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Chapter 4: Mathematical Functions: Lecture 04,05

The document defines different types of mathematical functions including: 1) A function relates each input to a single output and is represented by f(x) = y. The domain is the set of inputs and the range is the set of outputs. 2) Examples of functions include linear functions of the form f(x) = mx + c, quadratic functions of the form f(x) = ax^2 + bx + c, and polynomial functions of degree n. 3) Beyond single-variable functions, multivariate functions have more than one independent variable like f(x,y) = 2x + 5y. Restricted domains may also limit the possible inputs.

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43 views6 pages

Chapter 4: Mathematical Functions: Lecture 04,05

The document defines different types of mathematical functions including: 1) A function relates each input to a single output and is represented by f(x) = y. The domain is the set of inputs and the range is the set of outputs. 2) Examples of functions include linear functions of the form f(x) = mx + c, quadratic functions of the form f(x) = ax^2 + bx + c, and polynomial functions of degree n. 3) Beyond single-variable functions, multivariate functions have more than one independent variable like f(x,y) = 2x + 5y. Restricted domains may also limit the possible inputs.

Uploaded by

Chaqib Sultan
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Lecture 04,05
Chapter 4: Mathematical Functions
Definition: A function is a mathematical rule that assigns to each
input value one and only one output value.

Definition: The domain of a function is the set consisting of all


possible input values.

Definition: The range of a function is the set of all possible


output values.

Notation
The assigning of output values to corresponding input values is
often called as mapping. The notation
��(��) = ��
represents the mapping of the set of input values of �� into the
set of output values ��, using the mapping rule ��.

The equation
�� = ��(��)
denotes a functional relationship between the variables �� and
��. Here �� means the input variable and �� means the
output variable, i.e. the value of �� depends upon and uniquely
determined by the values of ��.

The input variable is called the independent variable and the


output variable is called the dependent variable.

Some examples
1. The fare of taxi depends upon the distance and the day of
the week.
2. The fee structure depends upon the program and the type of
education (on campus/off campus) you are admitting in.
18
3. The house prices depend on the location of the house.

Note: The variable �� is not always the independent variable, ��


is not always the dependent variable and �� is not always the rule
relating �� and ��. Once the notation of function is clear then,
from the given notation, we can easily identify the input variable,
output variable and the rule relating them, for example �� =
��(��) has input variable ��, output variable �� and �� is
the rule relating �� and ��.

Example (Weekly Salary Function)


A person gets a job as a salesperson and his salary depends upon
the number of units he sells each week. Then, dependency of
weekly salary on the units sold per week can be represented as ��
= ��(��), where �� is the name of the salary function.
Suppose your employer has given you the following equation for
determining your weekly salary: �� = 100 �� + 5000

Given any value of x will result in the value of y with respect to the
function f. If x = 5, then y = 5500. We write this as, y = f(5) = 5500.

Example
Given the functional relationship
f(x) = 5x − 10,
Find f(0), f(−2) and f(a + b).

Solution: As ��(��) = 5�� − 10, so


��(0) = 5(0) − 10 = −10
��(−2) = 5(−2) − 10 = −20
��(�� + ��) = 5�� + 5�� − 10.
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Domain and Range


Recall that the set of all possible input values is called the domain
of a function. Domain consists of all real values of the independent
variable for which the dependent variable is defined and real.

Example
2
Determine the domain of the function ��(��) = − .

Solution: ��(��) is undefined at 4 − �� = 0, which gives


that give function is not defined at �� = ±2. Thus
Domain(f) = {��|�� �� ���� �� ±2}
Restricted domain and range

Up to now we have solved mathematically to find the domains of


some types of functions. But for some real world problems, there
may be more restriction on the domain e.g. in the weekly salary
equation:
�� = 100 �� + 5000
Clearly, the number of units sold per week can not be negative.
Also, they can not be in fractions, so the domain in this case will
be all positive natural numbers {1,2,3, … }. Further, the employer
can also put the condition on the maximum number of units sold
per week. In this case, the domain will be defined as:
D = {1,2, … , u}
where u is the maximum number of units sold.

Multivariate Functions

For many mathematical functions, the value of the dependent


variable depends upon more than one independent variable.
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Definition: A functions which contain more than one independent


variable are called multivariate function.
Definition: A function having two independent variables is called
bivariate function.

They are denoted by �� = ��(��, ��), where �� and ��


are the independent variables and �� is the dependent variable
e.g. �� = 2�� + 5��.
In general the notation for a function �� where the value of
dependent variable depends on the values of �� independent
�� , ⋯ , ��
variables is �� = ��( ). For example,
�� = 2�� + 5�� + 4�� − 4�� + ��
.

Types of Functions

Constant Functions

A constant function has the general form

= ��
�� = ��(��)

Here, domain is the set of all real numbers and range is the single
value ��
, e.g. ��(��) = 20.

Linear Functions

A linear function has the general (slope-intercept) form


= �� �� + ��
�� = ��(��)

where �� is slope and ��


is ��-intercept. For example ��
= 2�� + 3 is represented by a straight line with slope 2 and y-
intercept 3.
21

The weekly salary function is also an example of linear function.


Quadratic Function

A quadratic function has the general form


= �� + �� �� +
�� = ��(��) ��
��

provided that ��
0, e.g. �� = 2�� + 3.

Cubic Function

A cubic function has the general form


= �� + �� + ��
�� = ��(��) �� ��
�� + ��

provided that ��
0, e.g. �� = ��(��) = �� −

50�� + 10�� − 1. Polynomial Functions

A polynomial function of degree �� has the general


= ��
form �� = ��(��) ��
+ ⋯ + �� �� + ��
Where �� , ⋯ , �� and �� are real constants such that
��
0. All the previous types of functions are polynomial
functions.

Rational Functions

A rational function has the general form


�� = ��(��) =��(��)
(��)

Where ��(��) and (��) are both polynomial functions, e.g.

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