St.

Joseph College of Bulacan

San Jose Patag Sta. Maria Bulacan

GENERAL MATHEMATICS
MODULE 1
Lesson 1: Functions
Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the learner is able to represent real- life situations using functions, including
piecewise functions.
Lesson Outline:
1. Functions and Relations
2. Vertical Line Test
3. Representing real-life situations using functions, including piecewise functions.

KNOW THIS !

Function is like a machine, you have an input and an output. For example, you have a wood factory

INPUT WOOD FACTORY OUTPUT

We have here the logs and by means of this function or the wood factory, the logs that we place into a
machine comes out now as various wood product. This is an example of function.

Functions could also be thought as simple as blender the common thing you find at home. If we say the
input is apple and another input is ice, we will come up with an apple shake. This is another example of
function, you have an input and an output.

INPUT BLENDER OUTPUT

If we replace this fruit into a mango, of course we wouldn’t be coming up with an apple shake. This will
now be a mango shake. How is this now related to mathematics?
Let’s say our function/ machine is multiply by 5.

Output
10
 Input
Function f(x)
2
X5

We have an input of 2 and by means of the function/multiply by 5, the

number 2 that we place into a function would come up with an answer 10, Because when you multiply 2 by 5
the answer is 10.
What if the input is 7, so 7 multiply by 5 is 35.
This is how function works, you have an input, a function f(x) and an output.

READ THIS !
Definition: A relation is a rule that relates values from a set of values (called the domain) to a second set of
values (called the range).
A relation is a set of ordered pairs (x,y).
Definition: A function is a relation where each element in the domain is related to only one value in the range
by some rule.
Representation of Function
1. Ordered Pairs – Not two ordered pairs have the same first element
Example 1. Which of the following relations are functions?
f = {(1,2),(2,3),(3,5),(4,7)}
g = {(1,3),(1,4),(2,5),(2,6),(3,7)}
h = {(1,3),(2,6),(3,9)}
m = {(5,9),(9,6),(7,8)}
n = {(9,3),(9,6),(3,9)}
Solution The relations f, h and m are functions because no two ordered pairs have the same x-value but different y-
values. Meanwhile, g and n is not a function because in g the (1,3) and (1,4) are ordered pairs with the same x-value but
different y-values, same in n where (9,3) and (9,6) are also an ordered pairs with the same x-value but different y-values.

2. Mapping
Relations and functions can be represented by mapping diagrams where the elements of the domain are
mapped to the elements of the range using arrows. In this case, the relation or function is represented by the set of all
the connections represented by the arrows.

Example 2. Which of the following mapping diagrams represents functions?

Solution. The relations f and g are functions because each value y in Y is unique for a specific value of x. The relation h is
not a function because there is at least one element in X for which there is more than one corresponding y-value. For
example, x=7 corresponds to y = 11 or 13. Similarly, x=2 corresponds to both y=17 or 19.
 3. Graphing
A relation between two sets of numbers can be illustrated by a graph in the Cartesian plane, and that a function
passes the vertical line test.

The Vertical Line Test

A graph represents a function if and only if each vertical line intersects the graph at most once.

Example 3. Which of the following can be graphs of functions?

a. b. c. d. e.

Solution

Graphs a.), b.), c.) are graphs of functions while d.) and e.) are not because they do not pass the vertical line test.

Functions as representations of real-life situations

Functions can often be used to model real situations. Identifying an appropriate functional model will lead to a
better understanding of various phenomena.

Example 5. Give a function C that can represent the cost of buying x meals, if one meal costs P40.

Solution. Since each meal costs P40, then the cost function is C(x) = 40x.

Piecewise Functions

Some situations can only be described by more than one formula, depending on the value of the independent
variable.

Example 6. A user is charged P300 monthly for a particular mobile plan, which includes 100 free text messages.
Messages in excess of 100 are charged P1 each. Represent the monthly cost for text messaging using the function t(m),
where m is the number of messages sent in a month.

Solution. The cost of text messaging can be expressed by the piecewise function:

t(m) = {30032,ifn ,if0<m≤ 100

m>100

Example 7. A certain chocolate bar costs P35.00 per piece. However, if you buy more than 10 pieces, they will be
marked down to a price of P32.00 per piece. Use a piecewise function to represent the cost in terms of the number of
chocolate bars bought.

Solution. The cost of chocolate bars bought can be expressed by the piecewise function:

f(n) = {3532n ,ifn ,if0<nn>10≤10

Example 8. A school’s fair committee wants to sell t-shirts for their school fair. They found a supplier that sells t-
shirts at a price of P175.00 a piece but can charge P15,000 for a bulk order of 100 shirts and P125.00 for each excess t-
shirt after that. Use a piecewise function to represent the cost in terms of the number of tshirts purchased.
 Solution.

175 n , if 0< n ≤99

{
f(n) = 15 000 ,if n=100
15 000+125 ( n−100 ) , if n>100

REMEMBER THIS !
 To determine a function, you should always remember that in ordered pairs, X should NOT REPEATED.
 In mapping, we only consider function in one is to one and many is to one relationships only.
 In graphing, you should always do the vertical line test to determine a function.
 Piecewise function, is a function that involves more than one formula.

LET’S DO THIS !
I. Identify whether the given is a FUNCTION or NOT FUNCTION. Write your answer on
the space provided.
1. {(1,5), (2,4), (1,4)}
2. {(a,b), (a,c), (c,b)}
3. {(2,8), (8,2)}
4. {(3a,4b), (4b,3b), (4c,4b)}
5. {(-5,9), (9,-5), (-5,-9)}
6. A B

1 3
2 4
5

7. 1 2
A B
D C
E

8. 5 6
AB BA
AC BC
AD BD
BF

9. FEMALE MALE
Ailene Natoy
Marga Coco
Cassy Xander
 10.ACTOR ACTRESS

Gerald Kim
Sam Bea
Julia
Catriona

II. Identify which graph represents a function using vertical line test.

1. 2. 3.

4. 5.

III. Answer the following question in piecewise functions.

1. The fee to park in the parking lot of a shopping mall costs P40.00 for the first two hours and an extra
P10.00 for each hour (or a fraction of it) after that. If you park for more than twelve hours, you instead
pay a flat rate of P200.00. Represent your parking fee using the function p(t) where t is the number of
hours you parked in the mall.

2. A person is earning P600 per day to do a certain job. Express the total salary S as a function of the
number n of days that the person works.

3. A computer shop charges 20 pesos per hour (or a fraction of an hour) for the first two hours and an
additional 10 pesos per hour for each succeeding hour. Represent your computer rental fee using the
function R(t) where t is the number of hours you spent on the computer.

Prepared by:

Ms. Andrea C. Mendoza