Course Code: ES 110

 Analogue Electronics-I
 Dr. Hashim Uledi Iddi
 Office: A018 (CoICT Block A)
 8 Credits Course
 Lecture: 2 Hrs/wk
 Tutorial: 1 Hr/wk

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 Course Assessment:

 UE 60% end of Semester (UE

Timetable)

 CA 40%
 2 tests: 1 mid-semester (wk 4)

1 end of semester (wk 8)

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 Course Outline
 Passive electronic component
 Types of Materials
 Semiconductors
 Semiconductor diode
 Special purpose diodes
 Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)
 Field Effect Transistors (FET)
 Amplifier Circuits

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 Reference/Text Books
 Floyd, T., “Electronic Devices”, Maxwell
Macmillan, 3rd Edition or Higher
 Boylestad, R. and Nashelsky, L., “Electronics
Devices and Circuit Theories, “Prentice-Hall,
5th Ed. 1991
 Floyd, T. “Fundamentals of Linear Circuits.”
Prentice Hall Career & Technology, 1992
 Sedra, A. and Smith, K. “Microelectronic
Circuits,” Saunders College Publishing, 3rd Ed.,
1991.
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 Electronic Components
Electronic components are divided into
two main groups:
Passive Component
 No current amplification e.g. resistors,
capacitors, inductors, diodes
Active Components
 There is current Amplification e.g.
Transistors, SCR devices, etc
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 Passive Electronic Components
 Resistors
 Capacitors
 Inductors
 physical structure, types, standard values,
colour codes, tolerance, voltage, power
rating, frequency consideration,
limitations

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 Resistors
 A resistor is a two terminal element
 The instantaneous voltage across the
terminals is proportional to the current
through it
u = Ri (ac quantities)
V = RI (dc quantities)
R is the constant of proportionality
known as Resistance of the element

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 Resistors…………
 Unit is: Ohm ()
 Circuit symbol:
Fixed value Variable Value
Resistors Resistors

e.g. 10k
e.g. 10k can vary from 0 – 10k

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 Resistance Values
 Ranges from a small fraction of an Ohm to
hundreds of MegaOhms

 kiloOhm (k) = 1,000

 MegaOhm (M) = 1,000,000

 Only certain Standard Values are

manufactured

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 Resistance Values ……
 Resistance value is generally indicated on
the resistor body by:
 Colour code or
 Numerical code

 The indicated values (Nominal values) are

only approximation
 Resistance values change with temperature

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 Resistance Values ……
Temperature variation can occur due to:
Environmental temperature variation
(surrounding temperature)
Self heating by internally generated heat
(Dissipated Power)
The degree of approximation is called
Tolerance and is expressed as percentage
(%) of the nominal value
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 Resistance Values ……
 Tolerance: e.g. Resistor has 120k  10%

Nominal Value

Tolerance
The Resistance can vary between:

120k - 120k x 10% and 120k + 120k x 10%

120k - 12k and 120k + 12k

108k to 132k
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 Resistance Values ……
e.g. a Resistor has 120k  1%

The Resistance can vary between:

120k - 120k x 1% and 120k + 120k x 1%

120k - 1.2k and 120k + 1.2k

118.8k to 121.2k

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 Resistance Values ……
For the same Nominal Value of 120k
10% tolerance variation is: 108k to 132k 24k

1% tolerance variation is: 118.8k to 121.2k 2.4k

 The smaller the tolerance the smaller the

resistance variation

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 Resistance Values ……
 Resistors are manufactures using sets of
Standard Values (i.e. Standard Nominal
Values) with the following tolerances:
20%, 10%, 5%,
 2%, 1%, 0.5, 0.25%,
0.1% and 0.05%

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 Resistance Values ……
 The standard values are organized in a
number of Series
 The standard series are names as follows:
E6, E12,
E24, E48,
E96, E192, etc

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 Resistance Values …E6 Series
 There are Six (6) values per Decade
DECADE
10 - 100 10 15 22 33 47 68

100 - 1000 100 150 220 330 470 680

1000 – 10,000 1000 1500 2200 3300 4700 6800

Tolerance for E6 series resistors is 20%

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 Resistance Values…..E12 Series
 There are 12 values per Decade

