123

Qno.1 What property of xenon makes it good for use in car headlights?
Ans. Xenon glows brightly when electricity passes through it.
Qno.2 Give one reason why helium is used in medical scanners.
Ans. Liquid helium is very cold which makes it ideal for cooling the magnet in
medical scanner.

25
Qno.3 Give two properties of copper that make it good for use in electric
circuits.
Ans. 1.Good conductor of electricity 2. It can be drawn into wires.
Qno.4 Why do some scientists say “Silicon chips are the electronic brains
that run the world”? (N)
Ans. Computers (electronic brains) are made up of silicon chips.

Test Yourself - Page 124

Qno.1What is an atom?(N)
Ans.An atom is the smallest part of an element that can exist and take part in a
chemical reaction.
Qno.2 Name the three parts of an atom. Describe each one. (Dig. Atom) (N)
Ans. Proton: a +ve charged particle
Neutron: a neutral particle with no charge
Electron: -ve charged particle
Qno.3 What name is given to the centre of an atom? (N)
Ans. Nucleus.
Qno.4 Give two differences between a hydrogen atom and a lithium atom.
Ans.
Hydrogen Atom Lithium Atom
1. Hydrogen has no 1.Lithium has three protons,
neutrons, one proton and three electrons and four
one electron. neutrons.
2. Hydrogen has only one 2. Lithium has two electron
electron shell. shells.
(Diagram pg # 123)
Qno.5What is an electron cloud? How did it get its name?
Ans. The smaller electrons whizz around the nucleus in tiny orbits. They move
so quickly that they turn into a blurry cloud and forms an electron cloud.

Test Yourself - Page 125

Qno.1 Name the two elements that combine to make iron sulphide. What
are their chemical symbols? (N)
Ans. Iron (Fe) and sulphur (S)
Qno.2 Copper powder behaves like iron powder when it is mixed with
Sulphur. What would you expect to happen if the powders were a) mixed?
b) heated together in test tube? (N)
Ans.a.A mixture of copper and sulphur would be formed.
b.A compound (copper sulphide) would be formed.
Qno.3 Explain why it is easier to separate the elements from a mixture than
from a compound.
Ans.The elements are not chemically combined in mixtures so can be separated
by physical means easily.

26
Qno.4 Explain the difference between a physical and chemical change.
Ans.
Physical change Chemical change
1. No new substance is 1. A completely new
made and a change is substance is made and the
easy to reverse. change is difficult to
reverse.
2. E.g. ice changes into 2. E.g. cooking of food.Dig.
water. Dig. Melting of Egg in a frying pan.
ice

Test Yourself - Page 127 (N)

Qno.1.a. List the three main gases in the air.
Ans. 1. Nitrogen 2. Oxygen 3.Carbon dioxide
3
Qno1.b. How much of each gas is there in 100cm of air?
Ans. Nitrogen 79 cm3, oxygen 20 cm3, and carbon dioxide 0.04 cm3.
Qno.1.c.Which of these gases are i) elements? ii) compounds?
Ans.i. Nitrogen and oxygen
ii. Carbon dioxide
Qno.2.a. Which gas helps things to burn?
Ans. Oxygen
Qno.2.b. Which gases extinguish things which are burning?
Ans. Carbon dioxide and nitrogen.
Qno.3 Why is
a) Carbon dioxide a good gas for fire extinguisher?
Ans. Carbon dioxide is denser than air and settles over a fire, putting it out.
b)liquid nitrogen used to freeze food?
Ans. Liquid nitrogen is so cold it freezes food immediately.
c) argon used in light bulbs.
Ans. With argon surrounding it, a wire filament in a bulb can get very hot
without burning.
Qno.4 Why are cylinders of oxygen used
a) in hospitals
Ans. Oxygen is used in hospitals for breathing.
b) by welders?
Ans.Oxygen is used for producing a very hot flame for welding.
Qno.5 What proof is there that air is a mixture?
Ans.The gases in the air can be separated by fractional distillation.

