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    The document discusses safety factors, loads, and pressures used in structural design. It covers characteristic loads, dead loads, imposed loads, and how design loads are calculated by applying partial safety factors to characteristic loads. Safety factors account for uncertainties and ensure structures can withstand loads without failure.

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    The document discusses safety factors, loads, and pressures used in structural design. It covers characteristic loads, dead loads, imposed loads, and how design loads are calculated by applying partial safety factors to characteristic loads. Safety factors account for uncertainties and ensure structures can withstand loads without failure.

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    The document discusses safety factors, loads, and pressures used in structural design. It covers characteristic loads, dead loads, imposed loads, and how design loads are calculated by applying partial safety factors to characteristic loads. Safety factors account for uncertainties and ensure structures can withstand loads without failure.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    14 views1 page

    PDF Compression, Ocr, Web-Optimization With Cvision'S Pdfcompressor

    Uploaded by

    Khaleel
    The document discusses safety factors, loads, and pressures used in structural design. It covers characteristic loads, dead loads, imposed loads, and how design loads are calculated by applying partial safety factors to characteristic loads. Safety factors account for uncertainties and ensure structures can withstand loads without failure.

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 1

    8 Safety factors, loads and pressures

    To ensure acceptable compliance with these limit-states, their design by methods based on permissible working
    various partial factors of safety are employed in limit-state stresses.
    design. The particular values selected for these factors
    depend on the accuracy known for the load or strength to Note When carrying out any calculation, it is most
    which the factor is being applied, the seriousness of the important that the designer is absolutely clear as to the
    consequences that might follow if excessive loading or stress condition he is investigating. This is of especial importance
    occurs, and so on. Some details of the various partial factors when he is using values obtained from tables or graphs such
    of safety specified in BS8I 10 and CPI 10 and their applica- as those given in Part II of this book. For example, tabulated
    tion are set out in Table I and discussed in Chapter 8. It values for the strength of a section at the ultimate limit-state
    will be seen that at each limit-state considered, two partial must never be used to satisfy the requirements obtained by
    safety factors are involved. The characteristic loads are carrying out a serviceability analysis, i.e. by calculating
    multiplied by a partial safety factor for loads Yf to obtain bending moments and shearing forces due to unfactored
    the design loads, thus enabling calculation of the bending characteristic loads.
    moments and shearing forces for which the member is to
    be designed. Thus if the characteristic loads are multiplied
    2.2 CHARACTERISTIC LOADS
    by the value of y1 corresponding to the ultimate limit-state,
    the moments and forces subsequently determined will re- The loads acting on a structure are permanent (or dead)
    present those occurring at failure, and the sections must be loads and transient (or imposed or live) loads. As explained
    designed accordingly. Similarly, if the value of y1 corres- above, a design load is calculated by multiplying the
    ponding to the limit-state of serviceability is used, the characteristic load by the appropriate partial factor of safety
    moments and forces under service loads will be obtained. for loads According to the Code Handbook a character-
    In a similar manner, characteristic strengths of materials istic load is, by definition, 'that value of load which has an
    used are divided by a partial safety factor for materials accepted probability of its not being exceeded during the
    Ym to obtain appropriate design strengths for each life of the structure' and ideally should be evaluated from
    material. the mean load with a standard deviation from this value.
    Although serviceability limit-state calculations to ensure BS8I 10 states that for design purposes the loads set out in
    the avoidance of excessive cracking or deflection may be BS6399: Part 1and CP3: Chapter V: Part 2 may be
    undertaken, and suitable procedures are outlined to under- considered as characteristic dead, imposed and wind loads.
    take such a full analysis for every section would be too Thus the values given in Tables 2—8 may be considered
    time-consuming and arduous, as well as being to be characteristic loads for the purposes of limit-state
    Therefore BS8 110 and CPI 10 specify certain limits relating calculations.
    to bar spacing, slenderness etc. and, if these criteria are In the case of wind loading, in CP3: Chapter V: Part 2 a
    not exceeded, more-detailed calculations are unnecessary. multiplying factor S3 has been incorporated in the express-
    Should a proposed design fall outside these tabulated ion used to determine the characteristic wind load to
    limiting values, however, the engineer may still be able to take account of the probability of the basic wind speed being
    show that his design meets the Code requirements regarding exceeded during the life of the structure.
    serviceability by producing detailed calculations to validate
    his claim.
    2.3 DEAD LOADS
    Apart from the partial factor of safety for dead +
    imposed + wind load, all the partial safety factors relating Dead loads include the weights of the structure itself and
    to the serviceability limit-state are equal to unity. Thus the any permanent fixtures, partitions, finishes, superstructures
    calculation of bending moments and shearing forces by using and so on. Data for calculating dead loads are given in
    unfactored dead and imposed loads, as is undertaken with Tables 2,3 and 4: reference should also be made to the notes
    modular-ratio and load-factor design, may conveniently be relating to dead loads given in section 9.1.
    thought of as an analysis under service loading, using
    limiting permissible service stresses that have been determin-
    ed by applying overall safety factors to the material strengths. 2.4 IMPOSED LOADS
    Although imprecise, this concept may be useful in appreciat- Imposed (or transient or live) loads include any external
    ing the relationship between limit-state and other design loads imposed upon the structure when it is serving its
    methods, especially as permissible-working-stress design is normal purpose, and include the weight of stored materials,
    likely to continue to be used for certain types of structures furniture and movable equipment, cranes, vehicles, snow,
    and structural members (e.g. chimneys) for some time to wind and people. The accurate assessment of the actual and
    come, especially where the behaviour under service loading probable loads is an important factor in the production of
    is the determining factor. In view of the continuing usefulness economical and efficient structures. Some imposed loads,
    of permissible-working-stress design, which has been shown such as the pressures and weights due to contained liquids,
    by the experience of many years to result in the production can be determined exactly; less definite, but capable of being
    of safe and economical designs for widely diverse types of calculated with reasonable accuracy, are the pressures of
    structure, most of the design data given elsewhere in this retained granular materials. Other loads, such as those on
    book, particularly in those chapters dealing with structures floors, roofs and bridges, are generally specified at character-
    other than building frames and similar components, are istic values. Wind forces are much less definite, and marine
    related to the analysis of structures Lnder service loads and forces are among the least determinable.

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