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1/31/2021 Signals and Systems Formula Sheet

Signals and Systems Formula Sheet

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Haris Hassan, Designer | Social Media | Writer | Programmer | Graduating Engineering Student
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Signals and system formula sheet

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Signals and Systems Formula Sheet

1. 1. Interval Sum Condition Interval Sum Condition Infinite ∑ |a|<1 Finite on [1,N] ∑ None Finite on [0,N] ∑ None Finite on [N1,N2] ∑ None Infinite ∑
|a|<1 Finite on [1,N] ∑ None Name Continuous Discrete Name Continuous Discrete Unit Step function u(t ) ={ u[n] ={ Signum signal { [ ] { Ramp
signal r(t ) ={ r[n]=nu(n) ={ Sinusoidal signal x(t ) = sin(2π f0 t + θ) X*n+ = sin(2π f0 n + θ) Impulse function [ ] { Sinc function [ ] Rectangular pulse
function ( ) { [ ] { Triangular pulse ( ) { [ ] { Name Properties Name Properties Signals in term of unit step and vice versa ∫ ( ) ( ) Impulse properties ∫ ∫
Time period of linear combination of two signals Sum of signals is periodic if rational number The fundamental period of g(t) is given by nT1 = mT2
provided that the values of m and n are chosen such that the greatest common divisor (gcd) between m and n is 1 Odd and even & symmetry [ ] [ ]
Combined operation x(t)⇒ Kx(t) +C Scale by K then shift by C …. x(t)⇒ x(αt −β ) Shift by β : * x(t -β)+ Then Compress by a:* x( t- β ) ⇒ x (αt-β )]
OR Compress by α: * x(t)⇒ x(αt)] then Shift by :[ x(αt) ⇒ {α ( t- )} = x (αt −β)}] Derivative of impulse (doublet) { ∫ Energy and power Periodic signals
have infinite energy hence power type signals. Geometric Series formulas Elementary Signals classification Important Properties of Signals Signals &
Systems Formula Sheet by Haris H.
2. 2. Table 1: Properties of the Continuous-Time Fourier Series x(t) = +∞ k=−∞ akejkω0t = +∞ k=−∞ akejk(2π/T)t ak = 1 T T x(t)e−jkω0t dt = 1 T T
x(t)e−jk(2π/T)t dt Property Periodic Signal Fourier Series Coefficients x(t) y(t) Periodic with period T and fundamental frequency ω0 = 2π/T ak bk
Linearity Ax(t) + By(t) Aak + Bbk Time-Shifting x(t − t0) ake−jkω0t0 = ake−jk(2π/T)t0 Frequency-Shifting ejMω0t = ejM(2π/T)t x(t) ak−M
Conjugation x∗ (t) a∗ −k Time Reversal x(−t) a−k Time Scaling x(αt), α > 0 (periodic with period T/α) ak Periodic Convolution T x(τ)y(t − τ)dτ Takbk
Multiplication x(t)y(t) +∞ l=−∞ albk−l Differentiation dx(t) dt jkω0ak = jk 2π T ak Integration t −∞ x(t)dt (finite-valued and periodic only if a0 = 0) 1
jkω0 ak = 1 jk(2π/T) ak Conjugate Symmetry for Real Signals x(t) real ak = a∗ −k ℜe{ak} = ℜe{a−k} ℑm{ak} = −ℑm{a−k} |ak|
= |a−k| <) ak = −<) a−k Real and Even Sig- nals x(t) real and even ak real and even Real and Odd Signals x(t) real and odd ak purely imaginary and odd