Exercise Pages 129

1. Multiple choice questions

i. c ii.c iii.d iv.c v. b
2. True or False
i. True ii.False iii. True iv. False v. True

27
Unit no.9– Workbook

Page 54
1. i. False ii.True iii. False iv. True v. False
2. i.a ii.b iii.a iv.c v. c
Page 55
3. i. a. nitrogen b. hydrogen c. argon d. oxygen e. carbon
dioxide
ii.

iii. Air is liquefied by cooling. Each gas has a different boiling point. The
liquefied air is warmed. As each gas vapourizes it is collected.
4.

Metals Non-metals
difficult to melt melt easily
high melting point poor conductors of
heat
make a noise when dull appearance
hit
shiny when polished many are gases
hard solids brittle or powdery

Page 56
5. i. a. (a) b. (b) c. (c)
ii. An element contains only one kind of atom.
iii. A mixture can be easily separated. A compound cannot be separated.
6.i.

cloud

28
ii. An electron has a negative (-ve) charge. A proton has a positive (+ve) charge.
iii. Neutrons have no charge.
iv. Electrons

Page 57

7. aluminium cooking foil

americium smoke alarms
copper electric wires
chromium shiny car parts
mercury thermometers
silicon computer chips
xenon car headlights

8. sand building
baking powder cooking
lime neutralize acid soil
ammonia cleaning
carbon dioxide fizzy drinks
methane fuel

________________________________________________________________

29
 Unit no. 11 Environment

Test Yourself- Page 149

Qno.1.a. Describe the environment where you are reading this book. (N)
Ans.In classroom.
b) Give two non – living parts of this environment. (N)
Ans. 1.Air 2. Temperature 3.light
c) Give two living parts of this environment. (N)
Ans. Students and teacher
Qno.2.a. What is an ecosystem?
Ans. Living things together with the nonliving parts of their environment forms
an ecosystem. e.g. A woodland
b. Give an example of an ecosystem.
Ans. A woodland, river, seashore.

Test Yourself - Page 150

Qno.1 What is a habitat? (N)
Ans. A place where animals and plants live.
Qno.2 What does adaptation mean?
Ans. The development of special features to enable a plant or animal to survive
in its habitat.
Qno.3 What do woodland birds feed on? (N)
Ans. Fruits/seeds in the shrub layer.

Test Yourself - Page 151

Qno.1.a. How do mussels feed?
Ans. By filtering microscopic animals and plants from sea water.
b) Why do sea birds have strong beaks?
Ans. For cracking open the shells of crabs/mussels.
Qno.2 Describe the problems that seaweeds have to cope with? (N)
Ans. 1.Sea currents and waves that might wash seaweeds away.
2.Being submerged for long periods can deprive them of light for
photosynthesis.
Qno 3.a.Why do camels have i) big feet? ii) a hump (N)
Ans.i. Stops them sinking into the sand.
ii. Stores food as fat (not water).
Qno 3.b. Explain how camels can go for long periods without water. (N)
Ans.Camels can go for long periods without water because they store lots of
water in their bodies.
Qno.4 Describe the adaptations that help desert plants survive.
Ans. 1.Leaves reduced to spines so there is a smallersurface area for
evaporation of water. 2. Waterstored in fleshy stems.
3. Waxy covering of leaves and stems to retain water.

30
Qno5.a. What does nocturnal mean?
Ans. Sleep during the day and active at night.

b) Explain how being nocturnal helps small animals survive in the desert.
Ans.During the hot day, animals will quickly dehydrate (lose water) and die. At
night, it is cooler so more comfortable to find food.
Qno.6.a. Why do river plants have long stems?
Ans.So that their leaves float closer to the surface to get light for
photosynthesis.
b) How are fish adapted to their habitat? (N)
Ans. 1.Streamlined bodies.
2. Fins to help them swim through the water.

