Consumer and Industrial Chemistry

Chapter
5
CONSUMER AND
INDUSTRIAL
CHEMISTRY
Key Words
• Deodorant • Saponification
• Detergent • Saturation
• Emulsifier • Sludge
• Fat • Soap
• Hard water • Soft water
• Leachate • Sulphonation reaction
• Nanotechnology • Wastewater
What will you learn?

5.1 Oils and fats
5.2 Cleaning agents
5.3 Food additives
5.4 Medicines and cosmetics
5.5 Application of nanotechnology in industry
5.6 Application of Green Technology in industrial waste management
164
Bulletin
Consumer chemistry is a very important branch in
manufacturing consumer essential products. This
branch expands exponentially with the steady increase
in consumer demands. Consumer chemistry covers
food, energy, cleaning agents, medicines, cosmetics
and many other areas.
The advancement in consumer chemistry has not
only produced various products that satisfy consumer
needs, but the technology developed is integrated with
the latest technology, such as nanotechnology and
Green Technology. This means the manufacturing of
products is able to use energy more efficiently,
effectively and environmentally friendly.
What is the function

of an emulsifier?
What is the difference

between oils and fats? How does soap get rid
of dirt from clothes?
165
Theme 4 Technology in Chemistry
5.1 OILS AND FATS

The Difference Between Oils and Fats
Standards
• Oils and fats are parts of the dietary requirements for humans that Pupils are able to:
5.1.1 compare and contrast oils
are responsible for supplying energy, providing body temperature and fats.
insulation and helping with the absorption of important vitamins. 5.1.2 explain the conversion
• At room temperature, fats normally exist in a solid form. Fats in process of unsaturated fats
liquid form are known as oils. to saturated fats.
• Fats are usually found in meat and butter, while various types of 5.1.3 justify the use of oils and
fats in daily life.
oils can be obtained from plants, such as palm oil, soybean oil
and coconut oil. Thus, what is meant by oils and fats?
Oils and fats are esters produced through the reaction
between fatty acids and glycerol (propan-1,2,3-triol).
• Fatty acids have very long carbon chains. The characteristics

of oils or fats rely on the types of fatty acids involved in the
esterification reactions with glycerol.
• Examples of fatty acids are palmitic acid, stearic acid and
linoleic acid.
• An example of an esterification reaction between fatty acids with Photograph 5.1 Examples of
oils and fats. Palm oil is an oil,
glycerol to form fat is shown in Figure 5.1 while butter is a fat
O H O Mind
H Challenge
HO C R1 H C O C R1
H C OH O O
H C OH + HO C R2 H C O C R2 + 3 H 2O Can you identify the functional
O
H C OH O group found in fatty acids
H HO C R3 H C O C R3 and glycerol? What is the
H homologous series for fatty
Glycerol Fatty acids Fat
acids and glycerol?
Figure 5.1 Esterification reaction
• The reaction between one glycerol molecule and three fatty acid molecules forms one fat molecule.
R1, R2 and R3 represent the parts of hydrocarbon chains in fatty acids and fats. R1, R2 and R3 can
either be identical or different.
• Although oils and fats are grouped into the same homologous series, there are characteristics that
can differentiate oils and fats. Table 5.1 shows the differences between oils and fats.
Table 5.1 Differences between oils and fats
Aspect Oils Fats
Source Plants Animals
Physical state at room
Liquid Solid
temperature
Melting point Low High
High percentage of unsaturated High percentage of saturated
Content of fatty acids
fatty acids fatty acids
Example Palm oil Butter
166
Consumer and Industrial Chemistry Chapter 5
A ctivity 5A
1. Carry out the activity in groups.
PAK 21
2. Find the following information by visiting nearby grocery shops or shopping malls to read the
labels on oil packagings.
(a) Percentage of saturated fat and unsaturated fat (b) Physical state at room temperature
(c) Colour (d) Source
3. Present your findings in class.
Saturated Fats and Unsaturated Fats

• Saturated fats contain saturated fatty acids, and unsaturated fats contain unsaturated fatty acids.
• Examples of saturated fatty acids are palmitic acid, lauric acid and stearic acid; while examples
of unsaturated fatty acids are oleic acid, linoleic acid and linolenic acid.
• Unsaturated fatty acids have at least one double bond in the carbon chain; whereas saturated fatty
acids only have a single covalent bond in the carbon chain as shown in the examples in Figure 5.2.
• The presence of double bonds causes unsaturated fats to have low melting points and exist
as liquids.
O H H H H H H H H H H O H H H H H H H H H
HO C C C C C C C C C C C H HO C C C C C C C C C C H
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
Saturated fatty acid Unsaturated fatty acid
Figure 5.2 Difference between saturated fatty acid and unsaturated fatty acid
Conversion of Unsaturated Fats to Saturated Fats

• Oils consist of a high percentage of unsaturated fats.
Unsaturated fats are converted into saturated
fats through hydrogenation reaction.
Mind Between oils and fats,
Challenge which one can last longer
• During a hydrogenation reaction, hydrogen gas, H2 and can stand from
is passed into hot oil with the presence of nickel, Ni turning rancid? Why?
as the catalyst. The double bond in the carbon chain
is “opened” and the hydrogen atoms, H are added to
the carbon chain. Figure 5.3 shows the example of a Bab 13/5 Video41 B05-167
hydrogenation reaction. Hydrogenation

http://kubupublication.com.my/Kimia/Tingkatan5/Video41.html
• The addition of hydrogen atoms to the carbon chain https://bit.ly/kpkt5v41

causes the molecular mass to increase that leads to the
increase in the melting point and boiling point. This
situation explains why margarine
CH (CH ) CH=CH(CH ) COOCH CH3(CH2)7CH2CH2(CH2)7COOCH2
exists in a solid form at room 3 2 7 2 7 2
Ni
CH (CH ) CH=CH(CH ) COOCH + 3H CH3(CH2)7CH2CH2(CH2)7COOCH2
temperature, even though it is 3 2 7 2 7 22
produced from oil. CH (CH ) CH=CH(CH ) COOCH