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Even-Odd Decompo- sition of Real Signals xe(t) = Ev{x(t)} [x(t) real] xo(t) = Od{x(t)} [x(t) real] ℜe{ak} jℑm{ak} Parseval’s Relation for Periodic
Signals 1 T T |x(t)|2 dt = +∞ k=−∞ |ak|2 Properties of the Continuous-Time Fourier Series Property Time Domain Fourier series
3. 3. Table 2: Properties of the Discrete-Time Fourier Series x[n] = k=<N> akejkω0n = k=<N> akejk(2π/N)n ak = 1 N n=<N> x[n]e−jkω0n = 1 N n=<N>
x[n]e−jk(2π/N)n Property Periodic signal Fourier series coefficients x[n] y[n] Periodic with period N and fun- damental frequency ω0 = 2π/N ak bk
Periodic with period N Linearity Ax[n] + By[n] Aak + Bbk Time shift x[n − n0] ake−jk(2π/N)n0 Frequency Shift ejM(2π/N)n x[n] ak−M Conjugation
x∗ [n] a∗ −k Time Reversal x[−n] a−k Time Scaling x(m)[n] = x[n/m] if n is a multiple of m 0 if n is not a multiple of m 1 m ak viewed as periodic with
period mN (periodic with period mN) Periodic Convolution r= N x[r]y[n − r] Nakbk Multiplication x[n]y[n] l= N albk−l First Difference x[n] − x[n − 1]
(1 − e−jk(2π/N) )ak Running Sum n k=−∞ x[k] finite-valued and periodic only if a0 = 0 1 (1 − e−jk(2π/N)) ak Conjugate Symmetry for Real Signals
x[n] real ak = a∗ −k ℜe{ak} = ℜe{a−k} ℑm{ak} = −ℑm{a−k} |ak| = |a−k| <) ak = −<) a−k Real and Even Signals x[n] real and
even ak real and even Real and Odd Signals x[n] real and odd ak purely imaginary and odd Even-Odd Decomposi- tion of Real Signals xe[n] =
Ev{x[n]} [x[n] real] xo[n] = Od{x[n]} [x[n] real] ℜe{ak} jℑm{ak} Parseval’s Relation for Periodic Signals 1 N n= N |x[n]|2 = k= N |ak|2 Properties of
the Discrete-Time Fourier Series Property Time domainTime Domain Fourier Series
4. 4. Table 3: Properties of the Continuous-Time Fourier Transform x(t) = 1 2π ∞ −∞ X(jω)ejωt dω X(jω) = ∞ −∞ x(t)e−jωt dt Property Aperiodic Signal
Fourier transform x(t) X(jω) y(t) Y (jω) Linearity ax(t) + by(t) aX(jω) + bY (jω) Time-shifting x(t − t0) e−jωt0 X(jω) Frequency-shifting ejω0t x(t)
X(j(ω − ω0)) Conjugation x∗ (t) X∗ (−jω) Time-Reversal x(−t) X(−jω) Time- and Frequency-Scaling x(at) 1 |a| X jω a Convolution x(t) ∗ y(t) X(jω)Y
(jω) Multiplication x(t)y(t) 1 2π X(jω) ∗ Y (jω) Differentiation in Time d dt x(t) jωX(jω) Integration t −∞ x(t)dt 1 jω X(jω) + πX(0)δ(ω) Differentiation
in Frequency tx(t) j d dω X(jω) Conjugate Symmetry for Real Signals x(t) real X(jω) = X∗ (−jω) ℜe{X(jω)} = ℜe{X(−jω)}
ℑm{X(jω)} = −ℑm{X(−jω)} |X(jω)| = |X(−jω)| <) X(jω) = −<) X(−jω) Symmetry for Real and Even Signals x(t) real and even X(jω) real and even
