review question for all chapters and sections

Chapter 1 Protein
1.Mono-choice
1) AAs differs only in the structure of
A carboxyl group B amino group C R Group D H atom
2) which amino acid is not basic amino acid
A lysine B arginine C histidine D Cysteine
3) which is not secondary structure of protein ?
A a-helix B b-pleated sheet C random coil D subunit
4) which is not the interactions stabiling the protein tertiary structure?
A peptide bond B hydrophobic interaction C ionic interaction D hydrogen
bond
5) Hemoglobin consists of 4 subunits, they are
A 3α1β B 2α2β C 1α3β D 4α
2.Filling the blanks
1）The average content of nitrogen in protein is about________
2）The secondary structure OF PROTEIN is Stabilized by________
3 ） Adjacent polypeptide chains in β-pleated sheets can be either_____or
____depending on
4）whether they run in the same direction or in opposite directions.
5）In protein solution, ________ and ___________ stable protein molecule.
6 ） Proteins consist of ______ ， _________ is the basic building blocks of
proteins.
3.Explain the terms:
1） A peptide bond
2）secondary structure OF PROTEIN
3.）pI:
4） denaturation of pro.
5）Proteins
4.Question
1. Why the protein molecule is stable in solution?
2. What is biological change after the protein denatured?
3. What is Structure and function relationship of protein?

Chapter 2 Nucleic Acid

1.Mono- choice
1) which is not Pyrimidine?
A C (cytosine) B T (thymine) C U (uracil) D A (adenine)
2) which amino acid is not basic amino acid
A lysine B arginine C histidine D Cysteine
3) which Nucleotide is not Basic unit of RNA?
A AMP B TMP C UMP D GMP
4) which is Basic unit of NA?
A amino acid B Bases C nucleotide D nucleoside
5) what is the wavelength of maximum absorption by both DNA and RNA ?
A 260 nm B 280 nm C 300 nm D 560 nm
2.Filling the blanks
1）The nucleic acids are divided into _________ and _____________
2）Each nucleotide unit is made of ________, ___________ and ___________
3）The bases on one strand are paired with the complementary bases on another
strand through H-bonds, namely _______ and ________
4）Secondary structure of tRNA is ___________
5）Tertiary structure of tRNA is ____________
3.Explain the terms:
1) Denaturation of DNA
2) Renaturation of DNA
3 ） DNA/RNA sequence: The nucleic acid sequence is the sequence of bases
A,C,G,T/U in the DNA or RNA chain.
4.Question :
1)What is different between Chemical Composition of DNA and RNA?
2)What is Classification of RNA?
3) What is Function of cap and tail of mRNA?

Chapter 3 Enzyme
1.Mono- choice
1) which vitamin can take part in transfer of one carbon unit?
A vitamin B B vitamin A C FH4 D FH2
2) what is the characteristic constant of enzyme?
A Optimal temperature B Optimal PH C Vmax D Km
3) what is the active form of vitamin B1
A NADH B TPP C FH4 D FMN
2.Filling the blanks
1）The active center has two essential groups in general：______and _________.
2 ） The reversible inhibition can be devided into ________,_________and
_______ .
3）holoenzyme = ________ + _________.
4）Inhibitors are_________ bound to the essential groups of enzymes.
5）The value of Km quantifies the affinity of the enzyme and the substrate The
larger the Km， the affinity.
3.Explain the terms:
1) Active Center:
2) Km：
3）Inhibitors
4）Enzymes
4.Question :
1) What are the factors that affecting enzyme-catalyzed reaction？
2. What are Enzyme-catalyzed reactions characteristics differ from in
comparison with the general catalyzed reactions？
Chapter 4 Carbohydrate Metabolism
1．Filling in the blanks
1) Sugars are aldehyde or ketone with 2 or more__________groups.
2) All food sugars have to be broken down into __________________ before
absorption.
3) Every living cell can go on glycolysis, this metabolic process ocurrs
in__________of the cell
4) Under the conditions of lacking O2, each glucose will become 2
____________ by glycolysis
5) Regulation of activity of enzyme is realized generally by
either_____________________ or___________________________________.
6) the step of 3C pyruvate degraded into 2C Acetyl CoA is catalyzed by
Pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC), this complex utilize the most often
seen coenzymes including coenzyme A, lipoic acid, _______, ________, and
_________.
7) the two storage tissues of glycogen are ______and ___________.
8) The two key enzymes for Regulation of glycogen metabolism are
_______________________ and __________________________ .
9) the major role of pentose pathway is to provide the cell with ________and
_____________
2.mono-choices
1 ）Lactose belongs to ( )
A Monosaccharide B Disaccharide C Oligosaccharides D Polysaccharides
2 ）Gluconeogenesis occurs primarily in the ( ) tissue
A liver B kidney C brain D heart
3 ）which one is embedded in inner membrane than matrix of mitochondrium
A Citrate synthase B isocitrate dehydrogenase
C a-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase D Succinate dehydrogenase
4 ）the immediate substate of substrate-level phosphorylation in Krebs cycle is (
)
A ADP B GDP C CDP D UTP
5 ）Hormone that decrease blood sugar level is ( )
A Glucagon B Epinephrine C Insulin D Glucocorticoid
6）Which of the followings is not disaccharide
A Maltose; B Sucrose; C Lactose; D Glucose
7）The rate-limiting reaction of glycolysis is catalyzed by
A Phosphofructokinase-1; B Phosphofructokinase-2;
C hexokinase; D Aldolase
8） All the following small molecules can be used to synthsize glucose except for
A Glycerol; B NAD+; C Lactate; D Alanine
9）Krebs cycle is the core process for metabolism of sugar, lipid and protein, it
takes place in __ of the cell
A cytosol; B mitochondrial matrix; C chloroplast matrix; D nucleolus
10）Each acetyl CoA, after a cycle of Krebs cycle, at most can produce__ ATPs
A 2; B 3; C 10; D 12
3. Explain the terms:
1 Kinase
2 gluconeogenesis
4. Question :
1 )what are the roles of glycolysis in the human cell?
2) List the functions of Krebs Cycle
3) How the activity of rate-limiting enzyme in metabolic pathway is regulated?