3 2 7 2 7 2
CH3(CH2)7CH2CH2(CH2)7COOCH2
Unsaturated fats Hydrogen Saturated fats

Figure 5.3 Hydrogenation reaction of unsaturated fat to saturated fat
167
A ctivity 5B Field Trip

1. Carry out the activity together with your teacher.
PAK 21
2. Plan a field trip to a margarine processing factory.

3. Find information about margarine processing, including sources used and waste disposal
management.
4. Write a report together with an infographic poster to be shared with the pupils at your school.
Uses of Oils and Fats in Life

• Oils and fats are widely used in our daily life. Among the use of oils and fats are as follows:
Biofuel Nutritional Source

Oils and fats can be used to produce Oils and fats supply energy and
biofuels, such as biodiesel to be used by help the body to absorb important
vehicles with diesel engines. vitamins, such as vitamins A, D, E,
and K.
Soap and Personal Care Animal Feeds

Oils and fats are the main ingredients for Oils and fats are also used to
soap making. Personal care items, like manufacture feeds for cattle to fulfil
skin moisturisers, also utilise oils in their nutritional needs.
their productions.
• Although oils and fats are rich with benefits, excessive intake in our diet can contribute to heart
related problems, and not to mention body weight issues or obesity.
• The risk for arteriosclerosis or hardening of the arteries is higher if excessive fat intakes are
sourced from animals or saturated fats.
A ctivity 5C
PAK 21
2. Find information about the usage of saturated fats and unsaturated fats in processing food
products, and their importance in maintaining a healthy lifestyle.
3. Produce a creative presentation to be showcased to your class.
5.1
1. What is the meaning of unsaturated fats?
2. State the homologous series of saturated fats.
3. Compare and contrast oils and fats.
4. List the uses of oils and fats.
168
5.2 CLEANING AGENTS
Standards
Pupils are able to:
5.2.1 describe soap and detergent.
5.2.2 describe soap preparation process
through an activity.
5.2.3 compare the cleansing action of soap
and detergent through experiments.
• The use of cleaning agents for washing and

personal hygiene is part of the daily routine
of everyday life. Generally, cleaning agents
refer to soaps and detergents.
Photograph 5.2 Various cleaning products
What is soap?
• Soaps are sodium or potassium fatty acid salts.
• Soaps are produced from the neutralisation reaction between fatty acids and alkalis.
• Fatty acids are long-chain carboxylic acids.
• Sources of fatty acids can be obtained from natural esters in animal fats or vegetable oils.
• The general formula for soap is RCOO−Na+ or RCOO−K+.
• R is an alkyl group containing at least 8 carbon atoms. However, this alkyl group usually
contains 12 to 20 carbon atoms.
• R consists of saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbons.
• Table 5.2 shows examples of soaps:
Table 5.2 Examples of soaps
Soap Chemical formula Fatty acid Source
CH3(CH2)10COOH
Sodium laurate CH3(CH2)10COONa Coconut oil
Lauric acid
CH3(CH2)14COOH
Sodium palmitate CH3(CH2)14COONa Palm oil
Palmitic acid
• Figure 5.4 shows an example of the structural formula of soap which is sodium palmitate,
CH3(CH2)14COONa.
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2

Bab 13/5 Nota18 B05-169
http://kubupublication.com.my/Kimia/Tingkatan5/Nota18.html
CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 C ONa History of Soap
Making
O
https://bit.ly/kpkt5n18
Figure 5.4 Structural formula of sodium palmitate, CH3(CH2)14COONa
169
What is detergent?
• The production of detergents began during the second world
war owing to the lack of animal fats and vegetable oils.
• Detergents are non-soap cleaning agents.
• Detergents are sodium salts of sulphonic acids.
• Two types of sulphonic acids used to make detergents are
alkyl sulphonic acid and alkylbenzene sulphonic acid as Photograph 5.3 Examples of detergents
in powder and liquid forms
shown in Figure 5.5.
O O O
HO SH R O S OH R S OH
H H
O O O
H H C C H H
Alkyl sulphonic acid Alkylbenzene sulphonic acid C C C C
Figure 5.5 Structural formula of alkyl sulphonic C C C C
H H C C H H
acid and alkylbenzene sulphonic acid
H H
• Detergents are usually made from synthetic Structural formula Simplified structural
sources, such as petroleum fractions. of benzene formula of benzene
• Table 5.3 shows two general groups of detergents.
Table 5.3 Two general groups of detergents with examples of structural formulae
Sodium alkyl sulphate Sodium alkylbenzene sulphonate
O O
R O S O Na
– +
R S O–Na+
O O
Example of structural formula: Example of structural formula:

H H H H H H H H H H H H O H H H H H H H H H H H H O
H C C C C C C C C C C C C O S ONa H C C C C C C C C C C C C S ONa
H H H H H H H H H H H H O H H H H H H H H H H H H O
Preparation of Soap
• Soaps can be prepared from natural sources through hydrolysis of oils or fats in sodium
hydroxide, NaOH or potassium hydroxide, KOH solutions.
• This reaction is called saponification, which is the process of hydrolysis of oils or fats by alkalis.
• Oils or fats react with concentrated alkalis to produce glycerol and fatty acid salts, which is soap.
General equation of saponification reaction
Oil/Fat + Concentrated alkali → Soap + Glycerol
• Oils and fats are natural esters known as triglycerides.

