I 2.51 E RT Procedure

Inspection and Testing
Department Belge : NDT-PR-01

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S&Q MART Radiographic Examination Tarih : 09.08.10
Procedure Revizyon :0
S&Q MART PROCEDURE

I-2.51-E
RADIOGRAPHIC EXAMINATION
Prepared, Reviewed and Approved by

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CONTENTS
Page
1. AIM 3
2. SCOPE 3
3. REFERENCES 3
4. PERSONNEL QUALIFICATIONS 3
5. DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS 3
6. RESPONSIBILITIES 4
7. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS 4
8. DENSITOMETER 10
9. RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE 11
10. RADIOGRAPHIC COVERAGE 12
11. SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT 12
12. DOCUMENTATION 12
13. ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA 13
14. REPAIR 15

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1. AIM
1.1. The aim of this procedure is to define the requirements of performing radiography in
safe and controlled manner by highly qualified personnel using X-Ray or Gamma-
Ray equipment.
2. SCOPE
This procedure defines the technique, equipment and consumable of radiographic
examination of welds in ASME Code Works.
3. REFERENCES
3.1. ASME Section V Article 2 (2007 Edition 2008 Addenda) Radiographic Examination
ASME Section I (2007 Edition 2008 Addenda) Power Boilers
ASME Section VIII Div. 1 (2007 Edition 2008 Addenda) Pressure Vessel
ASME B31.1 (2007 Edition, 2008 Addenda) Power Piping
4. PERSONNEL QUALIFICATION
4.1. All personnel to carry out radiographic examination shall be qualified and certified
according to S&Q MART Written Practice for NDT Personnel Certification based on
SNT-TC-1A (Code accepted Edition). For acceptance evaluation, Level II shall have
the minimum requirement. If PED 97/23/EC is applicable than supplemental
qualifications shall required to comply with PED.
5. DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS

5.1. Activity: One of the organizational elements of agency of the S&Q MART.
5.2. Approval: Requires dated signature by the approving person.
5.3. ASME : American Society of Mechanical Engineers
5.4. ASME CODE : The ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code, Section I, Section
VIII Division I & 2, Section V and Section IX, ASME B 31.1 and Section II
(A,B,C,D).
5.5. ASNT : American Society of Nondestructive Inspection Testing
5.6. Authorized Inspection Agency: An inspection organization which provides code
inspections. Such Authorized Inspection Agency shall have a valid service
agreement for code inspection with stamp holder and shall be accredited by
ASME.
5.7. Authorized Inspector: The Authorized Inspector is employed by the Authorized
Inspection Agency and is the independent third-party inspector required by the
ASME Code. The Authorized Inspector shall hold a valid National Board
Commission, issued by the National Board of Boiler and Pressure Vessel Inspectors,
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with an A endorsement.
5.8 Certification: Written testimony of qualification
5.9 Certifying Authority: The person or persons properly designated in the written
practice to sign certification on behalf of the employer
5.10. Code Work: All activities necessary to construct Code products, including
design, procurement, material control, fabrication, site construction,
examination, test, inspection, certification and Code stamping.
S&Q MART: S&Q MART Kalite Güvenlik A.Ş.
5.11.
5.12. Documented: The condition of being in written form.
5.13. Evaluation: The determination of the significance of relevant indications.
5.14. Interpretation: The determination of whether indications are relevant or non-
relevant.
5.15. Method: One of the disciplines of Nondestructive Inspection or testing (e.g.
radiography) within which different techniques exist.
5.16. Procedure: A detailed, written instruction for conducting NDI or NDT or certifying
personnel. All procedures shall be approved by a Level III.
5.17. ABBREVATIONS
 AI : Authorized Inspector
 AIA : Authorized Inspector Agency
 AIS : Authorized Inspector Supervisor
 QC : Quality Control
 TIM : Testing and Inspection Department Manager
6. RESPONSIBILITIES
6.1. Level III shall be responsible for preparing, revising this procedure whenever code
or addenda revision requires.
6.2. Level III shall be responsible for reviewing and approving the procedure and
ensuring the safety of radiographic operations.
6.3. RT Level II shall be responsible for supervising the radiographers and interpreting
the radiographs and submit the reports to TIM.
6.4. Radiographers are responsible for:
 Producing quality radiographs described in this procedure,
 Follow local safety regulations,
 Constantly monitor the radiographic operations during exposure,
 Report all incidents or accidents to TIM.
7. GENERAL REQUIREMENTS
7.1. SURFACE PREPARATION
7.1.1. In general, radiography may be performed in the as welded condition.
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However, if surface conditions such as ripples or other irregularities on the inside