Chapter 5 Lipid Metabolism

1. Explain the terms:
1）Essential Fatty Acids (EFA)
2）Fat mobilization：
3）Ketone bodies
2．Filling in the blanks
1) During times of prolonged starvation, Ketone bodies replace glucose as the
major source of energy for many tissues especially_________,__________and
___________.
2) The two pathways for synthesis of triacylglycerol are
_____________________and ______________________pathway.
3) the most obvious characteristic of the structure of glycerophospholipid is
that it contains one ___________________head, and two
__________________________tails.
4) because the cholesterol is a frigid molecule , it increases the ____________
and decreases _______________of cell membrane respectively.
5) ________________________is the rate limiting enzyme of the fatty acid
synthesis
6) The key enzyme of lipolysis is ____________.
7) Four steps of b-oxidation of acyl-CoA are
__________,____________,____________and __________.
8) FA breakdown takes place in both ________ and _________.
9) Ketone bodies contain _________,___________ and ___________.
10) Ketone bodies are produced in _______ but utilized by ____________.
11) Starting materials of FA biosynthesis contain __________,_____________
and __________.
12) Key enzyme for palmitate synthesis is ___________.
13) Key enzyme of cholesterol biosynthesis is __________.
14) In our body cholesterol can turn into ____________,______________ and
______________.
15) Blood lipids exist and transport in the form of ___________.
3.Mono-choice
1）When fatty acids are synthesized, the mechanism of acetyl CoA transported
from the mitochondria to the cytosol is (    )
A. citric acid cycle             B. malate shuttle                C. Cori cycle
D. pyruvate-citrate cycle        E. glycerol 3-phosphate shuttle
 2）Under condition of starvation, the major fuel for the brain is (    ).
A. blood glucose          B. fatty acids
C. ketone bodies          D. amino acids
3）In liver, large numbers of acetyl CoA derived from fat mobilization convert
mainly into (    ).
A. glucoses          B. cholesterols          C. fatty acids
D. ketone bodies      E. cholesterol esters
4）The acetyl CoA required for the synthesis of fatty acids is derive from (    ).
A. fat mobilization              B. β-oxidation of fatty acids
C. degradation of amino acids     D. glycolysis
E. degradation of glucoses
5）The compound which can not be oxidized into CO2 and H2O in vivo is (    ).
A. linoleate       B. lactate       C. glycerol 3-phosphate
D. cholesterol     E. acetoacetate
6） All the hormones are Lipolytic Hormones except for
A epinephrine; B norepinephrine ; C Glucagon ; D insulin
7）the tissue that cannot go onβ-Oxidation of Fatty acids is:
A liver; B lung; C heart; D brain
8）Myristic acid (C14) has to go on __ rounds of β-oxidation before it completely
becomes acetyl-CoAs
A 7; B 6; C 5; D 4
9 ）__ is NOT the cause of ketosis
A food ingestion; B Severe diabetes mellitus; C fast; D vomiting in early
pregnancy
4. Question
1. what are the Functions of cholesterol?
2. descibe the 3 stages of fatty acid catabolism
3.How many kinds can plasma lipoproteins be divided according to their
density? What is the function of each kind of lipoprotein? (short question)
4.what are the regulating effects of cholesterol in cells( short question)