• Alkaline hydrolysis on triglicerides will produce glycerol and soap (salts of fatty acids) as shown
in Figure 5.6.
170
CH2 O C R1
CH2 OH +R COO– Na+

O 1
Do you know that
CH O C R2 + 3NaOH CH OH +R COO Na
– + sodium hydroxide is
2
also known as lye?
CH2 OH +R 3
COO– Na+
O
CH2 O C R3
Oil or fat Alkali Glycerol Soap
Figure 5.6 Saponication reaction to produce glycerol and soap (fatty acid salts)
• R1, R2 and R3 are long chain hydrocarbons. R1, R2 and R3 may be the same or different.
Preparation of Detergents
• Detergents are usually made from petroleum fractions and sulphuric acid, H2SO4.
• They are produced through two processes which are:
(a) Sulphonation
(b) Neutralisation
(a) Preparation of Sodium Alkylbenzene Sulphonate

(i) Sulphonation of alkylbenzene: Alkylbenzene reacts with concentrated sulphuric acid, H2SO4
to form alkylbenzene sulphonic acid.
CH3 O CH3 O
CH3 (CH2)n C O H + HO S OH CH3 (CH2)n C O S OH + H2O
H O H O
Alkylbenzene Sulphuric acid Alkylbenzene sulphonic acid Water
(ii) Neutralisation: Alkylbenzene sulphonic acid will be neutralised by sodium hydroxide, NaOH
solution to produce alkylbenzene sulphonate salt, which is detergent.
CH3 O CH3 O
CH3 (CH2)n C O S OH + NaOH CH3 (CH2)n C O S ONa + H2O
H O H O
Alkylbenzene sulphonic acid Sodium hydroxide Sodium alkylbenzene sulphonate Water
(b) Preparation of Sodium Alkyl Sulphate

(i) Sulphonation of alcohol: Long chain alcohol reacts with concentrated sulphuric acid, H2SO4
to form alkyl sulphonic acid.
O O
CH3 (CH2)nCH2 O H + HO S OH CH3 (CH2)nCH2 O S OH + H2O

O O
Long chain alcohol Sulphuric acid Alkyl sulphonic acid Water
171
O O
3 2 n 2 3 2 n 2 2
O O
(ii) Neutralisation: Alkyl sulphonic acid will be neutralised by sodium hydroxide, NaOH
solution to produce sodium alkyl sulphate, which is detergent.
O O
CH3 (CH2)nCH2 O S OH + NaOH CH3 (CH2)nCH2 O S ONa + H2O

O O
Alkyl sulphonic acid Sodium hydroxide Sodium alkyl sulphate Water
A ctivity 5D
To Create a Creative Commercial Soap
PAK 21
Photograph 5.4 shows examples of handmade soaps. The addition of colour and fragrance will
produce soaps that are attractive enough to be commercialised.
Bab 13/5 Video42 B05-172a
Chemistry Portal
Easy Methods to Make Soap

https://bit.ly/kpkt5v42
Bab 13/5 Video43 B05-172b
Making Soap from Used

Cooking Oil
Photograph 5.4 Examples of handmade soaps
Using a suitable cooking oil and solid

sodium hydroxide, NaOH, you are Cost of Local raw
required to produce soaps that can production? materials?
be commercialised.
1. Carry out this activity in groups.
2. Discuss in your respective groups, Appearance Environmentally
the qualities that the soap should and smell? Soap
friendly?
have. Figure 5.7 can help generate
some ideas.
3. Make a plan to produce your
group’s soap. Effectiveness? User friendly?
4. Show your plan to your chemistry
teacher to get your teacher’s approval. Figure 5.7 Growth of ideas to produce handmade soap
5. Produce your group’s soap.
6. Prepare a brochure containing
information about the advantages of the soap produced.
7. Display each group’s soap product in a Gallery Walk activity.
172
Cleansing Action of Soap and Detergent

• Basically, the cleansing action of soap and
detergent is the same.
Hydrophobic part Hydrophilic part
• Soaps and detergents act as emulsifying agents
because soap and detergent molecules are soluble
in oil or grease and water.
• When soap or detergent is dissolved in water,
soap or detergent molecules dissolve to form:
Soluble in oil or grease Soluble in water
(i) sodium ion, Na+ or potassium ion, K+.
(ii) soap anion or detergent anion. Figure 5.8 Simple structure of soap anion
• Examples of equations for ionisation or detergent anion
of soap and detergent:
Water
Soap Soap anion + Sodium ion
Water
Detergent Detergent anion + Sodium ion
CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 COO− CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 OSO3−
CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2
Hydrophobic part Hydrophilic Hydrophobic part Hydrophilic
part part
Soap anion structural formula Detergent anion structural formula

Figure 5.9 Examples of soap and detergent anions
• Referring to Figures 5.8 and 5.9, the structures of soap anion and detergent anion consist of two
parts, namely:
(i) hydrophilic part that is soluble in water.
(ii) hydrophobic part that is soluble in oil or grease.
• Both of these properties make soap and detergent effective cleaning agents. Figure 5.10
describes the cleansing action of soap and detergent.
– – Soap anion/
+ –
– detergent anion
– – – +
–
– – Sodium/
– – Potassium ion
+
+
–
+ Grease
Cloth
1 2
• Adding soap or detergent into water • Soap or detergent will ionise in water
will reduce the surface tension of water. to produce free moving soap anions or
• This increases the water’s ability to wet detergent anions.
the surface of the cloth.
173
+
+
–
–
–
– – – –
+ – –
Theme 4 Technology
+
in Chemistry
– +
– –
– –
– –
+ – ++ ++ ++
– + ++
– –– – –– –– –– –
–– –
––– –– ––
– – –– ++ ––
–– ––
– –
–– –– –– –– –– – –– – –– –
– – –– –– – – – – –– – – –– – –
–
–
– + – ––
– – –– ––
– –– –– ++
–
Cloth
+ + + Cloth Cloth
+ 3 –
4– – – – 5
–
• – The hydrophilic
+ parts of– – – – – – • Movement
–
of water • The hydrophilic parts
– – –
– – –soap anions or detergent – – – – – during scrubbing and of soap anions or detergent
– – – – – –
–
–– –
– anions–dissolve in water.– +
agitation causes grease anions surround the grease.
–
• The hydrophobic parts to pull away from the ++ • –Grease floats to the surface
– –– – –
dissolve
+ in grease. +
surface of the cloth. – – – – of–the
––
– water.
–– –
– – – – – ––
– – – – – ––
– –– – – –
+ – ++ ––
– – – – – – – ++
–
– –
–
–
– – ––
– – –
–
6
–
– ++
• Grease will break into small droplets.
– –
– –
–
– • The small droplets will not reattach to the surface of
–
– – –
–
– the cloth due to the repulsion of negative charges of the
–
+ – hydrophilic parts on the surface of the grease.
– – – +
• The droplets are suspended in water, forming an emulsion.
Repulsion of negative charges • Rinsing with water causes the surface of the cloth to become
+ Cloth clean because the grease droplets are left in the water.
– – –
–
–
–
–
– – –
– Figure 5.10 The cleansing action of soap and detergent
–
–
– – – +
Bab 13/5 Nota19 B05-174a
Dry Cleaning
Bab 13/5 Video44 B05-174b
Dry cleaning does not use water, Cleansing Action of

but use other solvents instead, Soap and Detergent

such as 1,1,1-trichloroethane. https://bit.ly/kpkt5v44
Comparison of Cleansing Action of Soap and Detergent

