INTRODUCTION

General Education Course: ETHICS

Ethics deals with principles of ethical behavior in modern society at the level of the person,
society, and in interaction with the environment and other shared resources. (CM 20 s
2013)

Morality pertains to the standards of right and wrong that an individual originally picks up
from the community. The course discusses the context and principles of ethical behavior in
modern society at the level of individual, society, and in interaction with the environment and
other shared resources. The course also teaches students to make moral decisions by using
dominant moral frameworks and by applying a seven-step moral reasoning model to analyze
and solve moral dilemmas.

General Objective

To introduce the students to the General Education Course: Ethics as one of the new curriculum
subject in the tertiary level. The course is organized according to the three (3) main elements of
the moral experience: (a) agent, including context — cultural, communal, and environmental;
(b) the act; and (c) reason or framework (for the act).

Learning Outcomes:

At the end of the course, the students must be able to:

1. Differentiate between moral and non-moral problems
2. Describe what a moral experience is as it happens in different levels of human
existence
3. Explain the influence of Filipino culture on the way students look at moral experiences
and solve moral dilemmas
4. Describe the elements of moral development and moral experience
5. Use ethical frameworks or principles to analyze moral experiences
6. Make sound ethical judgments based on principles, facts, and the stakeholders
affected
7. Develop sensitivity to the common good
8. Understand and internalize the principles of ethical behavior in modern society at the
level of the person, society, and in interaction with the environment and other shared
resources

The Big Questions

What are moral standards, and how do they differ from other rules of lives?
What is a moral dilemma?
Why is freedom crucial in our ability to make moral decisions?
 What is the advantage of owning moral standards (morality and ethics) over merely
abiding by moral standards?

General Education Course: ETHICS Clemente Jr. O. Boleche

 MODULE 1

ETHICS DEFINED

Framing our Prior Understanding

Student Activity: Class

Discussion: Recall rules they have to follow?
What rules do you find constricting?
Why are rules important to social beings?

ETHICS DEFINED

Because of the development of science and technology, man concept of goodness has
changed. Before, his concept of goodness is related so much to the norm of morality, rules and
regulation that needs to be followed. But when the human person began to taste a more
pleasurable life brought about by technological advancements, man concept of goodness is now
related to the physical pleasure. For this reason, the greatest issue in the modern times now
lies on the problem of morality. With the human person’s inclination to pleasure, he began
looking at the things as moral if it provides pleasure for the human person and if it presents him
from suffering pain.
For the modern people, the basis of morality does not anymore lie on the value of
judgment but rather, on the measurement of pleasure and pain. This is the reason why, in this
modern time, there arose the need to redefined Ethics. This is because the human being’s
desire for happiness has led him to do activities that are contrary to what ought to do and to be
done. Due to the rise of major dilemmas concerning life, health, and death, since the human
values were greatly affected, man present life created a situation where Ethics has to be look at
and has to be defined and re-echoed at every individual.
The human person has always been the basis of the existence of the word. It is only
through human person that everything will come to perfection in one’s individual existence.
Man’s capacity to think has brought him to inquire about the good life and the means to attain
such life in order to fulfill the meaning of his existence. It is for this reason that man must focus
on ethics as the ground for good and beautiful life. But in order to do this, it is necessary first to
provide a definition of ethics.
Ethics comes from the Greek word ethos, which means customs, usage, or character.
Generally speaking, it is the traditional manners, customs, habits, character or attitude of a
community or a group, which pertains to the group’s standards or norms. In other words, ethics
is a set of rules of human behavior, which has been influenced by the standards set by the
society or by himself in relation to his society (Reyes 1989,1). Ethics is more clearly defined as

