Topic 1 Biomolecules 03 Lecture STUDENT 201201 Part2
Topic 1 Biomolecules 03 Lecture STUDENT 201201 Part2
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3.11 Proteins are essential to the structures and
functions of life
functions of life
• A _________ is a polymer built from various
combinations of 20 amino acid monomers
bi i f 20 i id
– Proteins have unique structures that are directly related to
their functions
their functions
– Enzymes are a type of protein that acts as a catalyst to speed
up chemical reactions
– Enzymes can perform their functions repeatedly, functioning
E f h i f i dl f i i
as workhorses that carry out the processes of life
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3.11 Proteins are essential to the structures and
functions of life
functions of life
• __________ proteins provide associations
p p
between body parts and _________ proteins
are found within muscle
• Defensive proteins include antibodies of the
immune system and signal proteins are best
immune system, and signal proteins are best
exemplified by the hormones
• Receptor
R t proteins serve as antenna for outside
t i t f t id
signals, and transport proteins carry oxygen
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Table 5‐1
Figure 3.11 Structural proteins of hair, tendons, and ligaments; and contractile proteins of
muscles.
3.12 Proteins are made from amino acids linked by
peptide bonds
peptide bonds
• ____________,, the building blocks of proteins,
g p ,
have an amino group and a carboxyl group
– Both
Both of these are covalently bonded to a central carbon
of these are covalently bonded to a central carbon
atom
– Also bonded to the central carbon is a hydrogen atom
Also bonded to the central carbon is a hydrogen atom
and some other chemical group symbolized by R
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Fig. 5‐UN1
α carbon
X Y
• What is this molecule called?
What is this molecule called?
• What groups are X & Y?
• What shape are most proteins?
• What is the name given to a protein polymer?
What is the name given to a protein polymer?
• What is a protein monomer called?
Animation: IntroProteinStruct
3.12 Proteins are made from amino acids linked by
peptide bonds
peptide bonds
– Amino acids are classified as hydrophobic or hydrophilic
– Amino acids differ in their properties due to differing side
chains, called R groups
– Some amino acids have a nonpolar R group and are
hydrophobic
– Others have a polar R group and are hydrophilic, which
Oh h l d h d hili hi h
means they easily dissolve in aqueous solutions
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Leucine (Leu) Serine (Ser) Aspartic acid (Asp)
3.12 Proteins are made from amino acids linked by
peptide bonds
peptide bonds
• Amino
Amino acid monomers are linked together to
acid monomers are linked together to
form polymeric proteins
– Thi
This is accomplished by an enzyme‐mediated
i li h d b di t d
dehydration reaction
– This links the carboxyl group of one amino acid to
the amino group of the next amino acid
– The covalent linkage resulting is called a __________
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Carboxyl
C b l Amino
A i
group group
Amino acid Amino acid
Peptide
p
Carboxyl
C b l Amino
A i bond
group group
Dehydration
reaction
Figure 3.12C Peptide bond formation.
Fig. 5‐18
• Which is an
Side chains
W
example of a
Backbone
‘dipeptide’
dipeptide &
‘tripeptide’?
Amino end Carboxyl end
(b) (N‐terminus) (C‐terminus)
3.13 A protein’s specific shape determines its function
• A polypeptide chain contains hundreds or
p yp p
thousands of amino acids linked by peptide bonds
– The
The amino acid sequence causes the polypeptide to
amino acid sequence causes the polypeptide to
assume a particular shape
– The shape of a protein determines its specific function
The shape of a protein determines its specific function
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Fig. 5‐19
Groove
Groove
• If for some reason a protein’s shape is altered, it
p p ,
can no longer function
– _____________ will cause polypeptide chains to unravel
will cause polypeptide chains to unravel
and lose their shape and, thus, their function
– Proteins can be denatured by changes in salt
Proteins can be denatured by changes in salt
concentration and pH
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3.14 A protein’s shape depends on four levels of
structure
• A protein can have four levels of structure
A protein can have four levels of structure
– Primary structure
– S
Secondary structure
d t t
– Tertiary structure
– Quaternary structure
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3.14 A protein’s shape depends on four levels of
structure
• The
The _____________ of a protein is its unique
of a protein is its unique
amino acid sequence
– Th
The correct amino acid sequence is determined by
t i id i d t i db
the cell’s genetic information
– The slightest change in this sequence affects the
protein’s ability to function
Animation: Primary structure
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Amino acids
Primary structure
Proteins Pix: Brooker 1e
• What bonds are involved in primary structure?