• Water containing calcium ions, Ca2+ and magnesium ions, Mg2+ is called hard water.
• Soap anions combine with the cations to form insoluble salts
called scum.
2CH3(CH2)16 COO−(aq) + Ca2+(aq) → [CH3(CH2)16 COO]2Ca(s)
Stearate ion Calcium ion Calcium stearate (scum)
2CH3(CH2)16 COO−(aq) + Mg2+(aq) → [CH3(CH2)16 COO]2Mg(s)
Stearate ion Magnesium ion Magnesium stearate (scum)
• The formation of scum causes wastage of soap because more soap will Photograph 5.5
Formation of scum
be needed for the cleansing action. in the river
174
• Detergent anions also combine with the cations to form soluble salts in water. Therefore, the
effectiveness of the detergent’s cleansing action is not affected by hard water.
2ROSO3−(aq) + Ca2+(aq) (ROSO3)2Ca(aq)

Detergent anion Calcium ion Calcium salt
2ROSO3−(aq) + Mg2+(aq) (ROSO3)2Mg(aq)

Detergent anion Magnesium ion Magnesium salt
5A Effectiveness of Cleansing Action of Soap and Detergent

Learning Science
Aim: To compare the effectiveness of the cleansing actions of soap and PAK 21 Through Inquiry
detergent in hard water.
Problem statement: Is soap more effective than detergent in hard water?
Hypothesis: Suggest a hypothesis for this experiment.
Variables: Determine all the variables in this experiment.
Materials: Hard water, soap, detergent and cloth with greasy stain.
Apparatus: Beaker, measuring cylinder, spatula, glass rod and electronic scales.
Procedure:
Using the apparatus and materials supplied, plan an experiment to compare the effectiveness of the
cleansing actions of soaps and detergents in hard water.
Results:
Record all observations in a table.
Conclusion:
Can the hypothesis be accepted? Write a conclusion for this experiment.
Prepare a complete report after carrying out this experiment.
• Table 5.4 shows the comparison of effectiveness of cleansing action of soap and detergent.
Table 5.4 Comparison of effectiveness of cleansing action of soap and detergent
Aspect Soap Detergent
Effectiveness in soft
Effective as cleaning agent. Effective as cleaning agent.
water
Effectiveness in hard Less effective due to the formation More effective because no scum is
water of scum. formed.
Effectiveness in acidic Not effective due to the formation Effective because the organic acid
water of insoluble organic acid. formed is soluble.
Additives in Detergent
• Do you know that most cleansing agents today are detergents? There are various types of detergents
available on the market with slightly different cleansing qualities. These differences are due to the
additives in the detergents. The additives give special properties to the detergent. Table 5.5 lists
several types of additives found in detergents, along with their functions and examples.
175
Table 5.5 Additives in detergents

Additives Function Example
To remove protein stains, such as blood, milk Amylase, protease,
Biological enzyme
and sugar. cellulase and lipase.
Sodium perborate and
Whitening agent To change dirt to colourless substance.
Sodium hypochlorite.
Optical whitener To make clothes become whiter and brighter. Fluorescent dyes.
Water softener and To enhance the effectiveness of the detergent by
Sodium tripolyphosphate.
builder softening the water.
Foam control agent To control the foam formed by the detergent. Alkyl monoethanolamide.
Anti suspension To prevent the removed dirt from redepositing Sodium
agent to the clothes. carboxylmethylcellulose.
To enhance the fragrance of the detergent
Fragrances Jasmine and lavender.
and fabric.
To ensure that the detergent powder is always Sodium sulphate and
Drying agent
dry in its container. sodium silicate.
A ctivity 5E
To study the ratio of the additives and their functions in a detergent.
PAK 21
1. When choosing a detergent, the following criteria may be considered:

(a) What
• is the use of the detergent,
• is its physical condition,
• are the additives found in the detergent, and
• are the side effects if the detergent is used?
(b) Is the detergent
• suitable for household/domestic water, and
• eco-friendly?
2. Conduct this activity in groups in a Round Robin activity.
3. Get an example of a detergent and conduct a study on the ratio of additives, together with
their functions in the detergent by focusing on the above criteria.
4. Present the findings of your group in class using a multimedia presentation.
5.2
1. What is soap?
2. What is detergent?
3. Name the process of soap preparation.
4. Give a balanced chemical equation for the reaction between stearic acid and sodium hydroxide
to prepare soap.
5. State the two stages in the process of preparing detergents.
6. One of the properties of soap or detergent is to form foam. What is the function of the foam?
176
5.3 FOOD ADDITIVES

• Do you know that in the food preparation industry,
ingredients such as dyes, flavours and preservatives have Standards
been added for the purpose of making the food look more Pupils are able to:
attractive, tasty and even last longer? These ingredients 5.3.1 describe with examples the type of
are known as food additives. food additives and their functions.
5.3.2 justify the usage of food additives.
What are food additives?