and outside of the welds interfere with the radiographic image, they shall be
removed by a suitable mechanical process to such a degree that the resultant
radiographic image not mask or be confused with the relevant discontinuities.
7.1.2 Material types radiographed by this procedure may be Carbon Steel or Stainless
Steel in all shapes.
7.1.3 Thickness range for the procedure is 2, 5 - 40 mm.
7.1.4 Source-to-object distance range for this procedure shall be 100 - 2500 mm.
7.1.5 From the source side of the object to film distance shall be between 2,5 - 89 mm.
7.2. EQUIPMENT
7.2.1. X-Ray and Gamma-Ray (Ir-192) equipment may be used provided that the required
radiographic sensitivity has been obtained.
7.2.2 Whenever Ir-192 utilized for radiography, maximum source size shall not exceed
3x3 mm. Sources less than this size may be used without prior approval.
For X-ray radiography, maximum kV used shall not exceed 300.
7.3 FİLM
7.3.1. ASTM Class I (or Class II films may be used for heavy wall application like WT≥40
mm) as recorded in 7.3.2 conforming ASME Sec. V SE-1815 (E-1815) shall be used.
7.3.2. One of the following films may be used for radiography:
Film Class & Type

Manufacturer
Class I Extra Fine Class I Fine
AGFA D4 D5
FUJI IX50 IX80
KODAK MX125 T200
7.4. INTENSIFYING SCREENS
7.4.1. Lead foil intensifying screens shall be used unless it is restricted by radiographic
technique. Fluorescent screen are not permitted to use in this procedure
applications.
7.4.2. Thickness of the lead intensifying screens shall be as follows:
Front: 0,30 mm, Back: 0,30 mm
7.4.3. Surfaces of intensifying screens shall be clean and free of scratches, crimps, dents
or other defects or foreign material that may interfere with the intensification
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process or be projected as a radiographic image on the film.

7.4.4. Pre packed films containing thinner lead intensifying screens or cassettes prepared
by pre-packed film screens may be used.
7.5. IMAGE QUALITY INDICATORS (IQIs) (TABLE-1 and TABLE-2)
7.5.1. To show the radiographic technique employed satisfies the required sensitivity,
image quality indicators, either hole or wire type, shall be used. The radiographic
quality level shall be evaluated by the image of a properly located penetrameter on
the specimen and essential hole or wire clearly visible along the interested area.
7.5.2. Unless otherwise defined in applicable codes, the quality level shall not be less than
2% of the thinner side of the base material.
7.5.3. When the type of penetrameter is not specified in the contract, ASTM E747 wire type
penetrameter shall be used in accordance with the requirements of TABLE-1 AND
TABLE-2 of this procedure (ASME Section-V Table-T276). Thickness ranges and the
ASTM IQI Set should be as recorded below and in Table-1:
 For material thicknesses  9.5 mm, ASTM E 747 Set A

 For material thicknesses >9.5 mm and  50.8 mm, ASTM E 747 Set B
7.5.4. The thickness, on which the penetrameter is based, for welds, is the nominal single
wall thickness plus the reinforcement permitted by the referencing Code Section.
Backing rings or strips are not to be considered as part of the weld reinforcement
thickness in penetrameter selection.
7.5.5. NUMBER OF IQIs
When one or more film holders are used for an exposure, at least one penetrameter
image shall appear on each radiograph except as outlined in (b) below.
a) Multiple Penetrameters: If the requirements of 6.6 are met by using more

than one penetrameter, one shall be representative of the lightest area of
interest and the other the darkest area of interest; the intervening densities
on the radiograph shall be considered as having acceptable density.
b) For cylindrical components where the source is placed on the axis of the
component for a single exposure, at least three penetrameters, spaced
approximately 120 deg. Apart, are required under the following conditions:
 When the complete circumference is radiographed using one or more

radiograph,
 When section or sections of circumference, where the length between
the ends of the outermost sections span 240 or more, is
radiographed using one or more film holders.
 For other cases not stated in this procedure for number of
penetrameters shall be as described in ASME-V Article-2 T277.2.
7.5.6. Placement of IQIs shall be as one of the following:

