solid mensuration

basic mathematical concepts, points, lines and planes

definitions
• mensuration - the process of measuring the lengths of lines, areas of
surfaces and volumes of solids using algebraic equations and geometric calculation

• 2 parts
• plane mensuration - deals with perimeter, lengths of sides, and areas of two
dimensional figures or shapes like circles, triangles, squares polygons etc.
• basically, 2-dimensional objects on 2-d euclidian geometry

• solid mensuration - deals with surface areas and volumes of three-dimensional

figuresor solides like cubes, triangular prisms, cones, spheres. focuses on properties
and measurements whose points do not lie on the same plane (space).
definitions
• postulate - an established rule or principle. accepted as true
as the basis for argument or inference. widely accepted on
it's intrinsic merit.

• theorem - a formula or statement than can be proved

through other established statements.
definitions

•point - a fixed location in space. usually represented

by a dot which has no dimension and referred to by a
capital letter.
definitions

postulate 1: for any two points, there is

exactly one line containing them.

•line - an object that has length but no width.

extends indefinitely bothways represented by
dots and arrows.
definitions

•line segment - a part of a line that has two

end points.

•ray - a portion of the line which consists of an

end point and the set of all points on one side of
the line.
definitions

•collinear points - points that lie on the

same line.

•noncollinear points - if there is no line

which the different points lie.
definitions
postulate 2: THREE NONCOLLINEAR POINTS
ARE CONTAINED IN EXACTLY ONE PLANE.

•PLANE - IS A FLAT SURFACE WHICH EXTENDS

INDEFINITELY. IT HAS LENGTH AND WIDTH BUT NO
THICKNESS.

• COPLANAR POINTS - POINTS THAT LIE ON THE SAME

PLANE
definitions
postulate 3: A PLANE CONTAINING ANY TWO
POINTS CONTAINS ALL OF THE POINTS ON
THE LINE DETERMINED BY THOSE TWO
POINTS.

• THEOREM 1 - a LINE AND A POINT NOT ON THE LINE

ARE CONTAINED IN EXACTLY ONE PLANE.

• THEOREM 2 - TWO INTERSECTING LINES ARE

CONTAINED IN EXACTLY ONE PLANE.
THEOREM 2 - TWO INTERSECTING LINES ARE
CONTAINED IN EXACTLY ONE PLANE.
definitions

•THEOREM 3
iF TWO PLANES
INTERSECT THEN,
THEY INTERSECT IN
ONE LINE.
definitions
postulate 5: SPACE IS DETERMINED BY AT LEAST FOUR
POINTS WHICH ARE NOT ALL IN THE SAME PLANE.

• THEOREM 4 - a TWO PARALLEL LINES DETERMINE A PLANE

definitions
THEOREM 5 - IF A LINE
THAT IS NOT ON THE
PLANE INTERSECTS A
PLANE, THEN THE
INTERSECTION IS
EXACTLY ONE POINT.
definitions
THEOREM 6 - THROUGH
A GIVEN LINE, ANY
NUMBER OF PLANES
CAN BE PASSED.
definitions
THEOREM 7 - TWO
PLANES
PERPENDICULAR TO
THE SAME STRAIGHT
LINE ARE PARALLEL.
definitions
THEOREM 8 - IF A
PLANE INTERSECTS
TWO PARALLEL PLANES,
THE INTERSECTION ARE
PARALLEL LINES.
examples
examples
examples
angles between lines
and planes
angles between lines and planes
• angle - the set of all points the is the union of two rays having the same endpoint. The
endpoint is Also called the vertex

• nomenclature - an angle can be named using:

• a capital letter representing the vertex

• using a greek letter or a lower case letter or number placed inside the
angle.