• Food additives are natural or synthetic ingredients added to food to prevent damage or to
improve the appearance, taste or texture.
• As a result of the emergence of processed foods in the food industry nowadays, more food
additives have been introduced whether from natural or synthetic sources.
• For the awareness and interests of the consumers, the Ministry of Health simultaneously enforces
the Food Act 1983 and the Food Regulations 1985.
Both these acts and regulations are aimed at ensuring that the food sold to the public is safe
to eat, and the labels are not misleading the consumers. Focus is given on food standards and
its contents, guarantees for certain foods, marked dates for foods, nutritional supplements,
and packaging aspects.
Types of Food Additives

• Figure 5.11 lists the types of food additives, and Table 5.6 describes their functions and examples.
Food Additives
Preservatives Antioxidants Flavourings Stabilisers
Emulsifiers Thickeners Dyes

Figure 5.11 Types of food additives
Table 5.6 Food additives
Food additives and their functions Examples
Preservatives • Common salt in dried fish.
• Prevent or delay the growth of bacteria • Sugar in jams.
or fungi to make the food last longer. • Vinegar in pickles.
• Benzoic acid in chilli sauces.
• Sodium benzoate in bread.
• Sodium nitrite or sodium nitrate in sausages.
• Sulphur dioxide in dried fruits.
177
Antioxidants • Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) in sweets.

• Slow down the oxidation of fats in food. • Citric acid in oily food such as cakes and biscuits.
• Prevent oily or greasy food from • Tocopherol (Vitamin E) in margarine.
becoming rancid.
Flavourings • Monosodium glutamate (MSG) in
• Replace the loss of original flavours instant noodles.
during food processing. • Aspartame, sorbitol, stevia (sweetener).
• Add flavour or fragrant smell to make • Esters such as propyl ethanoate (pear flavour).
food tastier. ethyl ethanoate (pineapple flavour).
• Replace food seasonings that are
expensive or seasonal, such as those
found in certain fruits.
Stabilisers • Pectin to thicken jams.
• Give uniformed and smooth texture. • Agar from seaweed to make jellies.
Emulsifiers • Monoglycerides or triglycerides in peanut butter.
• Emulsify two immiscible liquids. • Lecithin in chocolates.
Thickeners • Starch, gelatine, acacia gum and xanthan gum
• Thicken liquids. are used to thicken soups and sauces.
Dyes • Azo compounds to give yellow, red, brown or
• Add or restore colour to make the food black colours.
look attractive and delicious. • Triphenyl compounds to give green, blue or
purple colours.
• Caramel to give the brown colour.
Mind Malaysian Excellence

Challenge
Stevia is a species Bab 13/5 Nota20 B05-178
Durian Seeds as
How does the of herbs from the

Stabilisers
common salt or sunflower family.
sugar act as a It tastes 300 times
preservative? Photograph 5.7
sweeter than sugar.
Stevia plant
A ctivity 5F
To perform chromatography on food dyes.
PAK 21

2. Watch the video on page 179 to recall what you have learned in form one on how to carry out
chromatography.
178
3. Determine the type of food dyes whether they are:

(a) synthetic dyes, or Bab 13/5 Video46 B05-179
Chromatography
(b) natural dyes. https://bit.ly/kpkt5v46

4. Carry out the chromatography.
5. Present your findings in your class.
E number refers to the code used

in European countries to label food
additives as shown in Photograph 5.8.
Photograph 5.8 Example of food label
A ctivity 5G
Organise a jelly making contest.
PAK 21
1. Jelly is a favourite dessert of those who love sweet food. The use of food additives such as dyes
and flavours will make the jellies look more attractive and appetising.
2. Organise a jelly making contest in your school. Among the necessary things that need to be
planned and implemented include:
Rules of the contest Panel of judges Sponsors for the prizes
Criteria for choosing the best jelly Contest promotion

3. Write a news report for this competition for your school magazine or website.
Justification for Using Food Additives

• There is no denying that some food additives can affect our health. However, food additives can
be used in our food.
• Food producers must comply with the regulated amount of food additives so that the health of
consumers is not affected. Figure 5.12 shows the justification for the use of food additives, as well
as adverse effects if taken in excess.
Food stays Nerve

Seasonal crops fresh and lasts Allergies disorder
and fruits can be longer Bad effects of
enjoyed all year food additives
round. when taken
Why are food excessively
additives used? Asthma,
Enhance
rashes and
appearance Cancer
hyperactivity
Taste better in children
Figure 5.12 Justification for the usage of food additives and harmful effects if taken excessively
(Source: http://www.myhealth.gov.my/aditif-makanan-apa-yang-perlu-anda-tahu)
179
A ctivity
Justification for consumption of food additives.
5H
PAK 21

2. Read and understand the following excerpt:
A variety of processed food contains additives that are meant to make the food more
appetising, delicious and long lasting. Consumption of food additives over a long period
of time can cause adverse effects such as allergies and other health problems. Among the
examples of additives are as follows:
(a) sulphur dioxide, (c) monosodium glutamate (MSG), and
(b) sodium nitrite and sodium benzoate, (d) dyes.
3. Gather information on the food additives mentioned above.
4. Justify the use of these food additives.
5. Prepare an interesting multimedia presentation of your group’s findings.
6. Present your group work in class.
A ctivity
Impact of food additives on nutritional values and food functions.
5I
PAK 21
1. Carry out this activity collaboratively in groups.

2. Collect and analyse data from the Ministry of Health Malaysia (MOH) or from other countries
on the impact of food additives on nutritional values and food functions.
Bab 13/5 Nota21 B05-180a Bab 13/5 Nota22 B05-180b
Food Division, Ministry MyHealth Portal

http://kubupublication.com.my/Kimia/Tingkatan5/Nota21.html http://kubupublication.com.my/Kimia/Tingkatan5/Nota22.html
of Health, Malaysia Ministry of Health, Malaysia

https://bit.ly/kpkt5n21 https://bit.ly/kpkt5n22
3. Discuss the information that you have analysed.