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a) Source side IQIs: The penetrameter(s) shall be placed on the source side of
the part being examined, except for the condition described in (b).
b) Film Side IQIs: Where inaccessibility prevents hand placing the

penetrameter(s) on the source side, the penetrameter(s) shall be placed on
the film side in contact with the part being examined. A lead letter “F” shall
be placed adjacent to the penetrameter(s).
c) The penetrameter(s) shall be placed on the weld so that the length of the
wires is perpendicular to the length of the weld. The identification numbers
and, when used, the lead letter “F,” shall not be in the area of interest,
except when geometric configuration makes it impractical. Remote from the
junction with the circumferential weld being radiographed.
d) For other cases not stated in this procedure for placement of of

penetrameters shall be as described in ASME-V Article-2 T277.1
7.6. RADIOGRAPHIC DENSITY

7.6.1. The transmitted film density through the radiographic image of the adjacent to the
designated wire of a wire penetrameter and the area of interest shall be 1.8
minimum for single film viewing for radiographs made with an X-ray source and 2.0
minimum for radiographs made with a gamma ray source.
For composite viewing of multiple film exposures, each film of the composite set
shall have a minimum density of 1.3.
The maximum density shall be 4.0 for either single or composite viewing. A
tolerance of 0.05 in density is allowed for variations between densitometer readings.
7.6.2. If the density of the radiograph anywhere through the area of interest varies by
more than minus 15% or plus 30% from the density through the body of the hole
penetrameter or adjacent to the designated wire of a wire penetrameter, within the
minimum/ maximum allowable density ranges specified in 7.6.1, then an additional
penetrameter shall be used for each exceptional area or areas and the radiograph
retaken.
When calculating the allowable variation in density, the calculation may be rounded
to the nearest 0.1 within the range specified in 7.6.1.
7.7. GEOMETRIC UNSHARPNESS

7.7.1. Geometric unsharpness of radiographs performed by this specification shall be
determined as specified in ASTM E-94 and shall not exceed the following:
Material Thickness Ug Maximum

Under 50.8mm (2") 0.51mm (0.020")
50.8mm (2”) through 76.2mm (3”) 0.76mm (0.030")
Over 3" 76.2mm through 4" (101.6mm) 1.02mm (0.040")
Over 101.6mm (4”) and up 1.78mm (0.070")

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NOTE: Material thickness is the thickness on which the IQI is based.
7.7.2.
Geometric unsharpness of the radiographs shall be figured out in accordance with
the following formula:
Ug = Fd/D where:
Ug = geometric unsharpness
F = source size,mm: the maximum projected dimension of the radiating source (or focal spot) in the
plane perpendicular to the distance D from the weld or object being radiographed
D = distance, mm: from source of radiation to weld or object being radiographed
d = distance, mm: from the source side of weld or object being radiographed to the film
NOTE: D and d must be in the same units of measure; the units of Ug will be in the same units as F*.
7.8. Verification of Source Size (radiographic isotopes) - The equipment manufacturer's

or supplier's publications such as technical manuals, decay curves, or written
statements documenting the actual or maximum source size or focal spot shall be
accepted as source size verification.
7.9. Direction of Radiation - The direction of central beam of radiation should be
centered on the area of interest whenever practical. For weldments, direct the
central beam of radiation perpendicularly toward the center of the effective area of
the film or to a plane tangent to the center of the film except for double-wall
exposure/double-wall viewing elliptical-projection techniques described in 8.0.
7.10. BACK-SCATTER RADIATION

7.10.1. To check back-scattered radiation, an exposure with a lead symbol "B" with
minimum dimensions of 1/2" (13.0 mm) in height and 1/16" (1.5 mm) in thickness
shall be attached to the back of each film holder.
If a light image of the "B" appears on a darker background of the radiograph,
protection from back scatter is insufficient and the radiograph shall be considered
unacceptable. Additional back scatter protection shall be added and the exposure
reshot.
A darker image of the "B" on a lighter background is not cause for rejection unless
the dark image could mask or be confused with rejectable defects.
7.11. LOCATION MARKERS
Location markers (ASME V, Article 2, Figure T-275) which are to appear as

radiographic images on the film, shall be placed on the part not on the exposure
holder (film) /cassette. Their locations shall be marked on the surface of the part
being radiographed or on a map, in a manner permitting the area of interest on a
radiograph to be accurately located on the part. Evidence shall also be provided on
the radiograph that the required coverage of the region being examined has been
obtained.
7.11.1 Single Wall Viewing/Source Side Markers - Location markers shall be placed on the
source side when radiographing the following:

