GENERAL MATHEMATICS

MODULE 4
UNIT 2: KEY CONCEPT OF INVERSE FUNCTIONS, EXPONENTIAL
FUNCTIONS, AND LOGARITHMIC FUNCTIONS
Weeks 6 & 7

Content Standard: The learner demonstrates understanding of key concepts of inverse

functions, exponential functions, and logarithmic functions.

Performance Standard: The learner is able to apply the concepts of inverse functions,
exponential functions, and logarithmic functions to formulate and
solve real-life problems with precision and accuracy.

Objectives: At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to:
1. solves exponential equations and inequalities.
2. represents an exponential function through its: (a) table of values, (b)
graph, and (c) equation.
3. finds the domain and range of an exponential function.
4. determines the intercepts, zeroes, and asymptotes of an exponential
function.
5. solves problems involving exponential functions, equations, and
inequalities.

“The greatest want of the world is the want of men—men who will not be
bought or sold, men who in their inmost souls are true and honest, men who do
not fear to call sin by its right name, men whose conscience is as true to duty as
the needle to the pole, men who will stand for the right though the heavens fall.

But such a character is not the result of accident; it is not due to special
favors or endowments of Providence. A noble character is the result of self-
discipline, of the subjection of the lower to the higher nature—the surrender of
self for the service of love to God and man.

The youth need to be impressed with the truth that their endowments are not their
own. Strength, time, intellect, are but lent treasures. They belong to God, and it
should be the resolve of every youth to put them to the highest use. He is a
branch, from which God expects fruit; a steward, whose capital must yield
increase; a light, to illuminate the world's darkness.

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 Every youth, every child, has a work to do for the honor of God and the
uplifting of humanity.” ― Ellen G. White, Education

DEVOTIONAL QUESTION
1. As a youth, how will you impress others with the truth that their endowments
are not their own?
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PURPOSE
Exponential and logarithmic equations are used to describe real – life situations
such as on the values of increase or decrease in population, interests, and pH
level. Since there are measurements such as that of growth and decay, the study of
exponential and logarithmic equations is very important.

Open the link https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6sX09YkfYDo to help you

identify and solve exponential functions, equations and inequality.

PRE – ASSESSMENT

Fill out the table as required.

ESSENTIAL QUESTION
How do you solve exponential equations and inequalities?
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CONNECT
Consider the graphs of 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙 and 𝐠(𝒙) = 𝟐−𝒙 below. Compare these
graphs.

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 • Both graphs pass through the point (0,1).
• (𝑥)= 2^𝑥 increases while g(𝑥)= 2^(−𝑥) approaches the positive 𝑥 – axis as
𝑥 becomes very large.
• (𝑥)= 2^𝑥 approaches the negative 𝑥 – axis while g(𝑥)= 2^(−𝑥) increases as
𝑥 becomes very small.
• Both graphs are continuous at every value of 𝑥 in its domain.
• Both graphs are smooth.
• The range of both graphs is 𝑦 >0.

INTRODUCTION
Exponential functions are those functions whose exponents are variables
and the base is a constant.

CONTENT/BIG IDEAS

1. A function of the form 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏 𝑥 ; 𝑏 > 0 and 𝑏 ≠ 1is an exponential

function with the following characteristics:
a. The graph passes through the point (0,1).
b. The domain is all real numbers.
c. The range is 𝑦 > 0.
d. The graph is increasing.
e. The graph is asymptotic to the x- axis as x approaches negative
infinity.
f. The graph is continuous.
g. The graph is smooth.
2. A function of the form 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑏 −𝑥 ; 𝑏 > 0 and 𝑏 ≠ 1is an exponential
function with the following characteristics:
a. The graph passes through the point (0,1).
b. The domain is all real numbers.
c. The range is 𝑦 > 0.
d. The graph is decreasing.
e. The graph is asymptotic to the x- axis as x approaches positive infinity.
f. The graph is continuous.
g. The graph is smooth.
3. A function of the form 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥 is an exponential function with the
following characteristics:
a. The graph passes through the point (0,1).
b. The domain is all real numbers.
c. The range is 𝑦 > 0.
d. The graph is increasing.