• using three capital letters representing the vertex and a point from each
ray.
angles between lines and planes
angles between lines and planes
TYPE OF ANGLES - ANGLES ARE CLASSIFIED BASED ON THE SIZE OR AMOUNT
OF ROTATION FROM ONE LINE TO ANOTHER.
NAME SIZE OF ANGLE
ACUTE ANGLE MEASURES BETWEEN 0 - 90 DEGREES

RIGHT ANGLE MEASURES EXACTLY 90 DEGREES

OBTUSE ANGLE MEASURES BETWEEN 90 - 180 DEGREES

STRAIGHT ANGLE MEASURES EXACTLY 180 DEGREES

REFLEX ANGLE MEASURES BETWEEN 180 AND 360 DEGREES

360 ANGLE ONE COMPLETE ROTATION OR EVOLUTION

angles between lines and planes
*CONGRUENT - HAVING THE
SAME ANGLE
angles between lines and planes
classifying polygons
 classifying polygons
polygon - a closed plane figure formed by three or more line segments called sides.
a

ab
e b bc
cd
de
ea
d c
 classifying polygons
vertex - the vertex of the polygon is the intersection of two sides.
a VERTEX

consecutive sides
e b
CONSECUTIVE SIDES - SIDES
THAT SHARE A COMMON VERTEX
OF THE POLYGON.

d c CONSECUTIVE VERTICES -
TWO ENDPOINTS OF ANY SIDE OF A
CONSECUTIVE
VERTICES POLYGON.
 classifying polygons
CONVEX - IF ALL DIAGONALS LIE IN THE INTERIOR OF THE POLYGON.
CONVEX - IF ALL DIAGONALS LIE IN THE INTERIOR OF THE POLYGON
a
B
DIAGONAL - INTERIOR C

e b
a H
E D
G

d DIAGONAL - EXTERIOR F
c
CONVEX CONCAVE
CLASSIFYING POLYGONS
• EQUILATERAL- IF ALL THE SIDES ARE CONGRUENT
• EQUIANGULAR - IF ALL THE ANGLES ARE CONGRUENT
• REGULAR - CONVEX, EQUILATERAL AND EQUIANGULAR
 CLASSIFYING POLYGONS

a
B
C

e b
a H
E D
G

d F
c
CLASSIFYING POLYGONS
NUMBER
PREFIX NAME OF POLYGON
OF SIDES
3 TRI- TRIANGLE

4 QUADRI- QUADRILATERAL

5 PENTA- PENTAGON

6 HEXA- HEXAGON

7 HEPTA- HEPTAGON

8 OCTA- OCTAGON
CLASSIFYING POLYGONS
NUMBER
PREFIX NAME OF POLYGON
OF SIDES
9 nONA- TRIANGLE

10 DECA- QUADRILATERAL

12 DODECA- DODECAGON
definitions
• THEOREM 10
IF A CONVEX POLYGON HAS n sides,
then the sum of its' interior angles is (n-2) x
180 degrees
 definitions
• THEOREM 11
In any convex polygon , the
sum of the measures of the
exterior angles, one at each vertex
is 360 degrees
SOLID MENSURATION
angles between lines and planes
*CONGRUENT - HAVING THE SAME ANGLE
definitions

• THEOREM 10

IF A CONVEX POLYGON HAS n sides, then

the sum of its interior angles is (n-2) x 180
degrees
 definitions

• THEOREM 11
In any convex
polygon , the sum of
the measures of the
exterior angles, one
at each vertex is 360
degrees
triangles and polygons
triangles
triangle - polygon bounded by three sides.
perimeter - sum of the lengths of its sides.
right triangle - a triangle with one right angle.
perimeter = P b

P= a + b + c
c
a
pythagorean theorem

c2 = a2 + b2
c b a
 pythagorean theorem
triangles
trigonometric ratios c2 = a2 + b2

sin A = opposite a
= c b
hypotenuse

cos A adjacent b c
=
= c a
hypotenuse

tan A = opposite a
adjacent = b c b a
 pythagorean theorem
triangles
trigonometric ratios c2 = a2 + b2

csc A hypotenuse c
= a b
opposite
=

sec A hypotenuse c c
adjacent = b a
=

adjacent b
cot A = = a
opposite c b a
 Find the perimeter of
the right triangle below
and the measurement
of each angles.
58.6O
87.3 m
 Find the perimeter of
the right triangle below
888.1 in and the measurement
of each angles

