AML710 CAD LECTURE 8

PROJECTIONS

1. Parallel Projections
a) Orthographic Projections
b) Axonometric Projections
2. Perspective Transformations and
Projections

PROJECTIONS
Affine, Rigid-body/Euclidian Vs Perspective
Both affine and perspective transformations are 3-
dimensional
They are transformations from one 3-D space to
another
Viewing 3D transformations (results) on a 2-
Dimensional surface(screen) requires projections
from 3-Space to 2-Space.
This is known as plane geometric projection

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 PROJECTIONS
Projections are a necessary part of Graphics
Pipeline

Modeling Rendering/ Viewing

Transformations Shading Transformations

Geometrical Model Visual Realism Orthographic/

Perspective Clipping

Display Rasterization PROJECTION

Graphics Pipeline

PROJECTIONS - Classification
Plane Geometric Projections

Parallel Perspective

Orthographic Axonometric Oblique Single Pt Two Pt Three Pt

Trimetric Cavelier Cabinet y

y screen
Projectors e screen
agge
Dimetric ma
IIm

Isometric Projectors
COP xx
Infinity t
ecct
bbjje z
O
O
z

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 Generalized 4 x 4 transformation matrix in
homogeneous coordinates

a d g l
b e i m
[T ] =
c f j n
p q r s

Translations l, m, n along x, y, and z axis

Linear transformations – local scaling, shear,
rotation reflection
Perspective transformations
Overall scaling

Orthographic projection matrices

1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0
[Tz ] = ; [ Ty ] = ; [Tx ] =
0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1

Orthographic Views
View C.O.Projection Proj. Plane
Front On +ve z axis Z=0 (xy)
Right Side On +ve x axis X=0 (yz)
Top On +ve y axis Y=0 (xz)
Rear On -ve z axis Z=0 (xy)
Left Side On -ve x axis X=0 (yz)
Bottom On -ve y axis Y=0 (xz)

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 Ortho graphic views x

Top
y
Y=0

z
y
Projectors
Infinity x

Right
z X=0
y
z

Front
Z=0
y

Example – Auxiliary View

Consider the position vector [X]

Direction cosines are c x c y c z = [ y
] [ 1
3
1
3
1
3
]
∴α = +450
and β = +35.260
x

Concatenated matrix z
2 2 2 0 2 2 2 0
1 0 0 0 6 6 6 6 6 6
0 1 0 0 0 2 2 0 0 2 2 0
[T1 ] = [ Pz ][T ] = 6 6 = 6 6
0 0 0 0 2 2 2 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1 6 6 6 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1

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AXONOMETRIC PROJECTIONS
The limitations of orthographic projections are
overcome
An axonometric projection is obtained by
manipulating the object, using rotation and
translations such that atleast 3 adjoint faces are
shown. The result is then projected from COP at
infinity onto one of the coordinate planes,usually
on z=0
Features
Unless the plane is parallel to the POP, an axonometric
projection does not show its true shape
Parallel lines are equally foreshortened and the relative
lengths of parallel lines remain constant

TRIMETRIC PROJECTIONS
Arbitrary rotations in arbitrary order about any or all
of the coordinate axes, followed by parallel
projections on z=0 plane. The ratios of lengths are
obtained as:
1 0 0 xx' x 'y x z'
0 1 0 y x' y 'y y z'
[T ][U ] = [T ] =
0 0 1 0 0 1
1 1 1 1 1 1
fx = x 'x2 + y 'x2

projected length
f y = x 'y2 + y 'y2 foreshortening factor =
true length

fz = x 'z2 + y 'z2

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 DIMETRIC & ISOMETRIC PROJECTIONS
Just as in the case of trimetric projections, similar
transformations + projections cause dimetric and
isometric projections with following conditions:

fx ≠ f y ≠ fz Trimetric
Any 2 of f x f y f z are same Dimetric
fx = f y = fz Isometric

Example: Trimetric projections

Consider the following cube rotated by φ=30°about y
axis and θ=45°about x-axis followed by a parallel
projection onto the z=0 plane. The position vectors
for the cube with one corner removed are
0 1 1 0.5 0 0 1 1 0 1
0 0 0.5 1 1 0 0 1 1 1
[ X ]=
1 1 1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0.5
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 cos φ 0 sin φ 0
0 1 0 0 0 cosϑ −sin ϑ 0 0 1 0 0
[T ] = [ Pz ][ R x ][ R y ] =
0 0 0 0 0 sin ϑ cosϑ 0 − sin φ 0 cosφ 0
0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 1

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 Example (contd.): Trimetric projections
The concatenated matrix is :

cos φ 0 sin φ 0 3 0 1 0
2 2
sin φ sin θ cosθ − cos φ sin θ 0 2 2 6
[T ] = [ Pz ][ R x ][ R y ] == = 0
0 0 0 0 4 2 4
0 0 0 0
0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1

0.5 1.366 1.366 0.933 0.5 0 0.866 0.866 0 1.116

− 0.612 − 0.259 0.095 0.272 0.095 0 0.354 1.061 0.707 0.754
[ X ′] =
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

Calculation of angles Let us consider the

axonometric projection of unit vectors

cos φ 0 sin φ 0 1 0 0
sin φ sin θ cos θ − cos φ sin θ 0 0 1 0
[ X ′] = [T ][U ] ==
0 0 0 0 0 0 1
0 0 0 1 1 1 1
projected length
foreshortening factor =
true length

f x2 = x '2 + y '2 = cos 2 φ + sin 2 φ sin 2 θ

x x
f y2 = x '2 + y '2 = cos 2 θ
y y

f z2 = x '2 + y '2 = sin 2 φ + cos 2 φ sin 2 θ

z z

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Calculation of angles For dimetric projections fx = fy
(say) then

f = f cos 2 φ + sin 2 φ sin 2 θ = cos 2 θ

x y

2 sin 2 θ
sin φ =
1 − sin 2 θ
The second equation is obtained in terms of fz and
solving for theta
2 sin 2 θ − 2 sin 4 θ − (1 − sin 2 θ ) f 2 = 0 z

θ = sin −1 (± f / 2 ) and φ = sin −1 (± f / 2 − f z2 )

z z

Calculation of angles For Isometric projections

fx = fy =fz =f then
f = f cos 2 φ + sin 2 φ sin 2 θ = cos 2 θ
x y
sin 2 θ 1 − 2 sin 2 θ
sin 2 φ = and sin 2 φ =
1 − sin 2 θ 1 − sin 2 θ

From the above two equations, solving for theta

sin 2 θ = 1 sin θ = ± 1 θ = ±35.26
3 3
Substituting this in the above eqn., we obtain
1
sin 2 φ = 3
= 12 φ = ±45
1− 1
3

Foreshortening factor f = cos 2 θ = 2

3 = 0.8165

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Calculation of angle that the projected x-axis makes
with the horizontal in the isometric case

cos φ sin φ sin θ 0 0

0 cos θ 0 0
[U *] = [U ][T ] = [1 0 0 1]
sin φ − cos φ sin θ 0 0
0 0 0 1

= [cos φ sin φ sin θ 0 1]

projected length
foreshortening factor =
true length

The angle between the projected x-axis and horizontal is given by

y *x sin φ sin θ
tan α = * = = ± sin θ as φ = 45°
xx cos φ
∴α = tan −1 (± sin 35.26) = ±30°

Perspective Transformations