Symmetry for Real and Odd Signals x(t) real and odd X(jω) purely imaginary and odd Even-Odd Decomposition for Real Signals xe(t) = Ev{x(t)} [x(t)
real] xo(t) = Od{x(t)} [x(t) real] ℜe{X(jω)} jℑm{X(jω)} Parseval’s Relation for Aperiodic Signals +∞ −∞ |x(t)|2 dt = 1 2π +∞ −∞ |X(jω)|2 dω
Properties of the Continuous-Time Fourier Transform Property Aperiodic Signal Fourier Transform
5. 5. Table 4: Basic Continuous-Time Fourier Transform Pairs Fourier series coefficients Signal Fourier transform (if periodic) +∞ k=−∞ akejkω0t 2π +∞
k=−∞ akδ(ω − kω0) ak ejω0t 2πδ(ω − ω0) a1 = 1 ak = 0, otherwise cos ω0t π[δ(ω − ω0) + δ(ω + ω0)] a1 = a−1 = 1 2 ak = 0, otherwise sin ω0t π j [δ(ω
− ω0) − δ(ω + ω0)] a1 = −a−1 = 1 2j ak = 0, otherwise x(t) = 1 2πδ(ω) a0 = 1, ak = 0, k = 0 this is the Fourier series rep- resentation for any choice of T
> 0 Periodic square wave x(t) = 1, |t| < T1 0, T1 < |t| ≤ T 2 and x(t + T) = x(t) +∞ k=−∞ 2 sin kω0T1 k δ(ω − kω0) ω0T1 π sinc kω0T1 π = sin kω0T1
kπ +∞ n=−∞ δ(t − nT) 2π T +∞ k=−∞ δ ω − 2πk T ak = 1 T for all k x(t) 1, |t| < T1 0, |t| > T1 2 sin ωT1 ω — sin Wt πt X(jω) = 1, |ω| < W 0, |ω| > W —
δ(t) 1 — u(t) 1 jω + πδ(ω) — δ(t − t0) e−jωt0 — e−at u(t), ℜe{a} > 0 1 a + jω — te−at u(t), ℜe{a} > 0 1 (a + jω)2 — tn−1 (n−1)! e−atu(t), ℜe{a} > 0 1
(a + jω)n — Basic Continuous-Time Fourier Transform Pairs Signal Fourier Transform Fourier Series Coefficients (if periodic)
6. 6. Table 5: Properties of the Discrete-Time Fourier Transform x[n] = 1 2π 2π X(ejω )ejωn dω X(ejω ) = +∞ n=−∞ x[n]e−jωn Property Aperiodic Signal
Fourier transform x[n] y[n] X(ejω ) Y (ejω ) Periodic with period 2π Linearity ax[n] + by[n] aX(ejω ) + bY (ejω ) Time-Shifting x[n − n0] e−jωn0
X(ejω ) Frequency-Shifting ejω0n x[n] X(ej(ω−ω0) ) Conjugation x∗ [n] X∗ (e−jω ) Time Reversal x[−n] X(e−jω ) Time Expansions x(k)[n] = x[n/k], if
n = multiple of k 0, if n = multiple of k X(ejkω ) Convolution x[n] ∗ y[n] X(ejω )Y (ejω ) Multiplication x[n]y[n] 1 2π 2π X(ejθ )Y (ej(ω−θ) )dθ
Differencing in Time x[n] − x[n − 1] (1 − e−jω )X(ejω ) Accumulation n k=−∞ x[k] 1 1 − e−jω X(ejω ) +πX(ej0 ) +∞ k=−∞ δ(ω − 2πk) Differentiation
in Frequency nx[n] j dX(ejω ) dω Conjugate Symmetry for Real Signals x[n] real X(ejω ) = X∗ (e−jω ) ℜe{X(ejω )} =
ℜe{X(e−jω )} ℑm{X(ejω )} = −ℑm{X(e−jω )} |X(ejω )| = |X(e−jω )| <) X(ejω ) = −<) X(e−jω ) Symmetry for Real, Even Signals x[n] real and even
X(ejω ) real and even Symmetry for Real, Odd Signals x[n] real and odd X(ejω ) purely imaginary and odd Even-odd Decomposition of Real Signals