General Education Course: ETHICS Clemente Jr. O. Boleche

practical and normative science based or reason, which, studies human acts, and provide norms
for their goodness and badness. (Timbreza 1993, 3) this definition is to be explained as:
Ethics is a science. Science is defined as a systematized body of knowledge. As science,
ethics is a systematic study of the grounds and norms of morality. However, ethics is first and
foremost a practical science. As a practical science, ethics deals with a systematized body of
knowledge that is applicable to the human action (Timbreza). For this reason, the primary
consideration of Ethics is the application of human knowledge and its practicality to human
experience. Therefore, Ethics is to be considered a necessary part of life, i.e.., a part of man’s
daily existence.
Secondly, Ethics is a normative science. As a normative science ethics sets a basis or a
norm for the direction and regulation of human actions. It sets its rules and guidelines to
maintain a sense of direction to human actions. As a normative science, ethics aids man in
distinguishing whether one’s action can be considered good or bad. Thirdly, inasmuch as Ethics
is a science, it should, therefore, be based on reason. For this reason, all ethical theories and
all moral decision must have its basis from the power of reason. Since the human person is a
rational being, he is, therefore, capable of making moral decisions. In other words, man has the
capacity to rationalize on whether a particular action can be considered proper or improper.
Moreover, because Ethics is based on reason, it is therefore, different from religion or theology.
Although both ethics and religion may have the same subject matter, like the existence of God
and the final retribution, as well as the afterlife, there is, however, a great difference in their
approach to the same topic. While religion base its truth on faith, philosophy accepts truth on
the basis of reason. For instance, theologians believe that there can be no morality without
God, ethicians, however, would point out that even those who believe in a God can become
more immoral than those who do not believe that God exists. The point of Ethics is not tied up
with religion and theology.
Fourthly, ethics studies human acts. To explain this, it is necessary to distinguish
between human acts (actus humamus) and the acts of man (actus hominis). Human acts
are those actions that are done by the human person based on knowledge and the full consent
of the will. A human act is that which proceeds from the deliberate free will of the human
person (Glenn 1965,3). Person, for example, is doing a human act if he knows what he is doing
and if he is doing it freely and willingly irrespective of whether the action is good or bad.
On the other hand, acts of man are those actions that are done in the absence of
either knowledge or will or of both knowledge and will–the two conditions of human acts. In
this case, this action comprises all spontaneous, biological, and sensual process like nutrition,
breathing, and sensual impressions. This also include those actions done by lunatics, of drunken
people and all spontaneous actions, which precede the activity of intellect and will, like initial
reactions of anger or sympathy. For instance, a crime is to be considered a human act if there
are knowledge and full consent of the will on the part of the criminal. This is in case that the
said criminal knows already that such action is bad and he was not forced by anybody to do
such an act, i.e.., he performs the said actions through his own volition. In this case, the person
who did the evil act out of knowledge and full consent of the will is held morally liable for such
act.

General Education Course: ETHICS Clemente Jr. O. Boleche

 Ethics, particularly deals with the voluntary human conduct. This voluntary human
conduct includes all actions as well as non-action because the human person understands and
wills these activities in relation to some end that he has in view. This human conduct also
includes the involuntary activities that are unlikely performed, yet involve a degree of personal
approval. Consequently, if the person, who performed an immoral act, was only forced to do
such an act but against his own will, or merely unaware of the fact that such an action is bad,
he is not, therefore, to be held morally liable. On the other hand, the person who performed
such evil act may be held responsible in terms of the human positive law. In the case of an evil
act, the victim, therefore, suffers from an act of man unless he provoked the criminal to do
such an evil act against. Lastly, ethics provides norms for the goodness and badness of certain
act. Ethics is a dimension of human existence whereby man is always oriented towards (Reyes,
2). As mentioned previously, every human person is in constant search for the meaning of his
own life. In setting a meaning for his own existence, man has to have an ideal vision or goal.
Such vision or goal is that which lead him to happiness. Ethics is the one that provides the
guidelines for which a human person can know if he is still leading his life his life of the human
person. The ideal vision of man provides for him a sense of value. Value is defined as that
which an individual deems to be useful, desirable, or significant (Reyes, 3). Value sets in man
an idea of good that is inclined towards that which is objectively the fulfillment of the being of
man. Consequently, a good action is that which imposes a moral obligation or duty.
The study of the different ethical principle can be considered a good tool for
understanding human life. Since the early times, ethics was looked up to, and turned to, for the
solution of man’s problems. It was even considered as means of curing the moral maladies that
were afflicting the humankind. This was basically the reason why Plato called Ethics the
Supreme Philosophy, the science of par excellence. Because Ethics deals with the attainment
of the ultimate goal of human person. (Montemayor 1995, xviii).

