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7 Plane Truss Example

This document provides an example of analyzing a plane truss using the finite element method. It describes discretizing the truss into elements and nodes, calculating the stiffness matrix for each element, assembling the overall stiffness matrix, applying boundary conditions to formulate the system of equations, solving the system to determine displacements, and verifying the results through equilibrium equations. Key steps include discretizing the truss, deriving element stiffness matrices based on geometry and material properties, assembling the global stiffness matrix, applying boundary conditions, and solving for nodal displacements.

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sehrish aslam
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136 views16 pages

7 Plane Truss Example

This document provides an example of analyzing a plane truss using the finite element method. It describes discretizing the truss into elements and nodes, calculating the stiffness matrix for each element, assembling the overall stiffness matrix, applying boundary conditions to formulate the system of equations, solving the system to determine displacements, and verifying the results through equilibrium equations. Key steps include discretizing the truss, deriving element stiffness matrices based on geometry and material properties, assembling the global stiffness matrix, applying boundary conditions, and solving for nodal displacements.

Uploaded by

sehrish aslam
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Finite Element Analysis

Plane Truss Example

by
Dr. Gul Ahmed Jokhio
Faculty of Civil Engineering and Earth Resources
[email protected]
Lesson Outcomes

• At the end of this lesson, the student should


be able to:
– Apply the arbitrarily oriented bar element
equations to plane truss example
– Evaluate the plane truss using Finite Element
Analysis
Plane Truss

• Analyze the plane truss shown. Relevant data


is given as:
• 𝐴 = 2𝑐𝑚2
• 𝐸 = 200𝐺𝑃𝑎
Discretization

• The structure has already been discretized


• It consists of:
– 3 nodes
– 3 elements
– Element 1 is connected to nodes 1 and 2, element 2 is
connected to nodes 1 and 3, and element 3 is connected to
nodes 2 and 3
– Node 1 is pinned i.e. it can not move in either x or y direction
– Node 2 is supported by a roller i.e. it can not move in the y-
direction
– 60kN force is applied on node 3
– Element lengths are also given: Element 1 is 6m long while
element 2 and element 3 are each 4.767m long
Element Stiffness Matrices

• Element stiffness matrices can be obtained by using the


stiffness matrix for an arbitrarily oriented bar element
developed in the previous lecture

𝐶 2 𝐶𝑆 −𝐶 2 −𝐶𝑆
2 2
• 𝑘 =
𝐴𝐸 𝐶𝑆 𝑆 −𝐶𝑆 −𝑆
𝐿 −𝐶 2 −𝐶𝑆 𝐶 2 𝐶𝑆
−𝐶𝑆 −𝑆 2 𝐶𝑆 𝑆 2
• The values required for each element, therefore, are:
𝐴, 𝐸, 𝐿, 𝐶 and 𝑆
• We will also tag along the relevant degrees of freedom to
which an element is connected for ease in the assembly
process
Stiffness Matrix for Element 1

• 𝜃 = 0, 𝐶 = 1, 𝑆 = 0
• 𝐴 = 2𝑐𝑚2 = 0.0002𝑚2
• 𝐸 = 200𝐺𝑃𝑎 = 2 × 108 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
• 𝐿 = 6𝑚
𝐴𝐸 0.0002×2×108
• = = 6,666.67𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝐿 6
u1 v1 u2 v2
1 0 −1 0 u1

• 𝑘 1
= 6666.67 0 0 0 0 v1
−1 0 1 0 u2
0 0 0 0 v2
Stiffness Matrix for Element 2

• 𝜃 = 51°, 𝐶 = 0.629, 𝑆 = 0.777


• 𝐶 2 = 0.396, 𝑆 2 = 0.604, 𝐶𝑆 = 0.489
• 𝐴 = 2𝑐𝑚2 = 0.0002𝑚2
• 𝐸 = 200𝐺𝑃𝑎 = 2 × 108 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
• 𝐿 = 4.767𝑚
𝐴𝐸 0.0002×2×108
• = = 8,391𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝐿 4.767
u1 v1 u3 v3
0.396 0.489 −0.396 −0.489 u1

= 8391 0.489 0.604 −0.489 −0.604


2 v1
• 𝑘
−0.396 −0.489 0.396 0.489 u3
−0.489 −0.604 0.489 0.604 v3
Stiffness Matrix for Element 3