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xe[n] = Ev{x[n]} [x[n] real] xo[n] = Od{x[n]} [x[n] real] ℜe{X(ejω )} jℑm{X(ejω )} Parseval’s Relation for Aperiodic Signals +∞ n=−∞ |x[n]|2 = 1 2π
2π |X(ejω )|2 dω Properties of the Discrete-Time Fourier Transform Property Aperiodic Signals Fourier Transform
7. 7. Table 6: Basic Discrete-Time Fourier Transform Pairs Fourier series coefficients Signal Fourier transform (if periodic) k= N akejk(2π/N)n 2π +∞
k=−∞ akδ ω − 2πk N ak ejω0n 2π +∞ l=−∞ δ(ω − ω0 − 2πl) (a) ω0 = 2πm N ak = 1, k = m, m ± N, m ± 2N, . . . 0, otherwise (b) ω0 2π irrational ⇒ The
signal is aperiodic cos ω0n π +∞ l=−∞ {δ(ω − ω0 − 2πl) + δ(ω + ω0 − 2πl)} (a) ω0 = 2πm N ak = 1 2 , k = ±m, ±m ± N, ±m ± 2N, . . . 0, otherwise (b)
ω0 2π irrational ⇒ The signal is aperiodic sin ω0n π j +∞ l=−∞ {δ(ω − ω0 − 2πl) − δ(ω + ω0 − 2πl)} (a) ω0 = 2πr N ak = 1 2j , k = r, r ± N, r ±
2N, . . . − 1 2j , k = −r, −r ± N, −r ± 2N, . . . 0, otherwise (b) ω0 2π irrational ⇒ The signal is aperiodic x[n] = 1 2π +∞ l=−∞ δ(ω − 2πl) ak = 1, k = 0,
±N, ±2N, . . . 0, otherwise Periodic square wave x[n] = 1, |n| ≤ N1 0, N1 < |n| ≤ N/2 and x[n + N] = x[n] 2π +∞ k=−∞ akδ ω − 2πk N ak = sin[(2πk/N)
(N1+ 1 2 )] N sin[2πk/2N] , k = 0, ±N, ±2N, . . . ak = 2N1+1 N , k = 0, ±N, ±2N, . . . +∞ k=−∞ δ[n − kN] 2π N +∞ k=−∞ δ ω − 2πk N ak = 1 N for all k
an u[n], |a| < 1 1 1 − ae−jω — x[n] 1, |n| ≤ N1 0, |n| > N1 sin[ω(N1 + 1 2 )] sin(ω/2) — sin Wn πn = W π sinc Wn π 0 < W < π X(ω) = 1, 0 ≤ |ω| ≤ W 0,
W < |ω| ≤ π X(ω)periodic with period 2π — δ[n] 1 — u[n] 1 1 − e−jω + +∞ k=−∞ πδ(ω − 2πk) — δ[n − n0] e−jωn0 — (n + 1)an u[n], |a| < 1 1 (1 −
ae−jω)2 — (n + r − 1)! n!(r − 1)! an u[n], |a| < 1 1 (1 − ae−jω)r — Basic Discrete-Time Fourier Transform Pairs Signal Fourier Transform Fourier
Series Co-effecient (if periodic)
8. 8. Table 7: Properties of the Laplace Transform Property Signal Transform ROC x(t) X(s) R x1(t) X1(s) R1 x2(t) X2(s) R2 Linearity ax1(t) + bx2(t)
aX1(s) + bX2(s) At least R1 ∩ R2 Time shifting x(t − t0) e−st0 X(s) R Shifting in the s-Domain es0t x(t) X(s − s0) Shifted version of R [i.e., s is in the
ROC if (s − s0) is in R] Time scaling x(at) 1 |a| X s a “Scaled” ROC (i.e., s is in the ROC if (s/a) is in R) Conjugation x∗ (t) X∗ (s∗ ) R Convolution
x1(t) ∗ x2(t) X1(s)X2(s) At least R1 ∩ R2 Differentiation in the Time Domain d dt x(t) sX(s) At least R Differentiation in the s-Domain −tx(t) d ds X(s)
R Integration in the Time Domain t −∞ x(τ)d(τ) 1 s X(s) At least R ∩ {ℜe{s} > 0} Initial- and Final Value Theorems If x(t) = 0 for t < 0 and x(t)
contains no impulses or higher-order singularities at t = 0, then x(0+ ) = lims→∞ sX(s) If x(t) = 0 for t < 0 and x(t) has a finite limit as t → ∞, then
limt→∞ x(t) = lims→0 sX(s) Properties of Laplace Transform Property Signal Transform ROC
9. 9. Table 8: Laplace Transforms of Elementary Functions Signal Transform ROC 1. δ(t) 1 All s 2. u(t) 1 s ℜe{s} > 0 3. −u(−t) 1 s ℜe{s} < 0 4. tn−1 (n −
1)! u(t) 1 sn ℜe{s} > 0 5. − tn−1 (n − 1)! u(−t) 1 sn ℜe{s} < 0 6. e−αt u(t) 1 s + α ℜe{s} > −α 7. −e−αt u(−t) 1 s + α ℜe{s} < −α 8. tn−1 (n − 1)! e−αt
u(t) 1 (s + α)n ℜe{s} > −α 9. − tn−1 (n − 1)! e−αt u(−t) 1 (s + α)n ℜe{s} < −α 10. δ(t − T) e−sT All s 11. [cos ω0t]u(t) s s2 + ω2 0 ℜe{s} > 0 12. [sin
ω0t]u(t) ω0 s2 + ω2 0 ℜe{s} > 0 13. [e−αt cos ω0t]u(t) s + α (s + α)2 + ω2 0 ℜe{s} > −α 14. [e−αt sin ω0t]u(t) ω0 (s + α)2 + ω2 0 ℜe{s} > −α 15. un(t)
= dn δ(t) dtn sn All s 16. u−n(t) = u(t) ∗ · · · ∗ u(t) n times 1 sn ℜe{s} > 0 Laplace Transform of Elementary Functions Signal Transform Roc Haris H.

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