The Importance of Studying Ethics

The Bible states that man is by nature good. This is because he is created as an imago
Dei, an image of God. Because God is considered as the Summum Bonum or the Highest Good,
man is also naturally good( cf. Genesis 1, 26-27). In this case, it is the nature of the human
person to incline himself towards the good. The human person naturally finds beauty in doing
good deeds. He will eventually obtain meaning in his existence if he will be in constant search
of goodness. However, since the human person is endowed with a faculty of reason, which is
sometimes inclined towards his passion, there is always the possibility that he may choose to
turn away from goodness. Man will always have the tendency to cling instead to the goods of
this earth even if it will mean the loss of his supreme end and purpose. When this happens,
man will lead himself to perform morally evil acts.
Man’s inclination towards the earthly goods will oftentimes lead him to envy and despair.
For this reason, man needs to study ethics to be guided so that he may be able to fully
understand what real happiness is. Through, ethics, the human person will be able to

General Education Course: ETHICS Clemente Jr. O. Boleche

understand that goal of a human being is not merely the acquisition of material goods. Rather,
his actual fulfillment lies in the development of the moral quality, which places the human
person above brute creation. Ethics provides for a person an idea of what right living is all
about and the importance of acquiring good moral character.
Ethics is the very investigation of the meaning of life. It gives a person the necessary
guidelines for the acquisition of his goal. It also provides the person the meaning and purpose
is in constant search for goodness, knowing and doing what is good will lead him to the
attainment of this goal, which is goodness. In this regard, education can serve as the means in
order to teach the young people about what good is. Hence, education should not merely focus
on teaching technological innovations and advancements. Moral training and development,
which are not given due emphasis in our educational system, must be give greater priority.
Students must be taught that moral training must be learned and must be integrated to into
their system inasmuch as they will serve as the future educators to the next generations.
Because, ethics gives direction to people who are in search for goodness, teachers who
teach this subject can make the teaching profession more fruitful. Inasmuch as Plato considered
Ethics as supreme philosophy, an Ethics teacher becomes more superior than the other
philosophy teachers. At the same time, a student who is able to understand ethics and apply it
in his life can be considered a superior individual. In this sense, the students of Ethics will have
a great duty to understand the different ethical principles so that they can be able to make a
stand regarding moral decisions. Ethics will make the students understand that is the duty of
every individual to understand certain ethical principles by heart as this will help them develop a
moral way of life. For this reason, it is important that the students should understand that
Ethics has to be more practical and must be based on the students’ day to day living rather
than academic and doctrinal.
In this case, students of Ethics must be endeavor to understand the ethical principles so
that they will be able to make good decision regarding moral issue. It will be the duty of the
student to understand certain ethical principles by heart as this may help them develop a moral
way of life. Oftentimes, the lack of define ethical principles has been and is still the cause of
great disorders in the world today. In this great sense, careful study of Ethics must be given
great consideration.

Ethics and its Relation to Other Sciences

Ethics particularly concerned with the study of man and the human conduct. In this
sense, it is very much related to the disciplines that deal with the study of human nature and
human living. These disciplines include the following:

1. Ethic and logic. Ethics is understood as the science of right living. Consequently, Logic
is defined as the science and art which helps the human mind to distinguish between
the correct from the incorrect arguments (Buenaflor2014, 21). In other words, Logic
deals with the method of acquiring right thinking. For the reason, Ethics and Logic are

