Topic 1 Biological molecules

Ch t 3:
Chapter 3 The
Th MMolecules
l l off Cells
C ll

PowerPoint Lectures for

Biology: Concepts & Connections, Sixth Edition
Campbell, Reece, Taylor, Simon, and Dickey

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Learning outcomes:

1. Explain
p how a cell can make a varietyy of large
g
molecules from a small set of molecules
2. Define monosaccharides, disaccharides, and
polysaccharides and explain their functions
3 Define lipids,
3. lipids phospholipids,
phospholipids and steroids and
explain their functions
4 D
4. Describe
ib the
h chemical
h i l structure off proteins
i and
d
their importance to cells
5. Describe the chemical structure of nucleic acids
and how they relate to inheritance

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Rearrange these in
the correct order:

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 INTRODUCTION TO ORGANIC
COMPOUNDS

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3.1 Life’s molecular diversity is based on the
properties of carbon
 Carbon-based molecules are called __________
___________
 M
Methane
th andd other
th compounds d composedd off only
l
carbon and hydrogen are called ____________
– Carbon, with attached hydrogens, can bond together in
chains of various lengths

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3.2 Characteristic chemical groups help determine
the properties of organic compounds
 An organic
g compound
p has unique
q properties
p p that
depend upon
– The size and shape of the molecule and
– The groups of atoms (functional groups) attached to it

 A _____________ affects a biological molecule’s

function in a characteristic way

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3.2 Characteristic chemical groups help determine
the properties of organic compounds
 The functional groups are
– _______ group—consists of a hydrogen bonded to an
oxygen
– _______ group—a carbon linked by a double bond to
an oxygen atom
– _______ group—consists of a carbon double-bonded
to an oxygen and also bonded to a hydroxyl group
– _______ group—composed of a nitrogen bonded to
two hydrogen atoms and the carbon skeleton
– _______ group—consists of a phosphorus atom
bonded to four oxygen atoms
– _______ group—a carbon bonded to 3 hydrogens
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3.2 Characteristic chemical groups help determine
the properties of organic compounds
 Compounds
p containing
g functional groups
g p ((except
p
methyl group) are _________ (water-loving)
– This means that they are soluble in water,
water which is a
necessary prerequisite for their roles in water-based life

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3.2 Characteristic chemical groups help determine
the properties of organic compounds
 An examplep of similar compounds
p that differ onlyy
in functional groups is sex hormones
– Male and female sex hormones differ only in functional
groups
– The differences cause varied molecular actions
– The
e result
esu t iss d
distinguishable
st gu s ab e features
eatu es o
of males
a es a
and
d
females

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Estradiol

Female lion

Testosterone Male lion

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3.3 Cells make a huge number of large molecules
from a small set of small molecules
 There are four classes of biological
g molecules
– Carbohydrates
– Proteins
– Lipids
– Nucleic acids

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3.3 Cells make a huge number of large molecules
from a small set of small molecules
 The four classes of biological
g molecules contain
very large molecules
– They are often called ___________ because of their
large size
– They are also called _________ because they are
made from identical building blocks strung together
– The building blocks are called _________

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3.3 Cells make a huge number of large molecules
from a small set of small molecules
 A cell makes a large
g number of polymers
p y from a
small group of monomers
– Proteins are made from only 20 different amino acids
acids,
and DNA is built from just 4 kinds of nucleotides

 The monomers used to make polymers are

universal

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3.3 Cells make a huge number of large molecules
from a small set of small molecules
 Monomers are linked together
g to form polymers
p y
through ____________, which remove water
 P
Polymers
l are broken
b k apartt by
b ________, the
th
addition of water
 All biological reactions of this sort are mediated by
_________, which speed up chemical reactions
in cells

Animation: Polymers

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A

dehydration hydrolysis
synthesis
Which picture
represents…
Is water
removed or
added?
dd d?
Are polymers or
monomers
formed? 17
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 What is the name of the reaction shown?