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 Flat components or longitudinal joints in cylindrical or conical components and

flat or cylindrical castings.
Curved or spherical components whose concave side is toward the source and
when the
"Source to-material distance" is less than the inside radius of the
component/casting.
Curved or spherical components whose convex side is toward the source.
7.11.2 Single Wall Viewing/Film Side Markers - Location markers shall be placed on the
film side when radiographing either curved or spherical components/castings whose
concave side is toward the source and when the "source-to-material" distance is
greater than the inside radius.
7.11.3 Single Wall Viewing/Either Side Markers - Location markers may be placed on either
source side or film side when radiographing either curved or spherical components
whose concave side is toward the source and the "source-to-material" distance
equals the inside radius of the component.
7.11.4. Double-Wall Viewing - For double-wall viewing of welds, at least one location
marker shall be placed on the outside surface adjacent to the weld (or on the
material in the area of interests) for each radiograph.
7.11.5. For other cases not stated in this procedure for location markers shall be as
described in ASME-V Article-2 T275.
7.12. FILM IDENTIFICATION
7.12.1. All radiographs shall be clearly identified by number, letters, and/or markers so that
the part can be quickly and accurately located. Actual identification shall be
produced through the use of lead letters and numbers or by a light flashing
technique. The radiograph shall be traceable to the component, contract, etc. All
identification system does not necessarily require that the information appear as
radiographic images. As a minimum each film shall have the following information as
shown below and in Figure 3:
-Manufacturer’s symbol or name

-Isometric drawing no (piping)
-Line no (piping)
-Weld no
-Welder no
-Size/diameter and thickness/schedule
-Date
7.13. QUALITY OF RADIOGRAPHS AND PROCESSING
7.13.1. The radiographic technique shall be such that sufficient sensitivity is achieved to
show the identification, location markers, penetrameter designated wire or a set of
wire as essential indicators of radiographic image quality. All radiographs shall be
free from mechanical, chemical, or other artifacts to the extent that they cannot
mask or be confused with the image of any discontinuity in the area of interest of
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the object being radiographed. Such artifacts include, but are not limited to:
- Fogging
- Processing Defects (such as streaks, water marks, or chemical stains)
- Scratches, Finger Marks, Crimps, Dirtiness, Static Marks, Smudges, or Tears
- Loss of Detail Due to Poor Screen-to-Film Contact
- False Indications Due to Defective Screens or Internal Faults
7.13.2. The procedure for processing film shall be performed in manual tanks or in an
automatic film processor.
7.14. VIEWING ROOM

7.14.1. Viewing facilities shall provide subdued background lighting of an intensity that will
not cause troublesome reflections, shadows, or glare on the radiograph. The
environment of a film reading area shall be clean and pleasant. The radiographer
must be aware of the various factors, which may influence the evaluation of the
radiographic film. Some of these factors are; density of the film, artifacts on films as
a result of handling and processing, level of illumination for film viewing, response of
human eye to variations of light intensity and the acuity of vision.
7.15. FILM VIEWER
7.15.1. Film viewer used to evaluate the films shall have the following characteristics:
a) It shall provide a variable controlled intensity light source that allows the
selection of the optimum illumination to read radiographs having densities up
to 4 H & D
b) It shall have a cooling system to protect radiographs from heat damage

proceeding from the illuminating instrument. Film emulsions shall not be
damaged minimum 1 minute of continuous contact with the viewing surface.
c) It shall include apertures for evaluation of reduced areas.
8. DENSITOMETER
8.1. Densitometer is photoelectric equipment, which measures the radiographic film
density, should be capable of measuring the light emitted through a radiographic
film within a density range of 0 to 4 H & D with an accuracy of  0.05.
8.2. CALIBRATION
8.2.1. Densitometer shall be calibrated every 90 days.
8.2.2. TIM shall be responsible for densitometer calibration.
8.2.3. Allow a minimum of 5 minutes "warm-up" time (or manufacturer's

recommendations) to stabilize circuitry before starting the calibration.
8.2.4. “Zero” the densitometer after warm up period.

