DOMINICAN COLLEGE OF TARLAC

Mac Arthur Highway, Poblacion (Sto.Cristo),

Capas. 2315 Tarlac, Philippines
Tel.No. (045) 491-7579/Telefax (045) 925-0519
E-mail:[email protected]

Topic:

STATISTICS AND PROBABILITY

Sub-topics:

Data Collection and Representation in Tables

Bar Graph and Pictographs

Simple Probability

Objectives:

A. Students will be able to collect, record, and interpret data

B. Students will learn to construct bar and picture graphs for data they collect.
C. Read and interpret data from tables and pictographs
D. Read and interpret data from bar graphs and histograms
E. Discuss whether an event is “sure to happen”, “likely to happen”,
“equally likely to happen”, “unlikely to happen”; and “impossible to
happen”.
F. Describe events in real-life situations using the phrases “sure to
happen”, “likely to happen”, “equally likely to happen”, “unlikely to
happen”; and “impossible to happen”.

EXPLORE:

Data Collection and Representation in Tables

A. Study the table and answer the questions below:
 Top five largest countries in the world

Rank Country Area in sq. km

1 Russia 17,098,242

2 Canada 9,984,670
3 United states 9,826,675
4 China 9,596,960
5 Brazil 8,514,877

1. What is the title in the table?

2. What are the column headers in the table?
3. What country has the largest area?
4. What country has the smallest area?
5. What are the countries whose land areas are bigger than 9 000 000 sq. km?

B. Construct a table for the following data.

The following are five of the world’s smallest countries with their land area in square kilometres.

Monaco- 1.95; Tuvalu-26; Vatican city- 0.44; San Marino- 61, and Nauro- 21

Bar Graph
1. Tally the number of each kind of treat. Write the total in the table below.

TREATS TALLY MARKS TOTAL

Pictograph
2. Study the picture graph. Use the information from the graph to answer the questions below

FRUITS IN GRANDMA's BASKET

1. How many of each?

___ 1. Orange
___ 2. Strawberry
___ 3. Apple
___ 4. Pear

2. Are there more apple or pears?

_______________________________________________________

3. Which fruit count to 8?

_______________________________________________________

4. What is the total of fruits in the basket?

_______________________________________________________

Simple Probability

Use the Probability Scale to determine the chance of each event occurring by placing a check on the
appropriate column.
 Event Impossible Unlikely Equally Most Certain to
to happen to happen likely to likely to happen
happen happen
1. The favorite
basketball team will win
against its opponent
which it has beaten four
times in the past four
games.
2. It will not rain in the
whole month of June.

3. You will win the Lotto.

4. You roll a die and get

an odd number.

5. You toss a coin and

obtain a head.

6. You get a color yellow

in a spinner that has
three colors
7. You grow 10 feet tall

8. You roll a die and get

a number greater than 2

9. You draw a heart from

a deck of cards.
10. It will rain on a hot
summer day.

FIRM UP:

What is Data Collection and Representation in Tables?

Frequency distribution tables are a common way of organizing and representing data.
 The first column lists the categories or numerical scores.
 The second column is usually used to tally, or add-up, the collected data. This helps us to
organize an unsorted dataset.

 The third column contains the frequency of the category/score, which is the sum of the tally
marks.
 At the bottom of the frequency column, we display the sum of frequency

For example:

Another example:

1. A year 7 Matrix class had the following scores in their weekly quiz:

5,3,4,2,1,5,4,5,2,3,1,0,5,3,4,3
Copy and fill out the following frequency distribution table with the above data.
Then, identify the most common score(s).

The

most common scores are 3 and 5

Presentation of Data
As soon as the work related to collection of data is over, the investigator has to find out ways to present
them in a form which is meaningful, easily understood and gives its main features at a glance. Let us
now recall the various ways of presenting the data through some examples.

Example: Consider the marks obtained by 10 students in a mathematics test as given below:

55 36 95 73 60 42 25 78 75 62

The data in this form is called raw data. By looking at it in this form, can you find the highest and the
lowest marks? Did it take you some time to search for the maximum and minimum scores? Wouldn’t it
be less time consuming if these scores were arranged in ascending or descending order? So let us
arrange the marks in ascending order as

25 36 42 55 60 62 73 75 78 95

Now, we can clearly see that the lowest marks are 25 and the highest marks are 95. The difference of
the highest and the lowest values in the data is called the range of the data. So, the range in this case is
95 – 25 = 70.

Presentation of data in ascending or descending order can be quite time consuming, particularly when
the number of observations in an experiment is large, as in the case of the next example.

Example: Consider the marks obtained (out of 100 marks) by 30 students of Class IX of a school:

10 20 36 92 95 40 50 56 60 70
92 88 80 70 72 70 36 40 36 40
92 40 50 50 56 60 70 60 60 88

Recall that the number of students who have obtained a certain number of marks is called the frequency
of those marks. For instance, 4 students got 70 marks. So the frequency of 70 marks is 4. To make the
data more easily understandable, we write it in a table, as given below:
 Bar graph and Pictograph

What is Bar graph and Pictograph?

-Bar graphs use bars and numbers to show information, and pictographs use pictures to show
information. With a pictograph you need to count each time to find how many, but with a bar graph you
can just look at the number.
Bar

Question Answers

What is the title of this bar Students' Favorite After-

graph? School Activities
What is the range of values on 0 to 100
the (horizontal) scale?
How many categories are in 7
the graph?
Which after-school activity do Visit with friends
students like most?
Which after-school activity do School clubs
students like least?
How many students like to 53
talk on the phone?
How many students like to 44
earn money?
Which two activities are liked Play Sports and Earn
almost equally? Money

Summary: A bar graph is useful for comparing facts. The bars provide a visual display for comparing
quantities in different categories. Bar graphs help us to see relationships quickly. Bar graphs can have
horizontal or vertical bars. Another name for a bar graph is a bar chart.