General Education Course: ETHICS Clemente Jr. O. Boleche

 very much connected because a human person will not able to acquire the knowledge of
right living without having obtained the knowledge of right thinking first, We all know
for a fact that no person can live properly or morally without first thinking rightly or
logically
2. Ethics and Psychology. Etymologically speaking psychology comes from the Greek
words psuche, which means “soul”, and logos , which mean “study” or science. “From
the point of view of the philosophers, the soul is the principle of the life and the principle
of the human thoughts. They believed that the soul is the source of reason and
therefore, the source of the behavior of the human person. In other words, the soul is
that which makes a man think and behave. In this regard, ethics is connected with
psychology because both sciences deal with the study of man, the human nature, and
the human behavior. If psychology studies how a man behaves, ethics deals with how
man ought to behave. This oughtness in behavior presupposes proper living. Ethics is
the means in order for the human person to have a kind of behavior appropriate to a
human person.
3. Ethics and Sociology. Sociology is the study of relations of man to a society
(Montemayor, 10). This relation of man to his society is based on proper order, which
can only be acquired through this proper observance of the moral laws and principles.
Since Ethics deals with the moral order, which necessarily includes the social order. It is
therefore, proper to say that Ethics and sociology are related to one another.
4. Ethics and Economics. The human person, by nature, is an economic
being(Montemayor). There always a need for the human person to work in order to earn
a living. The Bible mentioned this as God’s punishment for the people. Because of the
disobedience and pride of Adam and Eve man has lost his beauty in the eyes of God. As
a punishment for their disobedience, God made the human being suffer by making work
turn into a labor. From then on, man has to work in order to eat and survive in this
world. In order to gain back his lost beauty, man has to work hard and perform good
deeds so he can also find his way back to God. For this reason, Ethics became
connected to economics because as one works to earn a living, he has to consider the
others. As social being, man should always bear in mind that he has must also consider
the welfare of the others and not only his own welfare.
5. Ethic and Education. Education plays a very important role in the life of people as it
gives direction, goal, worth and meaning to human beings. In order to help the students
in making his life’s goal and direction clearer, it is necessary to integrate Ethics into the
curricula. Students must be taught the importance of correct living so that by doing so,
they will be able to realize that this life should be made truly worth living for
(Montemayor,11).
6. Ethics and Laws. Both Ethics and Law deal with the rightness and goodness. The only
difference is that Law deals with the external acts of man, while Ethics deals with the
internal acts, which include his thoughts, and desire (Montemayor). Law should
therefore, be connected with Ethics because a human person who follows a law must be
able to understand why such law should be followed in order to make the following of

General Education Course: ETHICS Clemente Jr. O. Boleche

 the law worthwhile and meaningful: otherwise, man will only follow a law just because
he wanted to avoid punishment. Such following of laws will not be considered good in
the ethical viewpoint. In this case, Law and ethics should go together in order to
comprises the holistic goodness of the human person.
7. Ethics and Aesthetics. Aesthetics comes from the Greek word Aesthesis which means
“ order” or “harmony” Ethics is aiming to obtain a harmonious life with the people in
the community. Ethics deal with moral goodness which can be obtained when one learns
to live well in a community. As Ethics deals with moral goodness, it is therefore, proper
to say that it is related to Aesthetics because goodness and beauty are very much
intertwined. This is because we consider the good as beautiful and the beautiful as a
good.
8. Ethics and Politics. Politics aims towards the attainment of good government, which
centers on the ensuring the temporal welfare of its citizen(Montemayor), However, in
order to attain good government, both the leaders and their subordinate must
necessarily learn to live moral life. Hence, if we separate ethics from politics, the goal of
politics, which is centered on the attainment of common good, will never be realized. If
a man will be able to base himself on experience, it will be observable that an unethical
life can often time lead to corruption and to other crimes. Hence, Politics devoid of
Ethics will always become disastrous.
9. Ethic and Religion. It has already mentioned that Ethics is not Theology Although just
like religion, ethics may have also been considering the existence of God. Both Ethics
and Religion are connected to one another because they are both based on the same
postulate.., the existence of Creator, the freedom of the will in man, and the retribution
in the afterlife. Ethics and Religion have the same end.i.e.., the attainment of man’s
supreme purpose on an ultimate end. And both will definitely describe the right living as
the means for attaining the goal of man (Timbreza, 4.).

Standards of Morality: Moral vs. Non- Moral

Ethics focuses its concern on determining what good is and finding ways on how to
know whether one’s action is leading to his goodness or not. But in order to know what the
good is, one has to have a principle that will set as the basis for the determining the morality of
one’s act. The modern philosopher Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) held that there are three
moral bases that will help one uphold an ethical principle : Human freedom, immortality of the
soul and the existence of God. Philosopher had indeed been questioning as to whether there is
really human freedom. No one can really prove whether the soul is really immortal and whether
there is really God. Indeed, one can say that there is freedom because man is capable of
deliberation as to whether to do or not a particular ac and his doing the action suggest that it
was his personal choice. This could not be done unless one is free. However, others would say
that there is no freedom because man’s action is determined by socio-cultural factors, such as
religion, customs, education and family upbringing (Timbreza 1993, 6,). One’s decision,