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8.2.5. Select and position for reading the neutral density steps closest to 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, and
4.0 on the calibrated step tablet, or the step wedge. Measure and record the
densities.
8.2.6. The densitometer shall be accepted if the density readings do not vary more than ±
0.05 density units from the actual density stated on the calibrated step tablet or
step wedge calibration film.
8.2.7. The readings shall be recorded on the densitometer calibration log book shown in
Exibit-2 and a calibration sticker shall be attached as shown in Exibit-3. A Calibration
Sticker, which indicates calibration date and calibration due date, shall be attached
to the densitometer.
8.2.8. The step wedge calibration film shall have been verified within the last year or within
the time shown in product certificate by comparison with a national standard step
tablet. Step wedge calibration films may be used without verification for one year
upon opening, provided it is within the manufacturer’s stated shelf life.
8.2.9. Periodic verification readings performed beginning each shift and every 8 hours of
continuous use do not have to be recorded.
9. RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE (FIGURE-1 & FIGURE-2)
9.1. Regardless of the configuration of the material, a single wall technique shall be used
whenever practical.
When it is not practical to use a single wall technique, a double wall technique shall
be used. An adequate number of exposures shall be made to demonstrate that the
required coverage has been obtained.
9.2. Single-Wall Technique (SWE/SWV) - In the single wall technique radiation passes
through only one wall of the material that is viewed for acceptance on the
radiograph.
Single-wall viewing for materials/castings/weldments with a nominal outside

diameter greater than 89 mm (3 ½”) shall have an adequate number of exposures
to ensure 100 percent coverage.
9.3. Double-Wall Technique - When it is not practical to use a single wall technique, one
of the following double-wall techniques shall be used:
a) Single-Wall Viewing (DWE/SWV) - For materials and welds in components, a

technique may be used in which the radiation passes through two walls and
only the weld/castings (material) on the film side are viewed for acceptance.
An adequate number of exposures shall be made to demonstrate that the
required coverage has been obtained. When complete coverage is required
for circumferential welds, a minimum of three exposures taken 120 degrees
to each other shall be made.
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b) Double-Wall Viewing (DWE/DWV)- For materials and welds in components 3-

1/2" (89.90 mm) or less in nominal outside diameter a technique may be
used in which the radiation passes through two walls and the weld in both
wall is viewed for acceptance on the same radiograph. For double-wall
viewing, only a source side penetrameter shall be used.
c) If geometric unsharpness requirement cannot be met, then single-wall

viewing shall be used.
d) For welds, the radiation beam may be offset from the plane of the weld at an
angle sufficient to separate the images of the source side and film side
portions of the weld so that there is no overlap of the areas to be interpreted.
When complete coverage is required, a minimum of two exposures taken 90
degrees to each other shall be made for each joint.
e) As an alternative, the weld may be radiographed with the radiation beam

positioned so that the images of both walls are superimposed. When
complete coverage is required, a minimum of three exposures taken at either
60 degrees or 120 degrees to each other shall be made for each joint.
f) Additional exposure shall be made if the required radiographic coverage

cannot be obtained using the minimum number of exposures indicated in d or
e above.
10. RADIOGRAPHIC COVERAGE
10.1. The extent of radiographic coverage shall be 100% of the volume of the weld unless
otherwise stated by the client.
10.2. Film will overlap a minimum of 25 mm.
11. SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT
11.1. Federal, state and local Radiation Protection rules and regulations shall be satisfied
before, during and after a radiographic operation.
11.2. If no regulation available, a 7.5 µSv/h for radiographic inspection personnel and a
1.0 µSv/h for ordinary people not working in radiography distances shall be
barricaded and monitored throughout the radiographic process.
11.3. Radiation survey meters, audible warning devices, Film Dosimeters and/or TLDs
together with Direct Reading Dosimeters shall be used by all radiographic inspection
personnel.
11.4. The control of any waste associated with the use of this procedure or any hazards to
the environment shall be monitored according to legal requirements by TIM.
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Safety and Operating procedures used shall conform to the latest local regulations.
12. DOCUMENTATION
12.1. The interpretation and evaluation of each film shall be recorded on a radiographic
inspection report form (Exibit-1) that is completed and signed by the certified Level
II or Level III personnel.
The radiographic technique details shall be prepared and documented. As a
minimum, the following information shall be provided:
- identification, e.g., job/contract no and heat no (if applicable)

