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Formulating Research Problem (Variables)

The document discusses concepts, variables, and hypotheses in formulating research problems. It defines concepts, variables, indicators, and different types of variables based on their causal relationship, study design, and unit of measurement. It also defines hypotheses and discusses how to formulate hypotheses.

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Demon Mobeen
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30 views

Formulating Research Problem (Variables)

The document discusses concepts, variables, and hypotheses in formulating research problems. It defines concepts, variables, indicators, and different types of variables based on their causal relationship, study design, and unit of measurement. It also defines hypotheses and discusses how to formulate hypotheses.

Uploaded by

Demon Mobeen
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPSX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Formulating Problem

Concept, Indicator and VARIABLE


Concerns in Formulating Problem

 Two issues are important in Formulating


Research Problem:
 1. The Use of Concepts
 2. Construction of Hypothesis

 Concepts or ideas are subjective and not


measurable while Hypothesis is measurable
which can be tested and measured.
Concept

 When we make judgment about an object or


situation, for example:
 The food is excellent
 The program is effective
 This is a waste of time
 Excellent,
Effective and waste of time are concept
and judgments and hence these are called
Concepts
Variable

 If
a perception, concept or idea is capable of
measurement this is called Variable
 Concepts are mental images which vary from
person to person but Variables have certain
values which are measurable such as Age,
Price, Weight, Religion, Sex etc.
 However, concepts can be converted to
variable or measurable conditions.
Indicators

 Concepts sometimes have indicators through which


is possible to convert for operationalization, such as
 Richness is a concept but we can make judge of
richness by possessing some valuable objects,
House, Car, Bank Balance etc.
 How much the house and car is worth of or what is
the price of these.
 House and car are indicators
Converting Concept to Variable

Concept Indicator Variable Definition

Rich Income Income per year > Rs. 1,00,000


Assets Total value of Assets > Rs. 4,00,000

Ability Marks % of marks > 80%

Program Use How many are Numbers or %


Effective satisfied
Types of Variable

 Variable can be classified in different ways,


three of these are listed here:
1. the causal relationship
2. the design of the study
3. the unit of measurement
 Each of these criteria provides basis for types
of variables
Types of Variable - Causal Rel.

Causal
Relationship

Independen
Dependent Extraneous Intervening
t
Types of Variable – Causal Rel.
 Independent Variable (IV)
Cause supposed to be responsible to bring change
 Dependent Variable (DV)
Change which is the effect of Independent Variable
 Extraneous Variable
Factors involved which may affect changes in Dependent Variable
 Intervening Variable
Factors necessary to establish relationship between IV and DV
Example Causal Relationship
“People say that product sells well because of quality but we say the
product sells well because of effective advertisement.”

Response
(E.g. Cultural)

Advertisement Intervening Product Sale


(Assumed Change) Variable (Assumed Output)
Independent Dependent
Variable Variable
Affect Relation
(Assumed Factors)
• Advertising Medium
• Economic Status
• Education Level

Extraneous
Variable
Types of Variable - Study Des.

Study
Design

Active Attribute
Types of Variable – Study Des.

 Active Variable
Variables which can be manipulated, changed or controlled; such as
Teaching Method, type of Experiment etc.
Because the teaching method and Experiment can be changed accordingly.
 Attribute Variable
Variables which cannot be manipulated, changed or controlled; such as
Age, Gender, Religion, Attitude etc.
Types of Variable - Casual Rel.

Measuremen
t Unit

Qualitative Quantitative Continuous Categorical


Types of Variable – Mes. Unit
 Quantitative Variable
Variables measured on interval or ratio scales
 Qualitative Variable
Variables which are measured on ordinal scale
 Continuous Variable
Like Quantitative Variables, it is measured on interval or ratio scales
 Categorical Variable
Like Qualitative Variables, categories are made
HYPOTHESIS
Introduction

 Thesecond consideration in Formulating a


Research Problem is Hypothesis.
 Itbrings clarity and focus to a research
problem.
 However, it is not necessary for all researches
 But some research studies can have more than
one hypotheses.
Definition

 Hypothesis is an assumption, supposition or


assertion about a situation
 Itis a tentative statement about something, the
validity of which is unknown but can be tested
on valid data
 Itis a pre-tested Solution to a Problem or
Answer to a Question which can be verified to
be True, Partially True or Wrong.
Types of Hypothesis

 Theoreticallythere should be only one type of


hypothesis; that is a Research Hypothesis; also
called Working Hypothesis.
 However, in scientific circles, there is another
type of hypothesis; the Alternative Hypothesis
also called Null Hypothesis.
A Research Hypothesis can further be classified
into Null, Point of Difference, of Association
Formulating Hypothesis
 “IF” Format: (If the Situation is So the Result will be
So)
Example:
If the Advertising is Effective the Sale will be Increased.
 Question Format: (How the outcome can be Changed)
Example:
How an advertising can change sale in the market?
 Affirmative Statement:
Example:
A product sells well because of an effective advertising.
Thank You

Now

ASK
If You're Not Clear

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