• Which
Which parts of two amino acids are involved per
parts of two amino acids are involved per
bond?
21
3.14 A protein’s shape depends on four levels of
structure
• Protein ____________ results from coiling or
g
folding of the polypeptide
– Coiling
Coiling results in a helical structure called an _________
results in a helical structure called an
– Folding may lead to a structure called a ___________
– Coiling and folding result from ____________ between
C ili d f ldi lt f b t
certain areas of the polypeptide chain
Animation: Secondary structure
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Amino acids
Hydrogen
bond
Alpha helix Pleated sheet
y
Secondary structure
Polypeptide
chain
helical subunits intertwined into a
larger triple helix
larger triple helix
Collagen
• What shapes can you see in secondary
structure?
• Wh
What bonds are responsible for producing
b d ibl f d i
such shapes?
• Which atoms are involved in such bonds?
Whi h t i l di hb d ?
26
3.14 A protein’s shape depends on four levels of
structure
• The
The overall three
overall three‐dimensional
dimensional (3D) shape of a
(3D) shape of a
protein is called its ______________
– TTertiary structure generally results from interactions
ti t t ll lt f i t ti
between the R groups of the various amino acids
– Disulfide bridges are covalent bonds that further
strengthen the protein’s shape
Animation: Tertiary structure
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Fig. 5‐21f
Hydrophobic
interactions and
van der Waals
d W l
interactions
Polypeptide
backbone
Hydrogen
H d
bond
Disulfide bridge
g
Ionic bond
Polypeptide
(single subunit
(single subunit
of transthyretin)
Tertiary structure
• How does protein 3D tertiary structure arise?
• What
What types of bonds or interaction produce
types of bonds or interaction produce
tertiary structure?
• Which component of an amino acid contribute to
p
those bonds or interactions that produce tertiary
structure?
30
3.14 A protein’s shape depends on four levels of
structure
• Two or more polypeptide chains (subunits)
p yp p ( )
associate providing ______________
– Collagen
Collagen is an example of a protein with quaternary
is an example of a protein with quaternary
structure
– Its triple helix gives great strength to connective
Its triple helix gives great strength to connective
tissue, bone, tendons, and ligaments
Animation: Quaternary Structure
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Transthyretin, with
four identical
polypeptide subunits
l tid b it
Quaternary structure
• How many polypeptides are involved?
• What type of bonds give rise to Quaternary
S
Structure?
?
• Are these intra‐ or inter‐polypeptide bonds?
33
Four Levels of Protein Structure
Primary structure
Amino acids
Four Levels of Protein Structure
Primary structure
Amino acids
Hydrogen
bond
Secondary structure
Secondary structure
Alpha helix Pleated sheet
Four Levels of Protein Structure
Primary structure
Amino acids
Hydrogen
bond
Secondary structure
Secondary structure
Alpha helix Pleated sheet
T ti
Tertiary structure
t t Polypeptide
(single subunit
of transthyretin)
Four Levels of Protein Structure
Primary structure
Amino acids
Hydrogen
bond
Secondary structure
Secondary structure
Alpha helix Pleated sheet
T ti
Tertiary structure
t t Polypeptide
(single subunit
of transthyretin)
Transthyretin, with
y ,
Quaternary structure four identical
polypeptide subunits
Fig. 5‐21a
What kind of structure or level of protein organization is this?
1
5
H3N
+
Amino end
10
15 Amino acid
subunits
20
25
Fig. 5‐21e
What’s the difference between the 2 structures?