- the dimensional map (if used) of marker placement in accordance with ASME Section V, Article 2, T-275.3
- number of radiographs (exposures)
- x-ray voltage or isotope type used
- x-ray machine focal spot size or isotope physical sources size
- base material type and thickness, weld thickness, weld reinforcement thickness, as applicable
- source to object distance
- Source side of the object to film distance
- film manufacturer and Manufacturer’s type/designation
- number of film in each film holder/cassette
- single or double wall exposure
- single or double wall viewing
12.2. A radiograph review form shall be prepared. As a minimum, the following

information shall be provided:
- a listing of each radiograph’s location
- the information required in 12.1, by inclusion or reference
- evaluation and disposition of the material(s) or weld(s) examined
- identification of the person who performed the final acceptance of the
radiographs
- date of evaluation
13. ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA
13.1. ASME Section-VIII Division-1 (UW-51 & UW-52)
(1) Any indication characterized as a crack or zone of incomplete fusion or

penetration.
(2) For full examination, any other elongated indication on the radiograph
which has length greater than:
¼ inch (6 mm) for “t” up to ¾ inch (19 mm)
1/3 t for “t” from ¾ inch (19 mm) to 2 ¼ inch (57 mm) inclusive
¾ inch (19 mm) for “t” over 2 ¼ inch (57 mm)
t: The thickness of the weld excluding any allowable reinforcement. For a butt
weld joining two members having different thicknesses at weld, “t” is the
thinner of these two thicknesses. If a full penetration weld includes a fillet
weld, the thickness of the throat of the fillet shall be included in “t”.

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(3) For full examination, any group of aligned indications that have an
aggregate length greater than “t” in a length of 12 “t”, except when the
distance between the successive imperfections exceed 6L where “L” is the
length of the longest imperfection in the group.
(4) For spot examination, slag inclusions or cavities shall be unacceptable if

greater than 2/3t where “t” is the thickness of the weld excluding any
allowable reinforcement. If several indications within the above limitation
exist in line, the weld shall be judged acceptable if the sum of the longest
dimensions of all such indications is not more than “t” in a length of 6t (or
proportionately for radiographs shorter than 6t) and if the longest indications
considered are separated by at least 3L of acceptable weld metal where “L” is
the length of the longest indication. The maximum length of acceptable
indications shall be ¾ in. (19 mm). Any indication shorter than ¼ in. (6 mm)
shall be acceptable for any plate thickness.
(5) Rounded indication in excess of that specified by the acceptance

standards given in App.-4.
(6) For spot examination rounded indications are not a factor in the
acceptability of the welds.
13.2. ASME Section-1 (PW-51)
Radiographic examination shall be performed in accordance with article 2 of ASME
Section V, except that the requirements of T-285 are to be used as a guide but not
for the rejection of radiographs unless the geometrical unsharpness exceeds 0.07 in.
(1.78 mm)
(1) Any indication characterized as a crack or zone of incomplete fusion or

penetration.
(2) Any other elongated indication on the radiograph, which has length
greater than:
¼ inch (6 mm) for “t” up to ¾ inch (19 mm)
1/3 t for “t” from ¾ inch (19 mm) to 2 ¼ inch (57 mm) inclusive.
¾ inch (19 mm) for “t” over 2 ¼ inch (57 mm) where “t” is the thickness of
the weld.
(3) Any group of aligned indications that have an aggregate length greater
than “t” in a length of 12t, except when the distance between the successive
imperfections exceed 6L where “L” is the length of the longest imperfection in
the group.
4) Rounded indication in excess of that specified by the acceptance

standards given in
Appendix A-250 ASME Section 1.
13.3. ASME B31.1 (136.4.5)

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Radiographic examination shall be performed in accordance with Article 2 of Section