Chapter 6 Biological oxidation

1. Explain the terms
1) Biological oxidation
2) Substrate level phosphorylation:
3）Oxidative phosphorylation
2. Filling in the blank
1)Arrangement of NADH-oxidation of respiratory chain are: , , ,
and .
2) Arrangement of succinate of respiratory chain are: , , , and .
3）.Tow mobile electron carriers are __________ and _________.
4）The manners of ATP formation contain _____________ and ___________.
2. Mono-choice
1）The characteristics of biological oxidation are:
A．Hydrogen produced in oxidation combines directly oxygen to form water,
B．No catalysis of enzyme,
C．The reactions takes place in cytoplasm,
D．The energy is released step by step,
E．No regulation by other factors in body and environment.
2) Where are respiratory chain?
A．The outward of membrane of mitochondria,
B．The interior of membrane of mitochondria,
C．Among membrane of mitochondria,
D．In media of mitochondria,
E．Other places.
3) Which compound can be oxidized by NADH-oxidation respiratory chain?
A．Pyruvate B．Lactate
C．Malate D．Succinate E．α-katoglutarate
4. Question
1) What is the mechanism of toxicosis of cyanide and CO?
2)Write down NADH respiratory chain .

Chapter 7 Amino Acid Metabolism

1. Term Explanations

1. Nitrogen balance :
2. Nine amino acids:
3. Transdeamination:

I. Choice questions
1. The nitrogen atoms of urea produced in the urea cycle are derived from:
A. nitrate
B. ammonia and aspartic acid
C. nitrite
D. ammonia
2. The products of urea cycle are:
A. 1 molecule of urea, 1 molecule of ammonia, 1 molecule of ATP and 1 molecule of
fumaric acid
B. 1 molecule of fumaric acid, 1 molecule of urea, 1 molecule of AMP, 2 molecules of
ADP
C. 1 molecule of aspartic acid, 1 molecule of ammonia, 1 molecule of fumaric acid, 1
molecule of ATP
D. None of the above
3. Urea cycle converts:
A. ammonia into a less toxic form
B. ketoacids into amino acids
 C. amino acids into ketoacids
D. none of these
4. What can be synthesized by Met and Arg metabolism?
A. polyamine
B. dopamine
C. pyrimidine base
D. urea
5. Which amino acid will be converted to catecholamine?
A. Tryptophan
B. Glutamic acid
C. Aspartic Acid
D. Tyrosine
6. Protein quality is determined by:
A. the type of amino acid
B. the number of amino acid
C. the number and type of essential amino acid
D. the type of essential amino acid
7. When amino acid take place transamination, what will not be produced?
A. amino acid
B. α-keto acid
C. NH3
D. pyridoxal phosphate
8. Met is a glucogenic amino acid; it can enter TCA cycle by?
A. Succinyl-CoA
B. succinic acid
C. oxaloacetic acid
D. α-ketoglutarate acid
9. What is the intermediate in TCA and Urea Cycle?
A. oxaloacetic acid
B. α-ketoglutarate acid
C. fumaric acid
D. citric acid
10. Melanin is synthesized by tyrosine and?
A. Trp
B. Arg
C. His
D. Phe

II. Multiple-choice questions

1. Protein take parts in:
A. Produce energy
B. Unique catalyst in animal
C. blood coagulation
D. regulation of metabolism
 E. immune response
2. What is the character of transdeamination?
A. It is irreversible reaction
B. Glutamic acid andα-ketoglutarate acid are converted each other
C. Essential amino acid can be synthesized by transdeamination
D. L-glutamate dehydrogenase is necessary
E. It depend on two kinds of amino acid
3. What factors can regulate Urea cycle?
A. The concentration of Arginine
B. The activity of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase I
C. The activity of arginase
D. N-acetylglutamate
E. The activity of carbamoyl phosphate synthetase II
4. What enzymes can hydrolyze oligopeptide in intestinal mucosa?
A. Dipeptidase
B. Elastase
C. Trypsin
D. Aminopeptidase
E. Chymotrypsin
5. Which vitamins take part in transdeamination?
A. VitB6
B. VitB2
C. VitB1
D. VitPP
E. VitB12