673 in
Find the
perimeter of an
isosceles triangle
whose base is 40
ft. and whose
base angle is 70 O
triangles
oblique triangle - triangle that does not contain a right angle.

a
b
h

b c a
 triangles
oblique triangle - formulas to getting the sides

sin A sin B sin C law of sines

a = b = c

law of cosines
c
a2 = b2 + c2 - 2bc cos A b
a
b2 = a2 + c2 - 2ac cos B h

b c a
c2 = a2 + b2 - 2ab cos C
Find the
measurement of
all the sides and
angles of an
isosceles triangle
whose base is 40
ft. and whose base
angle is 70 O
 triangles
area of a triangle - formulas to getting the sides

A = 1 bh right triangle c
2
a b
oblique triangles h

b c a
sss
Find the area of
an isosceles
triangle whose
base is 30 ft. and
whose base angle
is 60 O
 triangles
area of a triangle - formulas to getting the sides

A = 1 bh right triangle c
2
a b
oblique triangles h

asa b c a
Find the area of
an isosceles
triangle whose
base is 30 ft. and
whose base angle
is 60 O
 triangles
area of a triangle - formulas to getting the sides

A = 1 bh right triangle c
2
a b
oblique triangles h
sas
b c a
Find the area of a
triangular lot having two
side of lengths 90m and
52m and included angle of
O
102 .
Determine the side
of an equilateral
triangle whose area
2
is 99 cm .
Find the perimeter
of a regular octagon
inscribed in a circle
of radius 150cm.
Three circles of radii 115m,
150m, and 225m are tangent
to each other externally. Find
the angles of the triangle
formed by joining the centers
of the circles.
 polygons
perimeter of a polygon - is the measurement of the distance around the polygon.

P = nS

area of a polygon - is a positive number that represents the number of square units
needed to cover a polygon
a
A = 1 aP regular ab
2 polygon
b bc
e
cd
de
d c ea
 polygons
area of a polygon - is a positive number that represents the number of square units needed
to cover a polygon
a
A = 1 aP regular
2 polygon
ab
e b
where a is the apothem bc
The apothem of a cd
polygon is the line de
segment from the center
to the midpoint of one of ea
its sides. d c
sample problems
1. Find the
meters.
Perimeter and Area of a regular octagon with side 5

2. At the center of the lobby of a hotel is an artificial pond in the

shape of a decagon serving as an elegant centerpiece. At the
designated time, water fountains would appear at the vertices and
center of the pond. If the distance between consecutive spouts is
1.5 meters, what is the area occupied by the pond?

3. The legs of a right triangle are x and 2x+2

hypotenuse is 2x+3 units. Find the perimeter.
units while the
sample problems
1. Find the Perimeter, Central Angle and Area of a regular dodecagon with
side 6 meters.

2. Afrom
merry-go-round is in the shape of a regular octagon. If the distance
a vertex to the center is 3 m. How much area does the merry go
round cover?

3. The adjacent and opposite legs of a right triangle are 3 and 4 units, find
the perimeter of the right triangle.

4. Given an equilateral triangle with side 6 units, find the area.

quadrilaterals
and
circles
 quadrilaterals
quadrilateral - a polygon bounded by four sides with four vertices or four corners.

basically all four-sided polygons are quadrilaterals and they can be classified
based on the special properties associated with the given figure.

quadrilaterals
parallelograms trapezoids
rhombus
squares Isosceles Trapezoids

rectangles
 quadrilaterals
Parallelogram - is a quadrilateral with two pairs of parallel sides which are equal

properties of a parallelogram
1. opposite sides of a parallelogram are equal
2. opposite angles of a parallelogram are congruent
3. opposite sides of a parallelogram are parallel
4. adjacent angles of a parallelogram are supplementary
5. The diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other
 quadrilaterals
Parallelogram - is a quadrilateral with two pairs of parallel sides which are equal

rhombus - a shape with four sides and with four ancles that are not always right angles.