4. Present your group’s findings in class in the form of a multimedia presentation.
5.3
1. State the seven types of food additives.
2. The diagram below shows the food content label on Marjerin Lazat food packaging.
Marjerin Lazat
Ingredients: Vegetable oil, salt, solid milk, emulsifier, ascorbic acid,
flavouring and permitted food dyes.
(a) What type of food additive is ascorbic acid?
(b) State the function of ascorbic acid in the margarine.
(c) Identify two other food additives in the margarine.
180
5.4 MEDICINES AND COSMETICS

What are medicines?
Standards
• Medicines are chemicals used to help with the treatment or Pupils are able to:
prevention of diseases. 5.4.1 explain with examples types
• Medicines can be classified into traditional medicines and of medicine, their function and
side effects.
modern medicines. 5.4.2 justify the usage of medicines.
• Medicines are safe if taken properly. 5.4.3 explain cosmetics
• Generally, medicines are for health use, but misuse or abuse with examples.
of them can be harmful. 5.4.4 justify the usage of cosmetics.
Traditional Medicines
• Obtained from herbal plants or animals and are not chemically processed.
• Usually prepared by crushing certain parts of the plants using pestle and mortar and rubbing on
sore limbs.
• There are also certain parts of the plants or animals that are boiled to get the essence and to be
consumed orally.
• Nowadays, traditional medicines have evolved through processing, and marketed in the form
of pills or capsules. Figure 5.13 shows examples of some plants commonly used as traditional
medicines in Malaysia along with their uses.
Ginger Aloe vera
(Zingiber officinale): (Aloe barbadensis miller):
• Remove wind (gas) from • Treat skin diseases.
the body. • Treat wounds caused
• Prevent colds. by burns.
• Help to warm the body.
Ginseng Tamarind
(Panax ginseng): (Tamarindus indica):
• Build immunity against • Juice of the fruit
infections. relieves coughs.
• Lower blood pressure • Brighten the skin.
and cholesterol level.
Figure 5.13 Examples of plants usually used as traditional medicines in Malaysia
Ketum leaves are traditionally

Mind used to relieve back pain and Bab 13/5 Nota23 B05-181
Challenge
http://kubupublication.com.my/Kimia/Tingkatan5/Nota23.pdf
regain energy, but sales of

the products processed from
ketum leaves are illegal. Do
you know why?
Photograph 5.9
Traditional Medicine
Ketum leaves https://bit.ly/kpkt5n23
181
Modern Medicines
• Rapid developments in the field of medicine
through new technologies, such as biotechnology,
nanotechnology and genetic engineering, have
boost the production of modern medicine in the
pharmaceutical industry.
• Do you know that most modern medicines produced
today come from plants, microorganisms or synthetic
chemicals? Modern medicines are available in various
forms, such as pills, capsules, powders
and liquids. Ibnu Sina (Avicenna)
Bab 13/5 Nota31 B05-182
• Figure 5.14 lists the types of modern Modern Father of Modern Medicine
medicines; while Table 5.7 explains https://bit.ly/kpkt5n31
Medicine
their functions, uses and side
effects, along with examples.
Psychotic Anti allergies

Analgesics Antimicrobials Corticosteroids
drugs
Figure 5.14 Types of modern medicines
Table 5.7 Types of modern medicines, functions, uses, side effects and examples
Type and example Function Use and side effects
Analgesics • Aspirin and • Should be taken according to

Example: paracetamol relieve doctor’s prescription.
• Aspirin pain in conscious state. • Aspirin is acidic and is not suitable
• Paracetamol • Codeine relieves pain, for gastric patients or children
• Codeine alleviates coughs and because it causes stomach ulcers.
treats diarrhoea. • Paracetamol overdose can cause
liver damage.
• Codeine causes drowsiness.
Antimicrobials • Antibiotics kill or retard • Antibiotics need to be fully

Example: bacterial growth. consumed so that all bacteria are
• Antibiotics, such • Antiseptics are applied killed. Otherwise, the bacteria will
as penicillin and externally on the skin. become immune to the antibiotics
streptomycin. • Disinfectants destroy and the disease will recur.
• Antiseptics, such as pathogens found on • Antiseptics are only to be applied
hydrogen peroxide, non-living objects externally and not to be digested.
iodine and boric acid. such as the floor and • Allergies can be fatal. Those with
• Disinfectants, such drainage system. penicillin allergy are usually given
as alcohol and an Allergy Alert Card to alert
formaldehyde. others of their condition.
182
Psychotic Drugs • Treatment for psychosis, • Taken with a doctor’s prescription.

Example: a symptom of mental • Can cause abnormal involuntary
• Haloperidol illness that causes facial and body movements.
• Chlorpromazine patients to see, hear and • Can cause stiffness and shakes.
• Clozapine believe something that is
not real.
Anti allergies • To relieve runny nose • Can only be taken as prescribed

Example: and itchiness. by a doctor.
• Antihistamines • Causes drowsiness.
ANTI
• Antihistamines can also cause
INFLAMMATORY
SPRAY dry mouth (xerostomia), blurred
vision and constipation if taken in
high dosage.
ANTI
INFLAMMATORY
SPRAY
Corticosteroids • Provide relief to the • Can only be taken with doctor’s

Example: inflamed area. prescription.
• Betamethasone valerate • Reduce swelling, • Long-term intake can cause
or prednisolone redness, itchiness, moon face (facial swelling), high
allergic reactions, blood pressure and increase
asthma and arthritis. blood sugar level.
Effectiveness and Drug Abuse or Misuse

• Modern and traditional medicines can both treat many of the same illnesses although the efficacy
level may differ.
• Modern medicines have undergone various clinical trials before they are ready for usage.
However, some traditional medicines do not have any data to authenticate their effectiveness. In
fact, the lack of observational data makes it hard to determine the correct dosage.
• The wrong dosage can cause undesirable effects and can lead to drug abuse. Drug abuse does not
only concern modern medicines, but traditional medicines too.
Antibiotics Herbal based traditional medicine Codeine

Resistance to antibiotics Liver and kidney failure Addiction
Photograph 5.10 Examples of medicines and effects of abuse
183
• To harmonise the field of traditional treatment in the modern

era, the Traditional Medicine and Complementary Act Bab 13/5 Nota24 B05-184abc
Medicine: What you