Test Yourself - Page 153

Qno.1 What is a) a producer b) a consumer c) Give one example
of each (N)
Ans.a. Any living thing that makes its own food. e.g. green plants
b. Consumers are animals that obtain their food by eating plants or other
animals. e.g.animals
Qno.2 Are you a herbivore, a carnivore or an omnivore? Explain your
answer. (N)
Ans. Most humans are omnivores as they eat both plants and animals.
Qno.3 Explain why all living things depend on sunlight for their food.
Ans. Green plants use the Sun’s energy to make their food during
photosynthesis. Herbivores obtain this energy when they eat plants. When
herbivores are eaten by other animals, this energy is transferred from them to
the flesh eating carnivores.
Qno.4 A student went to study a local pond. In one part of the pond she
noticed tadpoles scraping at some pond weed. In another part she saw a
water beetle holding a tadpole in its jaws. (N)
a) Construct a food chain for the pond Ans. pond weed → tadpole →
water beetle
b) How many links are there in the chain?Ans. Three.
Test Yourself - Page 154 (N)
Qno.1 Look closely at the food web on previous page given (N)
a) Write down a food chain with
i) two links
Ans. rose → bee
ii)three links
Ans. grain → dormouse → owl
iii) four links
Ans. lettuce → slug → thrush → sparrowhawk
b) Write down the names of the herbivores. (N)
Ans. 1.slug 2. rabbit 3. chaffinch 4.Dormouse 5.greenfly
c) Which carnivore has the most varied diet? Explain your answer. (N)

31
Ans. Sparrow hawk has the most varied diet as it eats different birds and
rabbits.
d) Suggest one way in which sparrowhawk can i) help (N)
Ans.The sparrowhawk eats rabbits which eat the farmer’s lettuce.
ii) hinder, a gardener (N)
Ans.
1. Slugs spoil a gardener’s lettuce plantation.
2. Thrushes eat slugs thereby keeping a control on their population.
3. By eating the thrush, the sparrow hawk allows more slugs to feed on the
lettuce.
Qno.2 Rose growers often spray their roses with insecticide to kill greenfly
a) Explain why this can upset the food web (N)
Ans. It will reduce the number of blue tits and in turn the number of sparrow
hawks will be affected.
b) Suggest a way in which rose growers could control the numbers of
greenfly without using any chemical sprays. (N)
Ans. Encourage more blue tits e.g. provide safe nesting sites.
Test Yourself - Page 155
Qno.1 Which of the organisms in the dishes is (N)
a) a producer? Ans. leaf
b) a consumer? Ans. woodlouse or millipede
c) a predator? Ans. centipede
d) a herbivore? Ans. woodlouse
e) a carnivore? Ans. centipede
Qno.2 Write down one food chain. Explain how you used the evidence from
the investigation to do this.
Ans. dead leaf → woodlouse → centipede.
In dish 1 the leaf was partly eaten and the woodlouse was alive. In dish 4 the
woodlouse was partly eaten and the centipede was alive.
Qno.3 Write down a food web linking all of the organisms.
Ans.

Qno.4 Suggest reasons why the students (N)

a) covered the dishes
Ans.To prevent the animals escaping and also to prevent other animals getting
into the dishes.
b) put holes in the lids
Ans.To let air in and out.
c) put the dishes in a cool, dark place.
Ans.The animals live in the dark (leaf litter) where it is cool and dark.

Test Yourself - Page 156

Qno.1 Why are rabbits regarded by farmers as pests?
32
Ans. Rabbits destroy all sorts of young plants by eating the young shoots. They
also eat grass which could be used for grazing sheep and cattle.
Qno.2 Why did the outbreak of myxomatosis affect the numbers of?
a) buzzards
Ans. Buzzards that fed mainly on rabbits became fewer in number.
b) deer
Ans. Plant-eating animals like deer increased in numbers because there was
more to eat.
c) mice?
Ans. Meat eating animals had to look for other things to eat because rabbits has
been reduced. So mice were preyed upon and their populations began to
decrease.
Qno.3 Explain the unexpected effects described above. Here are a few clues
to help you: Otters often feed off diseased fish which are easy to catch. Red
spider mites are preyed on by small animals which live in the bark of apple
trees. DDT stays in the body tissues of any animal that consumes it. (N)
Ans.In Poland, otters were killed to protect fish stocks. In fact fish stocks fell.
This is because otters often feed on diseased fish which are easy to catch. By
killing the otters, the number of diseased fish increased leading to a fall in the
fish stock.
The DDT which was sprayed on to apple trees actually killed the small animals
that lived in the barks of these trees and fed on the red spider mites. With the
absence of a predator, the number of red spider mites increased.
DDT that is sprayed on to fields to kill insects dissolves in rain water and is
carried to rivers where the fish retain it in their bodies. Fish-eating birds such as
herons and grebes accumulate DDT in their bodies after eating these fish.