5 of ASME Section V, except that the requirements of T-285 are to be used as guide
but not for the rejection of radiographs unless the geometrical unsharpness exceeds
0.07 in. (2.0 mm).
(1) Any type of crack or zone of incomplete fusion or penetration.
(2) Any other elongated indication, which has a length greater than:
¼ inch (6.0 mm) for “t” up to ¾ inch (19 mm)
1/3 t for “t” from ¾ inch (19 mm) to 2 ¼ inch (57 mm) inclusive.
¾ inch (19 mm) for “t” over 2 ¼ inch (57 mm)
where “t” is the thickness of the thinner portion of the weld.
(3) Any group of indications in line that have an aggregate length greater
than “t” in a length of 12t, except where the distance between the successive
indications exceed 6L where “L” is the longest indications in the group.
(4) Porosity in excess of that shown in Appendix A-250 of ASME Section 1 is

unacceptable.
(5) Root concavity when there is an abrupt change in density as indicated

on the radiograph.
14. REPAIR
14.1. Radiography of repairs shall be performed by same technique used during the
original exposure.

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FIGURE 1 SINGLE WALL TECHNIQUES
Placement
Radiograph
Technique
Location
Exposure
Marker
Viewing
Source – Weld Film Arrangement IQI

O.D
End View Side View Selection Position
Exposure Arrangement – A Source

Side
T-277.1
(a)
Single- T-276 and Either Side
Any Wall Single-Wall Table T-275.3 T-
T-271.1 T-276 275.1 (c)
Film
Side
T-277.1
(b)
Source
Exposure Arrangement - B Side
T-277.1
(a)
Single- T-276 and Film Side
Any Wall Single-Wall Table T-275.1 (b)
T-271.1 T-276 (1)
Film
Side
T-277.1
(b)

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Source
Exposure Arrangement - C Side
T-277.1
(a)
Source
Single- T-276 and
Side
Any Wall Single-Wall Table
T-275.1 (a)
T-271.1 T-276
(3)
Film
Side
T-277.1
(b)
FIGURE 2 DOUBLE WALL TECHNIQUES

Source – Weld Film Arrangement IQI
Radiograph
Placement
Technique
Exposure
Location
Viewing
Marker
O.D
End View Side View Selection Position
Double-
Exposure Arrangement – D
Wall:
T-271.2 (a) Source Side
At least T-277.1 (a)
three T-276 and Film Side
Her exposures T-275.3
120 to
Single Wall Table T-275.1
çap
each T-276 (b)(1)
other for
comple-
te Film Side
coverage T-277.1 (b)
Double-
Exposure Arrangement –E
Wall:
T-271.2 (a) Source Side
At least T-277.1 (a)
three T-276 and
Her exposures Film Side
120 to
Singel Wall Table T-275.1 (b)(1)
çap
each T-276
other for
comple-
te Film Side
coverage T-277.1 (b)

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Double Exposure Arrangement - F

Wall
T-271.2
(b) (1)
3½” Double Wall
(88 mm) At least (Elipse) T-276 and Source Side
veya two Read Off-Set T-277.1 Either Side
daha source side and
Table
exposures
(a) T-275.2
küçük 90 to film side T-276
each images
other for
comple-
te
coverage
Double- Exposure Arrangement – G

Wall:
T-271.2
(b) (2)
3½” At least Double Wall
(88 mm) three Read T-276 and Source Side
veya exposures Superimpozed T-277.1 Either Side
daha 90 or source side and
Table
(a) T-275.2
küçük 120 to film side T-276
each images
other for
comple-
te
coverage
NOMINAL SINGLE WALL MATERIAL SOURCE SIDE FILM SIDE

THICKNESS RANGE ESSENTIAL WIRE ESSENTIAL WIRE
Up to 6.4 mm, incl. 5 4
Over 6.4 mm through 9.5 mm 6 5
TABLE-1. IQI SELECTION
Set A Set B Set C

Wire Diam. mm Wire Identity Wire Diam. mm Wire Identity Wire Diam. mm Wire Identity
0.08 1 0.25 6 0.81 11
0.10 2 0.33 7 1.02 12
0.13 3 0.41 8 1.27 13
0.16 4 0.51 9 1.60 14
0.20 5 0.64 10 2.03 15
0.25 6 0.81 11 2.54 16
TABLE-2. WIRE IQI DESIGNATION, WIRE DIAMTER AND WIRE IDENTITY

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ASTM PENETRAMETER
1B 11 *F
Drawing No or Equip ID OR Item No WELD NO / WELDER
   
S&Q MART 1B LP-04 W 5 / RK
W E L D SEAM
(**)
0 5 10 15 20 25
DATE Size/Diameter and Thickness/Schedule BACK SCATTER ID.