Pictograph
Pictograph is a way of showing data using images.

Each image stands for a certain number of things.

Example: Apples Sold
Here is a pictograph of how many apples were sold at the local shop over 4 months:

Pictograph
Pictograph is a way of showing data using images.
Each image stands for a certain number of things.
Example: Apples Sold
Here is a pictograph of how many apples were sold at the local shop over 4 months:

Note that each picture of an apple means 10 apples (and the half-apple picture means 5 apples)
So the pictograph is showing:
•In January 10 apples were sold
•In February 40 apples were sold
•In March 25 apples were sold
•In April 20 apples were sold
It is a fun and interesting way to show data.
But it is not very accurate: in the example above we can't show just 1 apple sold, or 2 apples sold etc.

Pictographs can also be vertical, like this:

Example: Games Played

Four friends play a lot of tennis. Here is how many games they played this year:

Pictograph of Tennis Games

Each tennis ball means 20 games played. A tennis ball can be cut to show part of 20.
So the pictograph is showing:
•John played 40 games
•Sam played 45 games
•Mary played 90 games
•Alex played 55 games
What is Probability?
Probability is the mathematical term for the likelihood that something will occur, such as winning the
jackpot prize in lotto, drawing an ace from a deck of cards or picking a green piece of candy from a bag
of assorted colors.
How to measure probability?
Probability is measured on a scale of 0 to 1 as certain to happen.

Examples:
#1. On a very
sunny morning in April, what is the chance that it will rain in the next four hour?
Answer: Impossible. Three factors support our answer. First, It is very sunny morning; second, It is the
dry month of the April; and lastly, the time being asked that it will rain is within an hour from the time
the observation is done.
#2. When a die marked 1 to 6 is rolled, what is the chance that it will land with a counting number on
top?
Answer: There is a 100% chance that it will land with a counting number on top.
How can you say so?
Answer: Because the numbers on the die, which are 1 to 6, are all counting numbers.
#3. There are 12 marbles in a bottle. Six of the marbles are red while the rest are blue. What is the
chance of picking a red marble?

Answer: There is the same number of red and blue marbles in the bottle, so there is an even chance of
picking a red marble.
 DEEPEN:

Activity No. 1: Divide the students of your class into four groups. Allot each group the work of collecting
one of the following kinds of data:

i. Heights of 20 students of your class.

ii. Number of absentees in each day in your class for a month.
iii. Number of members in the families of your classmates.
iv. Heights of 15 plants in or around your school.

Let us move to the results students have gathered. How did they collect their data in each group?

Did they collect the information from each and every student, house or person concerned for obtaining
the information?
Did they get the information from some source like available school records?
In the first case, when the information was collected by the investigator herself or himself with a
definite objective in her or his mind, the data obtained is called primary data.

In the second case, when the information was gathered from a source which already had the
information stored, the data obtained is called secondary data. Such data, which has been collected by
someone else in another context, needs to be used with great care ensuring that the source is reliable.

By now, you must have understood how to collect data and distinguish between primary and secondary
data.

The above Table is called an ungrouped frequency distribution table, or simply a frequency distribution
table. Note that you can use also tally marks in preparing these tables, as in the next example.

Example: 100 plants each were planted in 100 schools during Van Mahotsava. After one month, the
number of plants that survived were recorded as :

95 67 28 32 65 65 69 33 98 96
76 42 32 38 42 40 40 69 95 92
75 83 76 83 85 62 37 65 63 42
89 65 73 81 49 52 64 76 83 92
93 68 52 79 81 83 59 82 75 82
86 90 44 62 31 36 38 42 39 83
87 56 58 23 35 76 83 85 30 68
69 83 86 43 45 39 83 75 66 83
92 75 89 66 91 27 88 89 93 42
53 69 90 55 66 49 52 83 34 36

To present such a large amount of data so that a reader can make sense of it easily, we condense it into
groups like 20-29, 30-39, ., 90-99 (since our data is from 23 to 98). These groupings are called ‘classes’ or
‘class-intervals’, and their size is called the class-size or class width, which is 10 in this case. In each of
these classes, the least number is called the lower class limit and the greatest number is called the upper
class limit, e.g., in 20-29, 20 is the ‘lower class limit’ and 29 is the ‘upper class limit’.

Also, recall that using tally marks, the data above can be condensed in tabular form as follows:

Presenting data in this form simplifies and condenses data and enables us to observe certain important
features at a glance. This is called a grouped frequency distribution table. Here we can easily observe
that 50% or more plants survived in 8 + 18 + 10 + 23 + 12 = 71 schools.

We observe that the classes in the table above are non-overlapping. Note that we could have made
more classes of shorter size, or fewer classes of larger size also. For instance, the intervals could have
been 22-26, 27-31, and so on. So, there is no hard and fast rule about this except that the classes should
not overlap.

Activity No. 2
Activity No. 3
 TRANSPER:

“Experiment on Probability”

Materials: dice, spinner, deck of cards, and coins

(Mechanics)

• The class will be divided by 8 groups.

• Students will first familiarize the materials.

• They may also try to experiment with the materials to see the probability of
an event occurring. (For example, in Dice Station, the group may predict if what
number will land on top on the first throw. They will do this again and again until
they see a pattern and the group can come up with a conclusion.)

Prepared by: BEED-2B

Riza D. Reambonanza
Janine P. San Miguel
Camille Joy R. Taruc