General Education Course: ETHICS Clemente Jr. O. Boleche

thoughts and behavior are based on his own socio-cultural formation. When one’s has molded
the person to become critical about the laws and customs, his decision and courses of actions
will be determined by the said laws and customs and therefore, he is not anymore acting freely.
Philosopher would also claim that inasmuch as the soul is spiritual in nature, it follows that it
also immortal. At the same time, following the principle nemo dat quod non habet (no one
gives what he does not have), if human person is capable of thinking spiritual and therefore
immortal things part of him should necessary be spiritual and immortal. This immortal part of
human person is his soul. Hence, the human soul is immortal. Although this is the case, there
are still philosophers, like materialist, who would claim that the soul cannot be immortal. They
believed that since the body dies, the soul will die with the body. The Bible would even claim
that “man is dust, and unto dust, he shall return” (Genesis 3,19). Death is the end of life and a
liberation from all forms of suffering. Man is thinking about the immortality of the soul because
of his attachment to his physical life. Because he does not want to be detached from physical
life, he is giving himself a hope that there can be an immortal soul so that he can continue
enjoying this life.
In the idea of the existence of God, there are those who believe that there is a God who
created everything, who gives order to all existing things and who is acting as the supreme
Intelligence who will cause the existence of all things. Everything that exist is being considered
as a product of the goodness of God. However, the atheist would claim that if everything
created by God, who is the Highest Good, then why is it that there is evil in this world? If the
world is a product of the infinite goodness of God, then there should be no evil in this world.
Because there is evil in the world, therefore, an all –good God cannot exist. It can be noted that
argument for and against the existence of God, the immortality of the soul, and the human
freedom are plausible. These arguments must be postulated because this will be the basis of
morality inasmuch as if these will not be given credit, then doing good or evil become
meaningless. It should be noted that the individual’s freedom can account for personal
responsibility because if one is not free, he cannot be held morally responsible for his action.
At the same time, the immortality of the soul must be also be considered as a basis for
morality as it provides meaning to one’s life. Because life is full of evilness and suffering due to
the wickedness of other people, the immortality of the soul will make the human person
understand the importance of doing good as this immortality will provide a justification
regarding the reason for doing good and avoiding evil. If one is able to do good deeds in this
earthly life, all his suffering will be rewarded but all the evil things he’s done will receive
retribution. If there will be no immortality of the soul, then doing moral actions will become
meaningless.
If God does not exist, then who would give reward to those who do good deeds and
punish those who do evil deeds. It will become pointers and meaningless if one is to die
unrewarded for doing good and go unpunished for doing evil things. If there is no God, then life
and morally will become insignificant. But life cannot be meaningless. In this regard, the most
reasonable thing to consider is the fact that God exist in order to provide a meaningful life. For
this reason, in the determination as to whether an action is to be considered good or evil, one
should consider the three question: (1) is the action a product of a free will? (2) is it going to

General Education Course: ETHICS Clemente Jr. O. Boleche

lead me to a better position in the afterlife? (3) is the action according to the will of God, who is
the Highest Good? From the said questions, one can make an assessment as to whether his
action is going to be considered ethical or not.

Why Do We Have to be Ethical?

From the aforementioned ethical bases, it can be said that a human person needs to do
what is ethical in order to obtain freedom and in order to prepare himself for an immortal life
with God. In this regard, the human person must be able to determine what is the right thing to
do as this will also determine what kind of person he will be. However, determining what one
wants to do can be contradictory to what is the right thing to do and the right thing to do may
not be the practical thing to do. Because of this determining what the proper thing to do
becomes difficult. One would become moral and yet impractical while the others are becoming
practical while doing what others would consider immoral. For this reason, it becomes quite
difficult to determine the morality of one’s action. It becomes difficult for a person to know
whether he is acting morally or not. This is the reason why there is a need to have a guide to
moral action so that it will becomes easier for him to decide in certain situations. There is a
need to have an ethical principle that will make deciding a lot easier. In order to develop one’s
character, there is a need to become ethical.

The Division of Ethics

In order to know whether an action is ethical or not, it is important first to determine

the types of ethics because ethics, as a disciple, will help the human person determine whether
his action is morally acceptable or not. From the traditional point of view, ethics can be divided
into two main division: (1) general ethics, and (2) applied ethics. According to Dr.
Florentino Timbreza(1993, 9), general ethics refers to all the diverse ethical formulations of
general and universal concepts and principle which serve as the foundation of morality. It
attempts to identify the moral norms that will determine which actions are to be considered
good and evil. Because the norms are considered to be the guide to action, the said norms are
going to be considered valid in situation that will require the same ethical decisions.
Since general ethics deals with the issue of the norm of morality, it can therefore refer
to as the normative ethics, which can be distinguish from the non-normative ethics.
Normative ethics deals with a factual investigation of the social patterns of a society as
compared to that of the other society. This refers to the cultural practices which particular
society will accept as ethical. On the other hand, normative ethics attempts to disclose the
underlying moral norm by which people act, judge and decide on certain ethical matters
(Timbreza).

