EEE 309 Communication Theory

Semester: July 2014

D Md
Dr. Md. Farhad
F h d Hossain
H i
Assistant Professor
Department of EEE, BUET

Email: [email protected]
Office: ECE 331, ECE Building
 Part 01:
I t d ti
Introduction to
t
Communication Systems

2
 Multitude of Communications
 Telephone network
 Internet
 Radio and TV broadcast
 Wireless mobile communications
 Wi-Fi
 Satellite communications
 Deep-space communications
 Smart p power g
grid,, healthcare…

 Analogue communications
– AM, FM
AM FM
 Digital communications
– Transfer of information in digits
– Dominant technology today
Dominant technology today
– Broadband, DSL, ADSL, 3G, 4G
3
 History of Communication: Early
stage
Before human beings created 
languages and alphabets they
languages and alphabets, they 
communicated with both sound 
and body language
and body language
They have used smoke and light for 
communication
Drawing is also used for 
communication at the early stage
i i h l

4
 History of Communication: Developing
Technology

1799:  Alessandro Volta
1799: Alessandro Volta invented 
invented
electric battery

1831: Professor Joseph  Henry, 
Albany, NY – Ring a  bell at a 
di t
distance by  connecting and 
b ti d
disconnecting wires

5
 History of Communication
 1837: Samuel Morse 
demonstrated telegraph
 1844: first telegraph line 
(Washington‐Baltimore) became 
operational
ti l
 Sent electronic signals using 
wires 
wires
 Morse devised a language 
with a series of long and short 
g
signals that represented letters 
and numbers

Original Samuel Morse telegraph
6
 History of communication
1854: 25,000 miles of telegraph wires have been laid 
across the US
across the US
– Train schedules, weather, important news

 1864: A telegraph line spans the entire continental US
– Western Union is formed

 Very costly

7
 History of communication
 1864: Maxwell formulated the
eletromagnetic (EM) theory

 1875: Bell invented the telephone

- Wife was deaf
- Wanted to communicate to her at a
distance
-Huge
Huge implementations and modifications

 1887: Hertz demonstrated physical

evidence
id off EM waves Alexander Graham Bell
- Hertz demonstrated the wave character (1847‐1922)
of electrical transmission through space

8
 History of communication
 1890‐ 1900: Guglielmo Marconi, Popov 
‐ first demonstration of wireless telegraphy 
first demonstration of wireless telegraphy
 Across Atlantic Ocean
 From Cornwall to Canada

‐ long wave transmission
l
‐ high transmission power necessary (> 200kw)
 1907: Commercial radio broadcast
‐ huge base stations 
 1918: Armstrong invented superheterodyne radio 
receiver (and FM in 1933)
 1921: land‐mobile communication
9
 History of communication
 1928: Nyquist sampling theorem
1947: microwave relay system
 1948: Information theory
 1957: era of satellite communication began
 1966: Kuen Kao pioneered optical fibre communications (Nobel 
Prize Winner)
‐ now backbone communication is based on optical fiber
 1970’s: era of computer networks began
 1981: analog cellular system (1G)
 1988: digital cellular system lunched in Europe
g y p
 1992: Start of GSM (2G)
10
 History of communication
 1996 HiperLAN (High Performance Radio Local Area Network) (up to
155Mbit/s)
 1997 Wireless LAN - IEEE802.11
-IEEE standard, 2.4 - 2.5GHz and infrared, 2Mbit/s
 1999 Standardization of additional wireless LANs
- IEEE standard
t d d 802.11b,
802 11b 2
2.4-2.5GHz,
4 2 5GH 11Mbit/
11Mbit/s
- Bluetooth for pico nets, 2.4Ghz, <1Mbit/s
 2000: 3G network
 WiMax: standardized in 2005. Not implemented in north America or Europe
 In the recent years, some countries in Asia and Africa implemented WiMax
 Recently 4G LTE cellular is implementing in many countries
 The big 3 telecom manufacturers in 2010