2016 was introduced to ensure that traditional treatments

administered meet the criteria set by the government. need to know?
• The National Traditional and Complementary Medicine
Policy is also introduced to ensure that traditional medicines
and treatments are safe and possess quality.
• The National Pharmaceutical Regulatory Agency (NPRA)
is a body responsible for the supervision of drug safety and Placebo does not have any
therapeutic value even
quality control of cosmetics in Malaysia.
though they resemble
real medicines.
A ctivity 5J
PAK 21
In China there are hospitals that provide treatments using herbs and traditional medicines.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, COVID-19 patients in Wuhan, China were given
traditional and modern medical treatments.
Based on the statement above, gather information from reading sources or websites to produce a
folio or scrapbook about the use of traditional medicines and modern medicines in life. Creatively
present your folio or scrapbook with the title “Harmonising traditional and modern medicines”.
Cosmetics
• Cosmetics have been used for a long time to highlight personal appearances, in addition to
maintaining hygiene. What is meant by cosmetics?
Cosmetics are materials or products that are used externally to cleanse, protect or enhance
one’s appearances.
• Various types of ingredients are used in the production

of cosmetics so that the desired effects are obtained. Bab 13/5 Nota2 B05-186
Knowing Your
Nonetheless, basic ingredients for cosmetics are

normally derived from a combination of substances Cosmetics
such as water, emulsifiers, thickeners, dyes, moisturisers
and preservatives. Bab 13/5 Video47 B05-185
Verification method for

• Further information about basic cosmetic ingredients

Medicines and Cosmetics
is shown in Figure 5.15.
that are Registered with
the Ministry of Health
184
Dyes
Water
Give colour to cosmetics to
Solvent in the cosmetic
make them more attractive.
production process.
Example: Iron(III) oxide.
Preservatives Emulsifiers
Prevent cosmetic products Form homogeneous

from spoiling. Examples: mixtures between oil and
Paraben and formaldehyde. Basic Cosmetic water. Examples: Lecithin
Ingredients and stearic acid.
Moisturisers
Retain the moisture in the Thickeners
cosmetic products. Examples:
Thicken the cosmetic
Glycerin and sodium lactate.
products. Examples:
Fragrances Glycerin and xanthan gum.
Give pleasant smell to cosmetic
products. Example: Essential oils.
Figure 5.15 Basic cosmetic ingredients
• Sales and production of cosmetics in Malaysia are subjected to the Control of Drugs and
Cosmetics Regulations 1984 to ensure the safety of all users. There are various types of cosmetics
found on the market that can be classified into three main groups as shown in Figure 5.16.
Makeup To beautify the face: facial powders, lipsticks, eyeshadows,

cosmetics eyeliners and mascara.
Types of Treatment
Cosmetics To treat the body: creams, skin moisturisers and facial masks.
cosmetics
Fragrances To provide fragrances: deodorants and perfumes.

Figure 5.16 Types of cosmetics
Usage of Cosmetics in Everyday Life

• Cosmetics can be produced organically using materials available around us, or commercially
available on the market.
• There are various advantages of using cosmetics, depending on their types. Regular use of safe
and high quality materials and sources is able to deliver the desired effects. Figure 5.17 shows the
advantages of homemade cosmetics and disadvantages of commercial cosmetics.
185
Advantages • Easy to produce using natural ingredients.

of homemade • Safe and free from harmful chemicals.
cosmetics • Low cost.
• Harmful side effects Disadvantages

• Harmful chemicals that are illegally added. of commercial
• Excessive claims and misleading advertisements. cosmetics
Figure 5.17 Advantages of homemade cosmetics and disadvantages of commercial cosmetics

(Source: http://www.myhealth.gov.my/category/ubat-dan-anda/ubat-kosmetik)
• Examples of harmful chemicals and side effects of their usage are shown in Table 5.8.
Table 5.8 Side effects of harmful chemicals in cosmetic products
Harmful chemical Side effect Remark
Mercury Skin irritation and damage to the kidney
and nervous system if absorbed into the
bloodstream.
Usually added illegally
Hydroquinone Hypersensitive skin and exposure to into whitening creams
harmful UV rays caused by reduced and other cosmetic
pigmentation. products.
Betamethasone Skin irritation and changes to skin
valerate pigmentation.
Tretinoin Redness and peeling skin. Acne cream.
(Source: https://www.moh.gov.my/index.php/database_stores/attach_download/337/1501)
• As consumers, we should be alert to the ingredients of cosmetic products and verify that the
cosmetic products to be used are registered with the National Pharmaceutical Regulatory Agency.
A ctivity 5K
Rapid developments in the world of entrepreneurship have resulted in a plethora of beauty products in
PAK 21
the market. You are required to carry out an innovative research and produce a marketable cosmetic
product derived from organic sources. Explain the benefits of the produced cosmetic product.
5.4
1. Give three examples of traditional medicines and their uses.
2. State five types of modern medicines.
3. Aida has a headache. What type of medication is appropriate to relieve the pain?
4. Give three types of cosmetics.
186
5.5 APPLICATION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY

IN INDUSTRY
Nanoscience and Nanotechnology Standards

• The desire to see something extremely small has always been a Pupils are able to:
5.5.1 explain the meaning of
major drive in scientific research. nanotechnology.
• Understanding a certain structure at a tiny scale with the 5.5.2 describe nanotechnology
advancement in current scientific researches has enabled us to with examples and its
manipulate the properties of substances to produce materials application in daily life.
with the desired properties.
• Among the studies on these tiny structures, there are those
that relate to nanoparticles, namely graphene sheets and gold
nanoparticles that have contributed to the rapid development
of nanoscience and nanotechnology. The term
• What do you understand about nanoscience and ‘nanotechnology’ was
nanotechnology? first coined by Professor
Norio Taniguchi in 1974.
Nanoscience is a study on processing of substances at
nanoscale that are between 1 nanometre to 100 nanometres.
Nanotechnology is a development of substances or gadgets
using the properties of nanoparticles.
• To see the connection between nanoscale and the materials around us, let us study Figure 5.18.
Can you add a few more materials?
Virus Coin
Gold nanoparticles 1 μm Hair 2 cm
Water molecule 10 nm 100 μm
0.1 nm
10-10 m 10-8 m 10-6 m 10-4 m 10-2 m
10-9 m 10-7 m 10-5 m 10-3 m 10-1 m

