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Probstat 4

The document discusses probability and provides examples of calculating probabilities of events occurring using concepts like sample space, number of possible outcomes, classical vs subjective probabilities, and relative frequency. Probability is defined as the chances that a certain event would happen and is calculated by dividing the number of favorable outcomes by the total number of possible outcomes. Examples include calculating probabilities of dice rolls, coin tosses, ball draws from boxes containing different colored balls, and probabilities of test pass/fail rates.

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25 views2 pages

Probstat 4

The document discusses probability and provides examples of calculating probabilities of events occurring using concepts like sample space, number of possible outcomes, classical vs subjective probabilities, and relative frequency. Probability is defined as the chances that a certain event would happen and is calculated by dividing the number of favorable outcomes by the total number of possible outcomes. Examples include calculating probabilities of dice rolls, coin tosses, ball draws from boxes containing different colored balls, and probabilities of test pass/fail rates.

Uploaded by

hungrynomadph
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Probability – chances that a certain event would happen.

EXAMPLES:
1. Consider the activity of rolling a die. This activity has six possible outcomes, that is:
Sample space S = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6)
If we let A be the event of getting an odd number and B an event of getting a perfect
square, then:
A = (1, 3, 5) and B = (1, 4)
The number of sample points in a sample space S, events A and B are written as:
n(S) = 6 n(A) = 3 n(B) = 2
2. If a pair of dice is rolled, determine the number of sample points of the following:
a. Sample space n(S) = 6 x 6 = 36
b. Event of getting a sum of 5 n(A) = 4 ({1,4}, {4,1}, {2,3}, {3,2})
c. Event of getting a sum of at most 4 n(b) = 6 ({1,1}, {1,2}, {1,3}, {2,1}, {2,2}, {3,1})
3. A box contains 6 red and 4 green balls. If 3 balls are drawn from the box, determine the
number of sample points of the following:
a. The sample space
n(S) = 10C3 = 10!______ = 120
(10-3)! x 3!
b. The event of getting all red balls
n(A) = 6C3 x 4C0 = 6!_____ x 4!_____ = 20
(6-3)! X 3! (4-0)! X 0!
c. The event of getting 1 red and 2 green balls
n(B) = 6C1 x 4C2 = 6! x 4! = 36
(6-1)! x 1! (4-2)! x 2!
THREE APPROACHES OF PROBABILITY:
1. Subjective probability – based on an individual’s experience or perception
2. Probability of the relative frequency – based on the determination of the relative
frequency of occurrence
3. Classical probability – based on the possible outcomes of an experiment
EXAMPLES:
1. Records show that 100 out of 1500 students who entered in a certain college leave the
school due to financial problem. What is the probability that a freshman entering this
college will leave the school due to financial reason?
P(A) = 100/1500 = 0.0667 or 6.67%
2. Records show that in a certain university, 1400 out of 1750 graduates who took the
nursing exam failed. What is the probability that future graduates of this university who
will take the nursing exam will pass?
P(A) = (1750 – 1400)/1750 = 0.20 or 20%
3. If a coin is tossed, what is the probability of getting a head?
n(S) = 2 n(A) = 1
P(A) = n(A)/n(S) = ½ = 0.50 or 50%
4. If 2 coins are tossed, what is the probability of getting both heads?
S = (HH, HT, TH, TT) n(S) = 4 A = (HH) n(A) = 1
P(A) = n(A)/n(S) = ¼ = 0.25 or 25%
5. If a die is rolled, what is the probability of getting:
a. An odd number
b. An even number
c. A perfect square
S = (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6) n(S) = 6
A = (1, 3, 5) n(A) = 3 P(A) = 3/6 = ½
B = (2, 4, 6) n(B) = 3 P(B) = 3/6 = ½
C = (1, 4) n(C) = 2 P(C) = 2/6 = 1/3
6. If a pair of dice is rolled, what is the probability of getting:
a. A sum of 6
b. A sum of less than 13
c. A sum of 13
d. A sum of at least 10
n(S) = 36
A = (1,5) (5,1) (2,4) (4,2) (3,3) n(A) = 5 P(A) = 5/36
n(B) = 36 P(B) = 36/36 = 1
n(C) = 0 P(C) = 0/36 = 0
D = (4,6) (6,4) (5,5) (5,6) (6,5) (6,6) n(D) = 6 P(D) = 6/36 = 1/6
7. A box has 3 red, 4 green and 6 yellow balls. If a ball is drawn from the box, what is the
probability that:
a. It is green
P(A) = 4/13
b. It is not red
P(B) = 10/13
8. A box contains 7 red and 6 green balls. If 2 balls are drawn from the box, what is the
probability of getting:
a. Both green
n(S) = 13C2 = 13! = 78
(13-2)! x 2!
n(A) = 6C2 x 7C0 = 15
P(A) = 15/78
b. 1 red and 1 green
n(B) = 7C1 x 6C1 = 42
P(B) = 42/78 = 7/13

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