Animation: Polysaccharides

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 Short p
polymer
y Unlinked
monomer

Figure 3.3A Dehydration reactions build a polymer

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material
 Short p
polymer
y Unlinked
monomer
Dehydration
reaction

Longer
g polymer
p y

Figure 3.3A Dehydration reactions build a polymer

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material
Figure 3.3B Hydrolysis breaks a adequate
polymer chain.
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 Hydrolysis

Figure 3.3B Hydrolysis breaks a adequate

polymer chain.
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 CARBOHYDRATES

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Introduction: Got Lactose?

 Most of the world’s p

population
p cannot digest
g milk-
based foods
– They are lactose intolerant
intolerant, because they lack the
enzyme lactase

 This illustrates the importance of biological

molecules, such as lactase, to functioning living
organisms

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3.4 Monosaccharides are the simplest
carbohydrates
 Carbohydrates
y range
g from small sugar
g molecules
(monomers) to large polysaccharides
– Sugar monomers are ____________, such as glucose
and fructose
– These can be hooked together to form the
polysaccharides

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Figure 3.4A Bees with honey, a mixture of two
monosaccharides (glucose & fructose)

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3.4 Monosaccharides are the simplest
carbohydrates
 The carbon skeletons of monosaccharides varyy in
length
– Glucose and fructose are 6 carbons long
– Others have 3-7 carbon atoms

 Monosaccharides are the main fuels for cellular

work
– Monosaccharides are also used as raw materials to
manufacture other organic molecules

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 Glucose Fructose
((an ________)) ((a ________))

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 Structural Abbreviated Simplified
formula structure structure

Figure 3.4C Three representations of the ring form of

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3.5 Cells link two single sugars to form
disaccharides
 Two monosaccharides ((monomers)) can bond to
form a ___________ in a dehydration reaction
– A glucose monomer bonding to a fructose monomer to
form sucrose
– Two glucose monomers undergo dehydration reaction
to form maltose
– Galactose and glucose undergo dehydration reaction to
form lactose

Animation: Disaccharides

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 Glucose Glucose

Figure 3.5 Disaccharide formation by a adequate study

dehydration material
reaction.
 Glucose Glucose

Maltose
Figure 3.5 Disaccharide formation by a adequate study
dehydration material
reaction.
 Carbohydrates

Which is a (1) monosaccharide?

(2) disaccharide?

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3.7 Polysaccharides are long chains of sugar units

 ___________ are p
polymers
y of monosaccharides
– They can function in the cell as a storage molecule or
as a structural compound

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3.7 Polysaccharides are long chains of sugar units

 _______ is a storage
g polysaccharide
p y composed
p of
glucose monomers and found in plants
 _______ is i a storage
t polysaccharide
l h id composed d off
glucose, which is hydrolyzed by animals when
glucose
l is
i needed
d d
 _______ is a polymer of glucose that forms plant
cell walls
 _______ is a polysaccharide used by insects and
crustaceans to build an exoskeleton

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3.7 Polysaccharides are long chains of sugar units

 Polysaccharides
y are ________ ((water-loving)
g)
– Cotton fibers, such as those in bath towels, are water
absorbent

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 Starch granules in STARCH Glucose
potato tuber cells monomer

Glycogen
granules GLYCOGEN
in muscle
tissue

CELLULOSE
Cellulose fibrils in
ap
plant cell wall
Hydrogen bonds

Cellulose
molecules

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Starch granules in STARCH Glucose
potato tuber cells monomer

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Glycogen
granules
l GLYCOGEN
in muscle
tissue

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 CELLULOSE
Cellulose fibrils in
a plant cell wall
Hydrogen bonds

Cellulose
molecules

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 Fig. 5-6
• *What basic shape do these polymers share?
Chloroplast Starch Mitochondria Glycogen granules

0.5 µm

1 µm
µ

Amylose Glycogen

A l
Amylopectin
ti

(a) Starch: a plant polysaccharide (b) Glycogen: an animal polysaccharide

What basic shape do these polymers

adequate
share?
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3.6 CONNECTION: What is high-fructose corn
syrup and is it to blame for obesity?
 When yyou drink a soda,, you
y are probably
p y
consuming a sweetener called high-fructose corn
y p (HFCS)
syrup ( )
 Because fructose is sweeter than glucose, glucose
atoms
t produced
d d from
f starch
t h are rearranged d tto
make the glucose isomer, fructose
– This is used to sweeten sodas
– If you overconsume sweeteners as well as fat and do
not exercise, you may experience weight gain