formulas for finding the perimeter of

quadrilaterals
Perimeter of a square with side s: p = 4s
Perimeter of a rectangle with length l and width w: p=
2(l+w)
perimeter of a rombhus with side t: p = 4t
 quadrilaterals
formulas for finding the perimeter of
quadrilaterals
area of a square with side s: a = s2

area of a rectangle with length l and width w: a = lw

area of a rombhus with diagonals d1 and d2: a=

1/2 x d1d2
 quadrilaterals
trapezoid - parallelogram with only one-pair of
parallel sides.
b1
b1 b2
A= ( )h
h 2

b2
 quadrilaterals
kite - a quadrilateral wth no parallel sides and has
two pairs of consecutive congruent sides.

a = 1/2 x
d1 d2
quadrilaterals
quadrilaterals
quadrilaterals
 circles
circle - a collection of points equidistant from a fixed
point called center with the fixed distance called
radius.
chord - is a straight line which joins any two pints on
the circle. the longest chord is the diameter of the
circle.

Thus the diameter is twice the radius: d = 2r

circles
 circles

circumference - the length of the distance around the

circle
C = 2πr or C = πd

area - region bounded by the circle

A = πr2
 circles
arclength - distance between two pints on the circle
in relation to the central angle

sector - portion of the are of the circle bounded by an

arc and two radii

segment - portion od a sector bounded by tha arc and

hchord passing through the ends of the arc.
circles

S = rθ As = 1/2r2θ Aseg = 1/2 r2θ - 1/2 ab

As = 1/2 rS
circles
circles
Polyhedrons
 Polyhedrons
Polyhedrons - Solid bounded by planes or polygons
Geometric Solid - Any limited Portion of a space bounded by
surfaces
Polyhedrons
Polyhedrons
Polyhedron
Edge
Vertex
Face
Polyhedrons
Polyhedrons
Polyhedrons
Polyhedrons
 Prisms
“Polyhedrons with very specific Characteristics”
Prism - a polyhedron wherein two faces of which are congruent polygons in a
parallel planes and the other faces are parallelograms
Prisms
Lateral Edges

Base

Lateral Face
Prisms
Prisms
Prisms
Prisms
Prisms
Prisms
Prisms
Cylinders
 Cylinders
cylinder - solid by a closed cylindrical surface and two parallel planes
which
cut all of the elements.
convex cylinder - is a cylinder whose base is a convex curve
Cylinders
Cylinders
Pyramids and cones
Pyramid - a polyhedron bounded by a base which is a
polygon and
triangular lateral faces with a common vertex called apex.
Cylinders
Pyramids and cones
Pyramids and cones
Pyramids and cones
Pyramids and cones
Pyramids and cones
Pyramids and cones
Pyramids and cones
Pyramids and cones
Pyramids and cones
Pyramids and cones
Pyramids and cones
Pyramids and cones
Pyramids and cones
 simillar solids
and
frustums of pyramids
and cones
 similar solids
similar solids - Solids with the same number of similar faces similarly placed
and whose corresponding angles are equal.
similar solids
similar solids
similar solids
Frustum of pyramids and
cones, prismatoids and
Truncated prisms and
cylinders
 frustums
Frustum of A regular pyramid - Portion of a regular pyramid
included between the base and a section parallel to the base.

Frustum of A regular Circular Cone - Portion of a regular

Circular Cone included between the base and a section parallel to
the base.
frustums
frustums
 Prismatoids
Prismatoid - polyhedron whose 2 base polygons which are parallel and whose Lateral faces are triangles or
trapezoids.
Altitude - perpendicular distance between bases.
Midsection - section made by a plane parallel to the bases and which bisects the altitude of the solid.
spheres
 Spheres
sphere - Solid bounded by a closed surface and every point of
which is equidistant from a given pont. The fixed point of the circle
is the center and the fixed distance is the radius.
Spheres
Spheres
Spheres
Spheres
END