Tertiary Structure
Tertiary Structure Quaternary Structure
Quaternary Structure
Which levels of protein structure are represented below?
Fig. 5‐21g
Polypeptide Chains
chain
Iron
Heme
α Chains
l b
Hemoglobin
Collagen
NUCLEIC ACIDS
NUCLEIC ACIDS
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3.16 Nucleic acids are information‐rich polymers of
nucleotides
• DNA (______________)
( ) and RNA
and RNA
(______________) are composed of monomers
called nucleotides
called nucleotides
– Nucleotides have three parts
– A five‐carbon sugar called ribose in RNA and deoxyribose
in DNA
– A phosphate group
h h
– A nitrogenous base
Animation: DNA&RNA Structure
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Nitrogenous
base
(adenine)
Phosphate
group
Pentose sugar
3.16 Nucleic acids are information‐rich polymers of
nucleotides
• DNA nitrogenous bases are adenine (A),
g ( ),
thymine (T), cytosine (C), and guanine (G)
• RNA also has A, C, and G, but instead of T, it has
RNA also has A C and G but instead of T it has
uracil (U)
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3.16 Nucleic acids are information‐rich polymers of
nucleotides
• A
A nucleic acid polymer, a polynucleotide, forms
nucleic acid polymer, a polynucleotide, forms
from the nucleotide monomers when the
phosphate of one nucleotide bonds to the sugar
phosphate of one nucleotide bonds to the sugar
of the next nucleotide
– The result is a repeating sugar‐phosphate backbone
with protruding nitrogenous bases
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Nucleotide
SSugar‐phosphate
h h t
backbone
3.16 Nucleic acids are information‐rich polymers of
nucleotides
• Two
Two polynucleotide strands wrap around each
polynucleotide strands wrap around each
other to form a DNA ___________
– Th
The two strands are associated because particular
t t d i t db ti l
bases always hydrogen bond to one another
– A pairs with T, and C pairs with G, producing
___________
• RNA is usually a single polynucleotide strand
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Base
pair
Figure 3.16C DNA double helix.
b • Why is the sugar called pentose?
5' end
• On the diagram on your left, circle a nucleotide.
• What’s the diff between nucleoside & nucleotide?
5'C
3'C
Nucleoside
Nitrogenous
base
5'C
Phosphate 3'C
group Sugar
5'C (pentose)
3'C (b) Nucleotide
At which sugar C no. is:
• phosphate attached?
phosphate attached?
3' end
• A base attached?
(a) Polynucleotide, or nucleic acid
3.16 Nucleic acids are information‐rich polymers of
nucleotides
• A particular nucleotide sequence that can
p q
instruct the formation of a polypeptide is called
a ______
– Most DNA molecules consist of millions of base pairs
a d, co seque t y, a y ge es
and, consequently, many genes
– These genes determine the structure of proteins
and, thus, life’s structures and functions
, ,
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3.17 EVOLUTION CONNECTION: Lactose tolerance is a
recent event in human evolution
recent event in human evolution
• Mutations are alterations in bases or the
sequence of bases in DNA
• *FYI
FYI only:
only:
– Lactose tolerance is the result of mutations
– In many people, the gene that dictates lactose
I l th th t di t t l t
utilization is turned off in adulthood
– mutations occurred over time that prevented the
t ti d ti th t t d th
gene from turning off
– example of human evolution
l fh l ti
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You should now be able to
1. Explain
Explain how a cell can make a variety of large
how a cell can make a variety of large
molecules from a small set of molecules
2. Define monosaccharides, disaccharides, and
Define monosaccharides, disaccharides, and
polysaccharides and explain their functions
3 Define lipids, phospholipids, and steroids and
3. Define lipids phospholipids and steroids and
explain their functions
4 Describe the chemical structure of proteins
4. Describe the chemical structure of proteins
and their importance to cells
5 Describe the chemical structure of nucleic
5. Describe the chemical structure of nucleic
acids and how they relate to inheritance
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The END
The END