  
06 02 2009 8” – 8.18 B
(*F): When the penetrameter is on the film side.

(**) Marker locations may be either side of the weld if part configuration does not permit as shown above.
FIGURE-3: FILM IDENTIFICATION
Hereby we certify that this procedure has been demonstrated to the satisfaction of the AI, and
it is capable of detecting discontinuities under the conditions defined in the procedure.
_________________________ ___________________________
TIM Date

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Annex 1: Radiographic Examination Report

Annex 2: Densitometer Calibration Logbook
Annex 3: Calibration Sticker

NDT Level III

I 2.51 E RT Procedure

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Inspection and Testing

Department Belge : NDT-PR-01

S&Q MART PROCEDURE

Prepared, Reviewed and Approved by

5. DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS 3

10. RADIOGRAPHIC COVERAGE 12

11. SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT 12

13. ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA 13

Prepared, Reviewed and Approved by

5. DEFINITIONS AND ABBREVIATIONS

However, if surface conditions such as ripples or other irregularities on the inside

7.1.3 Thickness range for the procedure is 2, 5 - 40 mm.

For X-ray radiography, maximum kV used shall not exceed 300.

Film Class & Type

process or be projected as a radiographic image on the film.

 For material thicknesses  9.5 mm, ASTM E 747 Set A

a) Multiple Penetrameters: If the requirements of 6.6 are met by using more

 When the complete circumference is radiographed using one or more

7.5.6. Placement of IQIs shall be as one of the following:

b) Film Side IQIs: Where inaccessibility prevents hand placing the

d) For other cases not stated in this procedure for placement of of

7.6. RADIOGRAPHIC DENSITY

7.7. GEOMETRIC UNSHARPNESS

Material Thickness Ug Maximum

Prepared, Reviewed and Approved by

NOTE: Material thickness is the thickness on which the IQI is based.

7.8. Verification of Source Size (radiographic isotopes) - The equipment manufacturer's

7.10. BACK-SCATTER RADIATION

7.11. LOCATION MARKERS

Location markers (ASME V, Article 2, Figure T-275) which are to appear as

Prepared, Reviewed and Approved by

 Flat components or longitudinal joints in cylindrical or conical components and

7.12. FILM IDENTIFICATION

-Manufacturer’s symbol or name

7.13. QUALITY OF RADIOGRAPHS AND PROCESSING

7.14. VIEWING ROOM

b) It shall have a cooling system to protect radiographs from heat damage

c) It shall include apertures for evaluation of reduced areas.

8.2.1. Densitometer shall be calibrated every 90 days.

8.2.2. TIM shall be responsible for densitometer calibration.

8.2.3. Allow a minimum of 5 minutes "warm-up" time (or manufacturer's

8.2.4. “Zero” the densitometer after warm up period.

Prepared, Reviewed and Approved by

9. RADIOGRAPHIC TECHNIQUE (FIGURE-1 & FIGURE-2)

Single-wall viewing for materials/castings/weldments with a nominal outside

a) Single-Wall Viewing (DWE/SWV) - For materials and welds in components, a

b) Double-Wall Viewing (DWE/DWV)- For materials and welds in components 3-

c) If geometric unsharpness requirement cannot be met, then single-wall

e) As an alternative, the weld may be radiographed with the radiation beam

f) Additional exposure shall be made if the required radiographic coverage

10. RADIOGRAPHIC COVERAGE

10.2. Film will overlap a minimum of 25 mm.

11. SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENT

- identification, e.g., job/contract no and heat no (if applicable)

12.2. A radiograph review form shall be prepared. As a minimum, the following

13. ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA

13.1. ASME Section-VIII Division-1 (UW-51 & UW-52)

(1) Any indication characterized as a crack or zone of incomplete fusion or

Prepared, Reviewed and Approved by

(4) For spot examination, slag inclusions or cavities shall be unacceptable if