III. Short Answer Questions

1. Explain the sources of ammonia and degradation in briefly

2. Explain the metabolic pathway of α-keta acid in briefly

IV. Essay-type questions

1. Describe the synthesis process of urea.

2. Describe the process of Glucose-alanine cycle and physiological significance

Chapter 8 Nucleotide Metabolism

Section ⅠTerm Explanations
(1) De novo Synthesis
(2) Salvage Synthesis
Section Ⅱ Filling in the blank
1.A nucleotide is a nucleoside with or .
2.Ribose is found in ；Deoxyribose is found in .
3. Inosinate (IMP) is the immediate precursor of and .
4.Nucleotide substrate is ALWAYS the .
5. Terminal product of Purine Degradation is .
Section Ⅳ Question
1. what is Significances of salvage pathway?
2. Comparison of the difference between CPS I and CPS II in a living organism?

Chapter 9 DNA Replication

1. Okazaki fragment
2. Klenow fragment
3. Semi-conservative replication
4. Frameshift mutation
II. Fill in the blank
1. Almost all DNA polymerases have two basic activities, which are and , the
proofreading activity relies on the activity.
2. In E.coli, DNA polymerase can be divided into three types. is the primary enzyme of DNA
synthesis, whereas the fills in gaps on lagging strand. is also involved in DNA repair.
3. DNA synthesis is the polymerization of nucleotides. Only if the incoming nucleotide base pairs
with , the DNA polymerase catalyzes the bond formation between the nucleotide and the 3’
end of the growing strand. A made by primase is required to initiate DNA synthesis.
4. Replication is very accurate, two mechanisms utilized by DNA polymerase to ensure the
replication fidelity are and .
III. Mono-choice
1. Deamination of cytosine gives , this error be corrected by base excision repair.
A. Uracil can B. Thymine can C. Uracil can NOT D. Thymine can NOT E. Guanine can
2. Deamination of 5-methylcytosine gives , this error be corrected by DNA repair
system.
A. Uracil can B. Thymine can C. Uracil can NOT D. Thymine can NOT E. Guanine can
3. recognizes DNA lesions that cause large structural changes.
A. Nucleotide excision repair B. Direct repair C. Base excision repair D. photo repair E. None
4. Which enzyme is involved in the Base excision repair ?
A. DNA glycosylase B. AP endonuclease C. DNA polymerase I D. DNA ligase E. All of the
enzymes
5. Which of the statements below is wrong ?
A. In DNA replication, when the incoming nucleotide base pairs with the template, the DNA
polymerase catalyze the formation of a phospha-diester bond.
B. The DNA polymerase requires a DNA template
C. A primer is required by DNA polymerase to start DNA synthesis
D. DNA polymerase I take part in DNA repair
E. DNA polymerase III do NOT have the 3’-5’ exonuclease activity.
IV．Question
1. List the name and activity of the enzymes involved in DNA replication
2. A. List at least three DNA repair system.
B. Give an example of DNA damage form and the corresponding repair manner.
3. List at least two different characteristics between the prokaryotes and eukaryotes in DNA
replication.
4．Describe the process of E.coli DNA replication (3 stages)

Chapter 10 RNA Transcription and Chapter 11 protein translaion

I Term Explanations
① Promotor:
② Asymmetric transcription：
③Wobble pairing
④Splicing
⑤Degeneracy:
II.Question :
1. Please compare the similarity and the difference between replication and
transcription
2. Describe brifely the major participants in translation
3. Describe brifely the process of post-transcriptional modification of mRNA in
eukaryotic organisms.
4. Describe brifely the features of the genetic code:
5. Describe brifely the two types of prokaryotic transcriptional termination.
6. Describe brifely the classification of RNA polymerases In Eukaryotes.
III.Mono-choice
1．The function of σsubunit of RNA polymerase in Prokaryotes is ( )
A. to bind DNA template B. to elongates an RNA strand
C. to unwind DNA strands D. to recognizes initiation site of
transcription
2. which of the following agents inhibits the initiation of RNA synthesis in
prokaryotes by binding to the β-subunit of RNApolymerase?
A. α-Amanitin B. Actinomycin D
C. Rifampin D. Puromycin
3．Which of the following codon serves as start condon?
A. UAA B. UAG
C. UGA D. AUG
IV.Filling in the blanks
1.The character of genetic codon include ———— ， — — — — ， ————and
_________.
2. Eukaryotic mRNA processing includes 5’ , 3’ and .
3. There is only kind of prokaryotic RNA pol. while there are kinds of
eukaryotic RNA pols.
4. The holoenzyme of E coli RNA pol. is composed of and .