Test Yourself - Page 158

Qno.1 Explain what a predator – prey relationship mean.
Ans.If one animal eats another, their populations affect each other. The number
of predators affects the size of the population of its prey.
Qno.2 The graph above shows the numbers of Arctic lynx and snowshoe
hares living in an area of Canada over time. (N)
a) Describe what happens to the number of snowshoe hares when the
number of Arctic lynx rises.
Ans.The number of snowshoe hares is reduced.
b) Explain why there is a time lag between the two population cycles.(N)
Ans.It takes time for the effects of population changes to happen.
c) If the Arctic lynx were removed from the area, suggest what might
happen to the population of snowshoe hares.(N)
Ans. 1.There would be an overpopulation of snowshoe hares. 2. They would
start competing for food and ultimately they would start dying.

Qno.3 Explain how the Arctic lynx and snowshoe hare populations depend
on each other. (N)

33
Ans.1. The Arctic lynx keeps the population of snowshoe hares under control.2.
Sick and old animals are removed leading to a healthy hare population.
3.Thepopulation of lynx is regulated by the number of hares available for food.

Exercise Pages 159

1. Multiple choice questions

i. b ii.b iii.d iv.a v. a
2. True or False
i. False ii.False iii. True iv. True v. True

Unit no.11 – Workbook

Page 64
1. i. True ii.False iii. False iv. False v. False
2. i. b ii.d iii. c iv.d v. c
3. i. A scientific word for surroundings. It consists of all the living and non-
living things that occur naturally in that area.
ii. The living things in an environment. e.g. human beings, animals, plants
iii. The non-living things in an environment. e.g. air, light, water
iv. Any four from: fox, bird, squirrel, deer, tree, grass, flowering plants.
v. Any three from: wind, rain, temperature, landscape, soil type.
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4. eagle accurate vision to see prey from a long way off
whale thick layer of fat beneath the skin to keep it warm
cheetah long legs and stretched body to catch prey on grassland
bat ‘sees’ by sending out soundwaves (sonar) to hunt insects at night
camel stores food to help it live for a longtime without eating or drinking
polar bear thick fur to keep it warm.

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5. i. Cheetah is a predator and has a good vision, good speed,agile and strong
jaws with sharp teeth. These features help it to catch prey quickly, tear it apart
and eat.
ii.Deer is a prey and has a spotty skin that helps in camouflage. Also has all
round vision to escape and runs fastly. These features help deer to hide or run in
order to escape from its predator.
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iii.butterfly bird
deer lion
rabbit fox
mouse owl
fish seal

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6. i.herbivore: slug
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carnivore: thrush or cat
consumer: slug , thrush or cat
ii.lettuce

iii.a green plant

iv. The flow of energy along the food chain.

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7. i.

ii. a. The number of lizards will reduce because the lizards will not have any
food to eat. They will die of starvation because there is no grasshopper to eat.
b. Grass and lettuce plants will grow and reproduce more as the number of one
of their consumers has been reduced.
c. The rabbits would be able to get plenty of grass and lettuce to eat. Therefore
foxes would have more rabbits to prey on. So the population of foxes will also
increase.
8. i. For 60 years
ii. They have been living together quite happily in many areas of woodland.
iii. The red squirrels are unable to digest acorns.
iv. The squirrels are competing for food.
v. More coniferous woodland especially pine trees should be grown so that red
squirrel can have their preferred diet.

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