General Education Course: ETHICS Clemente Jr. O. Boleche

 Meanwhile, Applied Ethics focuses on particular situations in life where the principles
of general ethics can be applied (Glenn 1968, xiii). It does not only apply the general moral
concepts and principles but also specifies the particular situations in life in which they are valid
and legitimate; hence it is also known as special ethics. In attempt to resolve specific moral
problems, the principles of general ethics are going to be applied (Timbreza). From this applied
ethics comes the other subdivision like professional ethics, which deals with the rules by which
the people would behave and act so that they can properly live their professional life.
Other than that, there is also the legal ethics by which the people in the legal profession
should follow. There is also the code of ethics for teachers so that they can follow the principles
appropriate for educators. There is also the ethics for the medical profession, which also known
as bioethics. From all these ethical principles, one would be able to get some guides in order
to perform a moral action and eventually become a person of moral character. These ethical
standards will serve as moral rules which everyone should follow in order to provide order and
in order to get things done. Without these principles, no one else would know what to do and
how to live with others. From these ethical principles, one may be able to know the importance
of giving fair treatment to everyone, of providing gender equality, of understanding the rights
of workers and the children.
The ethical standards provide a basis why the actions that can seriously injure other
fellow human beings, like, theft, rape, fraud, slander, and murder are considered evil. It also
provides a justification why the rules of the majority do not always apply to moral principles. In
other words, one should not consider an action as moral simply on the basis that it is being
considered by the majority as acceptable even if it is not really moral. In this regard, the moral
values will be understood as more important than other values like cheating in order to obtain
socio-economic improvement. The ethical standards, must, therefore, focus on respecting one’s
relationship with others, which includes one’s family and friends, as well as the poor and the
disable. When a human person fails to comply with the moral standards, he may have the
tendency to seriously injure his fellow human beings. In this sense, one fails to become truly
human.

General Education Course: ETHICS Clemente Jr. O. Boleche

Name:_________________________________________

Course:_________________________________________ Date:_____________________

Module 1
Ethics Defined

Direction: Write TRUE if the statement is correct and FALSE if the statement is incorrect.
Write your answer on the space provided before each number.

1. It is the human person who gives meaning in all the things that are
existing in this word

2. The primary consideration of Ethics as body of knowledge is its

practical application in the daily experience of the human person

3. Inasmuch as Ethics is a science, it is therefore based on God’s reason

as God is an omniscient Being, who gives rationality to every individual
person.

4. Ethics believe that there can be no morality without God

5. Ethics sets the guidelines for which a human person can know if he is
still leading his life to the goal which he sets for himself.

6. A-5 year old kid was caught stealing money from the pocket of his
father. His action is considered as a human act.

7. Every human person is naturally good.

8. Man will be able to find meaning in his existence if he will always be in

constant search for the good.

General Education Course: ETHICS Clemente Jr. O. Boleche

 9. One’s belief on the immortality of the soul will not create much
difference in one’s view of the importance of doing good deeds.

10. In order to become a moral person, there is a need for one to develop
his own character.

Name:_________________________________________

Course:_________________________________________ Date:_____________________

Direction: Identify the following, Write your answer in the space provided before each
number.

1. It is the action done by man which is rooted in knowledge

and full consent of the will. What is this action called?

2. It is defined as that which an individual deems to be

useful, desirable, or significant. What is this?

3. This Philosopher believed that there are three moral bases

that will help one uphold an ethical principle. Who is this
philosopher?

4-6. Enumerate the three moral bases that will be helpful in

making one realize the importance of upholding an
ethical principle.

7. This is the type of ethics that refers to all the diverse

ethical formulations of universal concepts and principle
which serves as the foundation of morality. What is this
type?

8. This philosopher believed that Ethics is Supreme

philosophy. Who is he?

9. This type of Ethics focuses on particular situations in life

where the principles of ethics can be used. What type of
ethics is this?

General Education Course: ETHICS Clemente Jr. O. Boleche

 10. What do you call the ethics for the medical profession?

General Education Course: ETHICS Clemente Jr. O. Boleche