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The Evolution of Management

This document outlines the evolution of management philosophies and theories from classical to more recent perspectives. It discusses classical approaches like scientific management and bureaucracy. It also covers humanistic perspectives focusing on human relations and needs. More recent trends discussed include systems thinking, contingency views, and total quality management. The document provides examples and definitions of key concepts within each approach to management thinking.

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Ismadth2918388
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98 views26 pages

The Evolution of Management

This document outlines the evolution of management philosophies and theories from classical to more recent perspectives. It discusses classical approaches like scientific management and bureaucracy. It also covers humanistic perspectives focusing on human relations and needs. More recent trends discussed include systems thinking, contingency views, and total quality management. The document provides examples and definitions of key concepts within each approach to management thinking.

Uploaded by

Ismadth2918388
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Topic 2
THE EVOLUTION OF MANAGEMENT:
IDEOLOGIES, THEORIES &
PHILOSOPHIES
HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=929L1MCV2NM 2
Chapter Outline

Older Perspectives: Classical, Humanistic,


Quantitative
Recent Historical Trends: Systems Thinking,
Contingency View, TQM
Management Thinking for a Changing World

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Evolution of Management Philosophies/Theories

4
Classical Perspective
Emerged during the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries

Days of ‘the Factory System’


Challenge: how to manage the labour issues of the day?

Three subfields: scientific management, bureaucratic organizations, and


administrative principles

5
a. Scientific Management
Improve efficiency and labor productivity
through scientific methods.

Frederick Winslow Taylor proposed that


workers “could be retooled like
machines”

Management decisions would be based


on precise procedures based on study

6
Characteristics of
Scientific Management

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b. Bureaucratic Organizations
Max Weber, a German theorist, introduced the concepts

Manage organized on an impersonal, rational basis

Organization depends on rules and records

Managers use power instead of personality to delegate

Although important productivity gains come from this foundation, bureaucracy


has taken on a negative tone

8
c. Administrative Principles

Focused on the entire organization

Henri Fayol, a French mining engineer, was a major


contributor

Identified five functions of management: planning,


organizing, commanding, coordinating, and controlling

Four main management functions evolved from here


over time

9
Humanistic Perspective:
Early Advocates
Mary Parker Follett and Chester Barnard

Understand human behaviors, needs, and attitudes


in the workplace

Importance of people rather than engineering


techniques

Contrast to scientific management

Empowerment: facilitating instead of controlling

10
Humanistic Perspective:
(1) Human Relations Movement
Effective work comes from within the employee

Hawthorne studies were key contributor

Employees performed better when managers treated them positively

Strongly shaped management practice and research

11
Humanistic Perspective:
(2)Human Resources
Perspective
From worker participation and considerate
leadership to managing work performance

Maslow and McGregor extended and


challenged current theories
◦ Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs
◦ Theory X and Theory Y

12
Humanistic Perspective:
(3) Behavioral Sciences
- Applies social sciences in organizational
context

- Draws from economics, psychology,


sociology, and other disciplines

13
Quantitative Perspective
Also referred to as management science
Use of mathematics and statistics to aid management
decision making

◦ Enhanced by development and growth of the computer

Operations Management

Information technology in management emerged from


this philosophy

14
Recent Trends:
(1) Systems Thinking
◦ The relationship among the parts form the
whole system
◦ Organization as an Open-System
◦ Open Systems Thinking/Theory

Managers must understand subsystem


interdependence and synergy to manage
effectively and efficiently: basis of this
philosophy

15
Recent Trends:
(2) Contingency View
Every situation is unique, there is no universal management theory
Contrast to Classical Perspective
Managers must determine what method will work/ Best Fit Approach
Managers must identify key contingencies for the current situation
Organizational structure should depend upon industry and other variables

16
Recent Trends:
(3) Total Quality Management
Quality movement is strongly associated with Japan

The US ignored the ideas of W. Edwards Deming, “Father of the Quality


Movement”

Total Quality Management (TQM) became popular in the 1980s and 90s

Integrate high-quality values in every activity

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Elements of Quality Management

✓ Employee involvement
✓ Focus on the customer
✓ Benchmarking
✓ Continuous improvement

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Innovative Management:
Thinking for a Changing World
Management ideas trace their roots to historical perspectives

New ideas continue to emerge to meet the changing needs and difficult
times

Importance of Humanistic Perspective today

Which philosophy to use to guide practice of Management ??------Thinking


Session

19
Test your knowledge!
1. One of the criticisms of scientific
management is it did not acknowledge
variance among individuals.
True or False?

2. The management science approach uses


qualitative data in management decision
making.
True or False?

20
Test your knowledge!
1. One of the criticisms of scientific
management is it did not acknowledge
variance among individuals.
True

2. The management science approach uses


qualitative data in management decision
making.
False

21
Test your knowledge!
Which of these refers to the
management thinking and practice that
emphasizes satisfaction of employees’
basic needs as the key to increased
worker productivity?

a. Scientific management perspective


b. Human resource perspective
c. Management science perspective
d. Behavioral sciences approach
e. Human relations movement

22
Test your knowledge!
Which of these refers to the
management thinking and practice that
emphasizes satisfaction of employees’
basic needs as the key to increased
worker productivity?

a. Scientific management perspective


b. Human resource perspective
c. Management science perspective
d. Behavioral sciences approach
e. Human relations movement

23
Thinking Session
Which philosophy should be
used to guide the practice of
Management ??

24
PUZZLE TIME!
http://justcrosswords.com/Management_Theories_custom40288.html

25

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