• 𝜃 = 129°, 𝐶 = −0.629, 𝑆 = 0.777


• 𝐶 2 = 0.396, 𝑆 2 = 0.604, 𝐶𝑆 = −0.489
• 𝐴 = 2𝑐𝑚2 = 0.0002𝑚2
• 𝐸 = 200𝐺𝑃𝑎 = 2 × 108 𝑘𝑁/𝑚2
• 𝐿 = 4.767𝑚
𝐴𝐸 0.0002×2×108
• = = 8,391𝑘𝑁/𝑚
𝐿 4.767
u2 v2 u3 v3
0.396 −0.489 −0.396 0.489 u2

= 8391 −0.489 0.604 0.489 −0.604


3 v2
• 𝑘
−0.396 0.489 0.396 −0.489 u3
0.489 −0.604 −0.489 0.604 v3
Assembly of Structure Stiffness Matrix

• Using direct stiffness assembly:

• 𝐾 =
9989.51 4103.2 −6666.67 0 −3322.84 −4103.2
4103.2 5068.16 0 0 −4103.2 −5068.16
−6666.67 0 9989.51 −4103.2 −3322.84 4103.2
0 0 −4103.2 5068.16 4103.2 −3322.84
−3322.84 −4103.2 −3322.84 4103.2 6645.68 0
−4103.2 −5068.16 4103.2 −3322.84 0 10136.32
System of Equations

𝑓1𝑥
𝑓1𝑦
𝑓2𝑥
• =
𝑓2𝑦
𝑓3𝑥
𝑓3𝑦
9989.51 4103.2 −6666.67 0 −3322.84 −4103.2 𝑢1
4103.2 5068.16 0 0 −4103.2 −5068.16 𝑣1
−6666.67 0 9989.51 −4103.2 −3322.84 4103.2 𝑢2
0 0 −4103.2 5068.16 4103.2 −5068.16 𝑣2
−3322.84 −4103.2 −3322.84 4103.2 6645.68 0 𝑢3
−4103.2 −5068.16 4103.2 −5068.16 0 10136.32 𝑣3
Boundary Conditions

• We know that:
• 𝑢1 = 𝑣1 = 𝑣1 = 0
• 𝑓2𝑥 = 𝑓3𝑦 = 0, and 𝑓3𝑥 = 60𝑘𝑁
• These boundary conditions can be applied by
removing the 1st, 2nd, and 4th rows and
columns from the system of equations and
inserting the relevant values in the force
vector
Reduced System of Equations

• The reduced system of equations is given as:


0
• 60 =
0
9989.51 −3322.84 4103.2 𝑢2
−3322.84 6645.68 0 𝑢3
4103.2 0 10136.32 𝑣3
• This system of equations can be solved using
any method applicable to such systems
Solution

• From the solution of the system of equations, we get:


• 𝑢2 = 0.0045𝑚 = 4.5𝑚𝑚
• 𝑢3 = 0.011278𝑚 = 11.28𝑚𝑚
• 𝑣3 = −0.00182 = −1.82𝑚𝑚
• These values show that both nodes 2 and 3 are moving
towards the right by 4.5mm and 11.28mm, respectively
(negative values would have suggested leftwards
movement)
• Node 3 is also moving 1.82mm downwards (a positive
value would have suggested upwards movement)
Support Reactions

• The unknown support reactions can be obtained by


inserting the calculated deformations into the
equations that we removed earlier
• 𝑓1𝑥 = −6666.67𝑢2 − 3322.84𝑢3 − 4103.2𝑣3 =
− 60.0045 ≅ −60𝑘𝑁
• 𝑓1𝑦 = −4103.2𝑢3 − 5068.16𝑣3 = −37.0454
• 𝑓2𝑦 = −4103.2𝑢2 + 4103.2𝑢3 − 5068.16𝑣3 =
37.0454
• We can verify these results by applying simple
equilibrium to the structure
Verification through Equilibrium

• 𝑀@1 = 0
• 60 × 3.7047 − 𝑓2𝑦 × 6 = 0
• 𝑓2𝑦 = 37.047𝑘𝑁
• 𝐹𝑦 = 0
• 𝑓1𝑦 + 37.047 = 0
• 𝑓1𝑦 = −37.047𝑘𝑁
• 𝐹𝑥 = 0
• 𝑓1𝑥 + 60 = 0
• 𝑓1𝑥 = −60𝑘𝑁
• We can see that the values obtained from FEA are, within limit,
equal to those obtained by simple equilibrium equations
Author Information

Dr. Gul Ahmed Jokhio


is a Senior Lecturer at FKASA, UMP. He completed his PhD from
Imperial College London in 2012.

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