10 12 15 18 22 27 33 39

47 56 68 82
.. Values available in E6 series

Tolerance for E12 series resistors is 10

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 Resistance Values…E24 Series
 There are 24 values per Decade
10 11 12 13 15 16 18 20
22 24 27 30 33 36 39 43

47 51 56 62 68 75 82 91
..
Values available in E12 series
Tolerance for E24 series resistors is 5
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 Resistance Values…E48 Series
 There are 48 values per Decade
100 105 110 115 121 127 133 140
147 154 162 169 178 187 196 205
215 226 237 249 261 274 287 301
316 332 348 365 383 402 422 442
464 487 511 536 562 590 619 649
681 715 750 787 825 866 909 953
Tolerance for E48 series resistors is 2
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 Resistance Values …E96 Series
 There are 96 values per Decade
100 102 105 107 110 113 115 118
121 124 127 130 133 137 140 143
147 150 154 158 162 165 169 174
178 182 187 191 196 200 205 210
215 221 226 232 237 243 249 255
261 267 274 280 287 294 301 309
..
Values available in E48 series ...976
Tolerance for E96 series resistors is 1
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 Resistance Values …E192 Series
 There are 192 values per Decade
 Tolerance for E192 series resistors is 0.5

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 Resistor Colour Codes
 Resistance value is coded in four, five or six
colour bands

Four Colour Bands

Five Colour Bands

Six Colour Bands

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 4 Colour Band Resistor
Significant Figures Multiplier Tolerance
Brown Black Orange Gold
1 0 103 5%

Tolerance (Band 4)
Multiplier (Band 3)
Significant Figures (Band 1 & 2

= 10 x 103  ± 5%
= 10 k  ± 5%

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 Colour Values
Black Brown Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Violet Grey White Gold Silver

Tolerance () percentage

10 2 0.5 0.25 0.10 0.05 5 10

Multiplier
1 10 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 10-1 10-2

Significant Figure
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
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 5 Colour Band Resistor
Significant Figures Multiplier Tolerance
Yellow Violet Black Orange Brown

4 7 0 103 1%

Tolerance = 470 x 103  1%

Multiplier
= 470 k, 1%
Significant Figures

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 6 Colour Band Resistor

Temperature Coefficient
Tolerance
Multiplier

Significant Figures

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 6 Colour Band Resistor…..
 The 6th colour band is used to indicate how
the resistance change with change in
temperature
 Given in PPM/OC (Parts Per Million per OC)
i.e. 10-6/OC
 It is possible to calculate the increase or
decrease in resistance for a given change in
temperature

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 6 Colour Band Resistor…..
Black Brown Red Orange Yellow Green Blue Violet Grey White Gold Silver

Temperature Coefficient

100 50 15 25 10 5 1

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 6 Colour Band Resistor…..

Significant Figures Multipl. Toleran. Temp

Coeff
Red Red Black Brown Violet Orange

2 2 0 101 ±0.1% 15PPM

= 220 x 101, 1%, 15PPM

= 2.2k, 1%, 15PPM

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 Resistor Power Rating
 The power consumed by a resistor is given by:
P = IV or P = I2R or P = V2/P

 This power consumed for time t is converted into

Heat Energy and dissipated to the surroundings
 Each resistor has maximum power it can handle
known as Power Rating
 Power Rating is determined by the physical size of
the resistor

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 Resistor Power Rating
 The larger the physical size, the higher the
power rating

5W

1W

0.5W

0.25W

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 Resistor Power Rating…

 For a given power rating and value of resistance, it

is possible to workout the maximum current and
voltage to be applied to a resistor

I
P
V  PR
R
Where P is power rating of the resistor

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 Power Resistors
 Some resistors are designed to handle large
amount of power

Power Resistor
with ceramic body

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 Types of Resistors
 Resistors are made from different types of
materials
 Resistance is given by:

l Where:  = material resistivity (-m)

R A = cross section area (m2)
A
l = length (m)

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 Types of Resistors…..
 Wire wound resistor
 Carbon composite resistor
 Carbon film resistor
 Metal film resistor, etc

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 Special Resistors
 Variable Resistors
 Temperature
dependent resistors
(Thermistor) – PTC,
NTC
 Voltage dependent
resistors (VDR)
 Light Dependent
Resistors (LDR), etc

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