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 e. The graph is asymptotic to the x- axis as x approaches negative
infinity.
f. The graph is continuous.
g. The graph is smooth.
4. Other forms of exponential functions
Exponential functions have other forms and these can be defined as
a. 𝑦 = 𝑘𝑏 𝑥 where k is a constant.
b. 𝑦 = 𝑏 𝑥 + 𝑐, where c is a constant.

Deciding How to Solve Exponential Equations

Solving Exponential Equations with the Same Base

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Now that we have looked at a couple of examples of solving exponential
equations with the same base, let’s list the steps for solving exponential equations
that have the same base.

Solving Exponential Equations with the Different Bases

After deciding the only way to solve an exponential equation is

to use logarithms, what is next? The next step is to take the common logarithm or
natural logarithm of each side. By taking the logarithm of each side, we can
use the properties of logarithms, specifically property 5 from our list of properties,
to rewrite the exponential problem as a multiplication problem.

After changing the problem from an exponential problem

to a multiplication problem using the properties of logarithms we will
be able to finish solving the problem.

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EXPLAIN
The evaluation of an exponential function follows the rules of evaluating
algebraic functions. This is done by substituting the value of the variable x and
computing the value of y.

Example 1: Evaluate the following exponential functions.

a. 𝑓(𝑥) = 23𝑥 ; 𝑥 = 1
Solutions:

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 𝑓(1) = 23(1) = 23 = 𝟖

b. 𝑔(𝑥) = 𝑒 𝑥−1 ; 𝑥 = 1
Solutions:
𝑔(1) = 𝑒 1−1 = 𝑒 0 = 𝟏

The x – intercept and y - intercept

Recall that the x – intercept of a function is the point (𝑥, 𝑦) such that the
value of y =0. This implies that the graph crosses the x – axis. Similarly, the y -
intercept of function is the point (𝑥, 𝑦)such that the value of x = 0. This also
implies that the graph crosses the y – axis.

Example 2: Find the y – intercept of each of the following exponential functions.

Does the x- intercept exist? If yes, find it and if not, explain why.
a. 𝑦 = 5𝑥
Solutions:

Let x = 0. Then, 𝑦 = 50 = 1. Hence, the y – intercept is (0,1).

The function has no x – intercept since the function cannot have a
value of x so that y = 0.

Example 3: Find the zeros of the given exponential functions, if any. If there is
none, explain why.
1 𝑥
a. 𝑦 = 2 − ( )
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Solutions:
1 𝑥 1 𝑥 1 𝑥
𝑦 = 2 − (4) = 0 ⇨ (4) = 2 ⇨ (22 ) =2 ⇨ (2−2 )𝑥 = 2 ⇨
1
−2𝑥 = 1 ⇨ 𝑥 = − 2
1
Thus, the zero of the function is − 2.

Let’s describe the behavior of the graph in Example 2.

Let’s do it this way.
x 2 1 0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -10
y 4 2 1 0.50 0.25 0.125 0.0625 0.003125 0.015625 0.0009765625

From the table, we see that as x decreases, the value of y approaches zero
but will never be zero. This illustrates that the function is asymptotic with
the x – axis.

Example 4: Graph the given exponential function and determine the domain,
range, asymptote, and y – intercept.
𝑓(𝑥) = 23𝑥
Solutions:

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 • The domain of 𝑓(𝑥) = 23𝑥 is the set of all real numbers.
• The range is 𝑦 > 0.
• The asymptote is the negative x- axis.
• The y – intercept is the point (0,1).

Graph:

NOTE:

Formative and Summative Assessments will be provided in your Canvas

Account next week, Thursday (October 1, 2020).

Additional Resources:
• https://www.goodreads.com/author/quotes/394184.Ellen_G_White
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6sX09YkfYDo
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gVGlA4jdQso
• https://www.mesacc.edu/~scotz47781/mat120/notes/exponential/solvi
ng/solving_exp_eqns_intro.pdf

References;
• General Mathematics for Senior High School, 2016 by C & E
Publishing, Inc., ISBN – 978-971-98-0542-7
• Teaching the Essential Topics of General Mathematics, 2019 by PEAC
Ensuring SHS Learners’ Preparation for the Four Exits of the K – 12
Curriculum