11
 Basic Communication System

SSpeech
h
Music
Pictures
PC

 Communication involves the transfer of information from one

point to another through a succession of processes

 Three basic elements

– Transmitter: converts message into a form suitable for transmission
– Channel:
 the physical medium which transports the message signal and delivers it to a receiver
 introduces
i d attenuation,
i di
distortion,
i noise,
i iinterference
f
– Receiver: reconstruct a recognizable form of the message
12
 Challenges in Communication
 Channel impairments:
Attenuation, Distortion, Noise, Multi-user Interference
 The magnitude of the channel impairments depends on the
type of channel
Attenuation:

S
Signal
g a atte
attenuation
uat o oor deg
degradation
adat o eexists
sts in a
all media
ed a
 Increases with distance
 Wireless medium has the highest attenuation
 Optical fibers have less attenuation, e.g., 0.3 dB/km

13
 Challenges in Communication
Distortion:
 Signals distort during travel through medium (why?)

 Wire: frequency dependent attenuation => lowest distortion

 Optical fiber: Delay differences in different modes, frequency dependent
attenuation, highest dispersion
 Wireless: Delay differences due to multi-path propagation, time dependent
randomness of particles, frequency dependent attenuation => highest
distortion

 Inter-symbol interference due to distortion

14
 Challenges in Communication
Noise:

 Channel noise/ External noise

 Random, undesirable electronic energy that enters the communication system
g medium and interferes with the transmitted message
via the communicating g
 Interference from nearby channels, human made noise (automobile ignition
radiation, microwave oven), natural noise (lightning)
 External
E t l noise
i can b
be minimized
i i i d with
ith proper d
design
i

 Receiver background noise/Internal noise

 Thermal noise and random emission in electronic devices
 One of the main problems in communication
15
 Challenges in Communication
Multi-user Interference:

Interference of waves

 Electromagnetic interference (EMI)

 Co-channel interference (CCI)
 Adjacent channel interference (ACI)
 Inter-carrier
I t i iinterference
t f (ICI)

16
 Signal Bandwidth
 Bandwidth of an information signal is the difference between the highest
and the lowest frequency contained in that signal

 Bandwidth of the base band signal – depends on the type of input message

Speech Music
17
 Channel Bandwidth
 Bandwidth of a communication channel is the difference between the
highest and the lowest frequency that the channel will allow to pass through it

Copper wire: 1 MHz Coaxial cable: 100 MHz Microwave/RF: GHz

Optical fiber: THz

 Bandwidth of a communication channel must be equal or greater than the

bandwidth of the information
18
 Electromagnetic Spectrum
Electromagnetic spectrum is the range of all possible
frequencies of electromagnetic radiation

19
 Radio Spectrum (3 kHz – 3 THz)

*International Telecommunication Union (ITU): An UN organization which allcates

global radio spectrum and satellite orbits

For more details on the application areas:

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Radio_spectrum
20
 Channel Capacity
 Shannon's Capacity Formula (1948):
C = B log2 (1 + SNR), bps
C = capacity (bps), B = channel bandwidth (Hz),

 Capacity increases linearly with bandwidth

bandwidth, but only logarithmically with
signal strength
 Shannon's limit tells us what can be achieved. But, it tells nothing on
how to accomplish it
 Is it possible to achieve error free communication over a noisy channel?
(
(Think) )

 Two primary resources in communications:

 Transmitted power (should be green)
 Channel bandwidth (very expensive)

21
 Resources in Communications
 Two primary resources in communications:
 Transmitted power (should be green)
 Channel bandwidth (very expensive)
 Bangladesh Telecommunication Regulatory Commission (BTRC) allocates spectrum
g g y ( ) p

2011

22
A Comprehensive System Model

23
 OSI (Open System Interconnected) Model
 Proposed by International standard organization (ISO) in 1984
 Logical layers
 Similar functions are grouped into different layers

OSI model for Computer Network

24
 OSI (Open System Interconnected) Model
Understanding from analogy (Letter Delivery)

The interaction
Th i t ti between
b t layers
l in
i the
th
OSI model

Scope of work for

communication
(electrical) engineers

25
 Benefits of Layered Architecture

 Layered architecture simplifies the communication

network design

 It is easy to debug network applications in a layered

architecture network

 The communication system management is easier

 Research/work on a layer can be done independently

 Any disadvantage of layered architecture? (Think carefully)

26