Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 100 views

    Chapter 4 Chemical Composition Notes

    Uploaded by

    NsjNurdin
    The document discusses the chemical composition of cells. It states that cells mainly consist of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen (CHON), accounting for 96% of the human body mass. Cells also contain trace elements like sodium, magnesium, phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, potassium, calcium, iron, copper, and zinc. Chemically, cells contain organic compounds like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids that contain carbon, as well as inorganic compounds like water, acids, alkalis, and mineral salts that do not contain carbon. Cells are typically 65-90% water, which acts as a medium for chemical reactions. The document then discusses the roles and properties of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Chapter 4 Chemical Composition Notes

    Uploaded by

    NsjNurdin
    100 views106 pages
    The document discusses the chemical composition of cells. It states that cells mainly consist of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen (CHON), accounting for 96% of the human body mass. Cells also contain trace elements like sodium, magnesium, phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, potassium, calcium, iron, copper, and zinc. Chemically, cells contain organic compounds like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids that contain carbon, as well as inorganic compounds like water, acids, alkalis, and mineral salts that do not contain carbon. Cells are typically 65-90% water, which acts as a medium for chemical reactions. The document then discusses the roles and properties of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins

    Original Description:

    HAGBBHHFJHVJ

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    The document discusses the chemical composition of cells. It states that cells mainly consist of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen (CHON), accounting for 96% of the human body mass. Cells also contain trace elements like sodium, magnesium, phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, potassium, calcium, iron, copper, and zinc. Chemically, cells contain organic compounds like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids that contain carbon, as well as inorganic compounds like water, acids, alkalis, and mineral salts that do not contain carbon. Cells are typically 65-90% water, which acts as a medium for chemical reactions. The document then discusses the roles and properties of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    100 views106 pages

    Chapter 4 Chemical Composition Notes

    Uploaded by

    NsjNurdin
    The document discusses the chemical composition of cells. It states that cells mainly consist of carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen (CHON), accounting for 96% of the human body mass. Cells also contain trace elements like sodium, magnesium, phosphorus, sulfur, chlorine, potassium, calcium, iron, copper, and zinc. Chemically, cells contain organic compounds like carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids that contain carbon, as well as inorganic compounds like water, acids, alkalis, and mineral salts that do not contain carbon. Cells are typically 65-90% water, which acts as a medium for chemical reactions. The document then discusses the roles and properties of carbohydrates, lipids, proteins

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 106

    CHAPTER 2:

    Chemical Composition of the Cell


    4.1 ELEMENTS IN THE CELL?
    Main elements – CHON (96% of the human body mass)
    Trace elements – Na, Mg, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn, Co.

    Chemical compounds:

    ➢ organic – contain carbon


    ➢ Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acid
    ➢ Inorganic – x contain carbon (smaller)
    ➢ Cell waters, acids, alkalis and mineral salts.
    Consists 65% -90% water which acts as a medium
    for chemical reactions in cells
    50%
    15%
    10%
    18%

    OTHERS 7%
    (vitamins, inorganic molecules, etc)
    GLYCOGEN
    • Major energy stored in liver and
    muscles of animals
    • In soluble in water

    STARCH
    • Food reserve from excess
    glucose produced during
    photosynthesis
    • Soluble in water

    CELLULOSE
    • Found in plants
    • Insolluble in water
    Polymers of
    monosaccharides or
    disaccharides
    Reducing Sugars BENEDICT’S OR FEHLING REAGENTS (alkaline solution of
    CuSO4)
    • All monosccharides ➢ Solution changes from blue to yellow to brick red upon
    • Dissacharides (maltose and lactose) heating
    ➢ Reducing sugars reduce Cu2+ (blue solution) to Cu+
    (brick red precipitate) in the reagent.

    Non-Reducing Sugars
    1) BENEDICT’S REAGENT (alkaline solution of CuSO4)
    • Dissacharides (sucrose) ➢ No changes in colour
    • All polysaccharides
    1) IODINE SOLUTION
    ➢ Turns dark blue in the presence of starch.
    LIPIDS
    Types of lipids and its functions

    TRIGLYCERIDES PHOSPHOLIPIDS STEROIDS WAXES

    • Fats & oils • Composed of • Cholestrol - • Insoluble & do


    • Energy store diglycerides Makes plasma not get wet
    (skin/heat bonded to a membrane (waterproof)
    insulator) phosphate more rigid and • Prevent water
    • Provide physical group stable loss in
    protection • Most abundant • Sex hormones - epidermis of
    • Transport fat- lipid on plasma Control sexual plants
    soluble vitamins membrane development • Feathers of
    • Control cell and body birds
    permeability physiology • Fur of mammals
    • Bile - Emulsifies
    fat
    -3H2O

    +3H2O
    SIMILARITIES
    > Both glycerides
    >same molecular components (glycerol + FA)
    > Formed from condensation of glycerol and FA
    > Can undergo hydrolysis
    Form body energy store
    Single bond between carbon Type of chemical bonds Double bond between carbon
    atom (c-c) • Reactivity bond (c=c)
    • Less reactive due to single • State @RT • More reactive due to double
    bond • Source bond
    • Solid (fat) • Effects on blood cholesterol • Liquid (oil)
    • Mainly from animal product: level • Mainly from plants:
    chicken fat, butter, chicken vegetable oils,corn oil, olive
    fat oil
    • Increase level or BAD • Increase level of GOOD
    cholesterol (LDL cholesterol) cholesterol (HDL cholesterol)
    that synthesized in ribosomes of a living cell.
    AMYLASE
    STARCH MALTOSE

    PEPSIN
    PROTEIN PEPTIDES

    LIPASE
    FAT FATTY ACIDS

    MALTASE
    MALTOSE GLUCOSE

    You might also like