Chapter 12 Genetic Engineering

Section I Term Explanations
1. DNA cloning
2. plasmid
3. Restriction endonuclease
4. cDNA library
5. Gene vector
Section Ⅱ Filling in the blank
1. Cleavage site end by restriction endonucleases produce or end .
2.Generally
Generally getting
g a target DNA (gene) by 、 and .
3.PCR consists of three steps : 、 and .
4.Common cloning vectors inclues 、 、 and so on.
III.Mono-choice
1. Genetic engineering:
1) Is a natural process
2) Only takes place in micro-organisms
3) Happens when cells divide
4) Involves combining DNA from different species
2.Human growth hormone HGH is produced in the pituitary gland. Where is the
gland located?
1) Stomach
2) Brain
3) Intestine
4) Lung
3. Which of the following is not associated with genetic engineering?
1) Translation
2) Transformation
3) Cloning
4) Expression

Section Ⅳ Question
1．List the main steps involved in genetic engineering.
2. what is target DNA(gene)？Write down the major resources of target DNA.
3. What is PCR? Simple state the basic principles and process of PCR.
4.what DNA can be used as a vector? What condition is necessary for a cloning
vector? .

Chapter 13 Regulation of Gene Expression

1.Term Explanations
1. genome
2. gene expression
3．zinc finger
4.promoter structure
2. Filling in the blanks
1）Gene expression is regulated at different and (temporal specificity and
spatial specificity in cell). So one gene sometimes is
(gene off ), sotimes is (gene on).
2）DNA binding protein includes , , and R et al.
3)gene expression is to produce mRNA and a biologically active ＿ ＿ by
transcription and ＿＿ respectively.
4)Gene expression is regulated at different ＿＿ and ＿＿.
5)The methods of detecting protein-protein interaction are ＿＿, ＿＿ and ＿＿.
III.Mono-choice
1) 1. Gene structure does not include ( )
A. Chromatin Structure B. promoter structure C. transcription factors D.
histones
2) The homeodomain is ( )
A. Chromatin B. promoter C. Zinc Fingers D. a highly conserved domain
3) The HLH transcription factors binding ( )
A. CAAT box B. TATA box C. GC box D. transcription start site
4) which can be used to reporter gene assay ( )
A. the promoter activity B. luciferase C. DNA-protein binding
D.protein-protein interaction
5) which method can not test the DNA-protein binding ( )
A. gel shift assay B. reporter gene assay C. Chromatin
immunoprecipitation assay D. EMSA
6) transfection experiments detect ( )
A. the promoter activity B. luciferase C. DMEM D. reporter gene
7) If one gene sometimes is silence ,we called ( )
A. gene on B. gene off C. coactivator D. gene transcription
8) which is not belong to DNA binding protein ( )
A. transcriptional factor B. coactivators C. corepressors D. enhancer
9) α- Helix-Loop-Helix Binding which element ( )
A.zinc finger B. GC box C. CAAT box D. enhancer
10) GST pull-down experiments were used to detect ( )
A. Chromatin immunoprecipitation B. DNA C. DNA-protein binding
A. D. protein-protein interaction
Section Ⅳ Question :
1.How many Structural Motifs of DNA binding protein?
2.How to detecting protein-protein interaction.
3.Please point to the methods of testing the DNA-protein binding
4. Please point to the methods of studying gene regulation.

Chapter 14 Cell communication and signal transduction

I Term Explanations:
1.Secondary messenger
2.ligand
3.Receptor
Section Ⅱ Filling in the blank
1. Three stages of Cell Signaling is 、 and .
2. G protein is an trimeric protein which binds .
3..Protein phosphorylation by .
Section Ⅳ Question
1. Write down three main types of membrane receptors.
2. Simple state the basic principles and process of cAMP –protein kinase A
pathway.

Chapter 15 Blood biochemistry

I Term Explanations
1. NPN
2. 2, 3-BPG shunt
3. EPO
4. Acute phase protein