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Figure 3.6 HFCS, a main ingredient of soft drinks and
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 LIPIDS

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Figure 3.8A Water beading on the oily coating of feathers
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3.8 Fats are lipids that are mostly energy-storage
molecules
 _______ are water insoluble (_________, or
water fearing) compounds that are important in
gy storage
energy g
– They contain twice as much energy as a polysaccharide

 _______ are lipids made from glycerol and fatty

acids

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3.8 Fats are lipids that are mostly energy-storage
molecules
 Fattyy acids link to g
glycerol
y byy a dehydration
y
reaction
– A fat contains one glycerol linked to three fatty acids
– Fats are often called triglycerides because of their
structure

Animation: Fats

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 Glycerol

Fatty acid

Figure 3.8B A dehydration reaction Figure 3.8C A fat molecule made

linking a fatty acid to glycerol. adequate
from glycerol study
and three fattymaterial
acids.
 What is the technical name for fat?

 What are the components of fats?

 Why is fat a good source of energy?

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 Fig. 5-11a

Fatty acid
( l iti acid)
(palmitic id)

Glycerol

(a) What is the type of reaction above?

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3.8 Fats are lipids that are mostly energy-storage
molecules
 Some fattyy acids contain double bonds
– This causes kinks or bends in the carbon chain because
the maximum number of hydrogen atoms cannot bond
to the carbons at the double bond
– Th
These compoundsd are called
ll d ______________
because they have fewer than the maximum number of
hydrogens
– Fats with the maximum number of hydrogens are called
_______________

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 Fig. 5-12a

Structural formula of a
fat molecule

Stearic acid, a fatty acid

(a) Is this fat saturated or unsaturated?

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 Fig. 5-12b

St
Structural
t l formula
f l off a fat
f t molecule
l l

Oleic acid,
acid a fatty acid

(b) Is this fat saturated or unsaturated? cis double

bond causes
bending
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3.9 Phospholipids and steroids are important
lipids with a variety of functions
 ____________ are structurallyy similar to fats
and are an important component of all cells
– major part of cell membranes
membranes, in which they cluster into
a bilayer of phospholipids
– The hydrophilic heads are in contact with the water of
the environment and the internal part of the cell
– The hydrophobic tails band in the center of the bilayer

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 Fig. 5-13
– Two fatty acids and a
phosphate group are
attached
h d to glycerol
l l
c head

Choline
– The two fatty acid tails
ydrophilic

Phosphate are hydrophobic,

h d h bi b butt th
the
phosphate group and its
Glycerol
attachments form a
Hy

hydrophilic head
ails
ophobic ta

Fatty acids

Hydrophilic
Hydro

head

Hydrophobic
tails

(a) Structural formula (b) Space-filling model (c) Phospholipid symbol

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 • When phospholipids are
Hydrophilic Water
added to water, they self-
heads
assemble into a bilayer
bilayer, with
the hydrophobic tails
Hydrophobic pointing toward the interior
tails
• The structure of
phospholipids results in a
Water
bilayer arrangement found in
cell membranes

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 Fig. 5-14

WATER
• Why are X & Y positioned as
What is X? shown?

WATER
What is Y?

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3.9 Phospholipids and steroids are important
lipids with a variety of functions
 _________ are lipids
p characterized byy a carbon
skeleton consisting of four fused rings
– ___________ is an example of a steroid that plays a
significant role in the structure of the cell membrane
– In addition, cholesterol is the compound from which we
synthesize sex hormones

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Figure 3.9B Cholesterol, aadequate
steroid. study material
3.10 CONNECTION: Anabolic steroids pose
health risks
 _____________ are synthetic
y variants of
testosterone that can cause a buildup of muscle
and bone mass
– They can be sold as prescription drugs and used to
treat certain diseases
– They may also be abused with serious consequences,
such
h as liver
li damage
d that
th t can lead
l d to
t cancer

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