Nanomaterials
Red blood cell Full stop

5 μm 1 mm
Carbon nanotube
diameter
5 nm
Graphene sheet
1 nm Watermelon
15 cm
Figure 5.18 Size comparison between different materials
187
A ctivity 5L
PAK 21
Bab 13/5 Video48 B05-188
2. Scan the QR code to watch the video about nanotechnology. Nanotechnology

3. Produce a creative poster to explain the meaning of https://bit.ly/kpkt5v48

nanotechnology.
4. Showcase the poster in your class.
Application of Nanotechnology in Daily Life

• Nanoparticle sizes, ranging from 1 to 100 nanometres, enable
various applications to be invented due to its extremely small size.
• In the cosmetics field, for example, the usage of nanoparticles is
NanoMalaysia is a company
able to provide more satisfying outcomes as these extremely small
incorporated under the
particles have the ability to easily penetrate the skin even more. Ministry of Science,
• Nanoparticles are also able to coat the surface more evenly, Technology and Innovation
which makes them the best coating agent. Various other for the development in the
applications of nanotechnology can be seen in Figure 5.19. field of nanotechnology.
Semiconductors • Smaller and more efficient semiconductors.

and electronics • High conductivity wiring system.
Energy and • Smaller and more efficient solar cells.
electricity • Long-lasting batteries.
Textile • Water, fire and dirt resistant fabrics.

• Anti-wrinkle and UV protective fabrics.
Medical • Highly sensitive testing devices.

• More effective drug delivery system.
Agriculture • More effective pesticides.

• Highly efficient and thorough fertilisation.
Food • Nanoscale food additives.

• Anti-microbial food packaging.
Figure 5.19 Various applications of nanotechnology
A ctivity
1.
5M
Carry out the activity in groups.
PAK 21
2. Each group will select one area of nanotechnology application.

3. Find additional information from books or electronic sources.
4. Present your findings in the form of an infographic poster.
5. Showcase the infographic poster on the classroom wall as a Gallery Walk activity.
6. Each group takes turn to read the showcased posters.
188
Development in the Field of Nanotechnology Covalent bond
• The coverage of the field of nanotechnology is very wide,

crossing various disciplines, including physics, chemistry,
biology, medicine and engineering. This contributes to
the rapid research and development on applications of
nanotechnology in various aspects of life.
• As an example, a material that has become one of the main
focuses is a carbon derivative that is known as graphene. Carbon atom
• Graphene is one of the carbon allotropes, other than Graphene sheet
diamond and graphite, but has different characteristics
from the rest. The size of graphene measures from 0.1
nm, which makes graphene among the most important
materials in nanoscience and nanotechnology.
Graphene
• Graphene sheets can be converted into other materials, sheets
including graphites, carbon nanotubes
and fullerene balls. Figure 5.20
shows the structure of graphene. AR code Arrangement of graphene sheets in graphite
Figure 5.20 Graphene structure
Physical Properties of Graphene

• Graphene is an extraordinary material with various
distinctive characteristics that can be attributed to
its physical properties. Let us explore the physical
properties of graphene found in Figure 5.21.
Strong Good conductor

and hard Transparent of heat and Graphene was successfully isolated
electricity in 2004 by two scientists, Andre
Gein and Konstantin Novoselov.
Very low electrical They were awarded the Nobel
Impermeable Elastic Prize in 2010 for their success.
resistance
(Source: https://www.graphene.manchester.
ac.uk/learn/discovery-of-graphene/)
Figure 5.21 Physical properties of graphene
Chemical Properties of Graphene

• Graphene sheets burn at a lower temperature than graphite. Graphene is the most reactive
carbon allotropes.
• Researchers are still studying in detail the chemical reactions of graphene due to the relatively
new discovery and isolation of graphene. Nonetheless, a few compounds have successfully been
synthesised, namely, graphene oxide that is used as a catalyst.
189
Uses of Graphene
• The discovery of graphene has opened a new chapter in the field of nanotechnology. Numerous
readily available applications can be improved or replaced with graphene that has superior and
distinctive characteristics. Uses of graphene in various fields are shown in Figure 5.22.
Electronics Polymers and composites

The arrangements of atoms in High mechanical strength makes
graphene enable it to be a graphene suitable for polymer
superior conductor. composite materials.
Censors Uses of Membrane

Graphene has high Graphene Water filtration. Separating water from
surface area. gaseous mixtures.
Biomedical Energy
Censors, tissue engineering, Batteries that last longer, flexible and
medicine delivery system. strong. Supercapacitor.
Figure 5.22 The uses of graphene in various fields
Malaysian Excellence
NanoMalaysia
Autonomous Bab 13/5 Nota30 B05-190
Malaysia National
Vehicle – Navi by
NanoMalaysia is Graphene Action Plan,
an autonomous 2020 (NGAP2020)
car that utilises
nanotechnology.
Appreciate the contributions

of science and technology.
(Source: nanomalaysia.com, 2019)
5.5
1. What is the difference between nanoscience and nanotechnology?
2. Explain how nanotechnology can elevate the standards of living.
3. Give examples of the applications of nanotechnology.
4. “Graphene is suitable to be used for filtering materials”. Explain the statement.
190
5.6 APPLICATION OF GREEN TECHNOLOGY

IN INDUSTRIAL WASTE MANAGEMENT
Development of Green Technology Standards

Pupils are able to:
• The introduction of National Green Technology Policy 5.6.1 explain Green Technology
in 2009 has paved a way for a wider utilisation of Green with examples.
Technology in various sectors in Malaysia. 5.6.2 describe application of Green
• Community awareness towards environmental Technology in the sectors
pollution and climate change has sped up the efforts of waste management and
industrial waste water.
in producing and utilising Green Technology while
5.6.3 justify the application of Green
sustainably managing resources. Technology in daily life.
Green Technology is a technology or application developed to minimise the negative effects

of harmful human activities.
• Malaysia Green Technology and Climate Change Centre, which is also known as GreenTech
Malaysia, is a government agency responsible for initiating various programmes and incentives to
encourage the adoption of Green Technology in various economic sectors in Malaysia.
• The usage of Green Technology is not solely limited to the
industrial sector but it is very broad across various aspects
of life.
Bab 13/5 Nota25 B05-191
Green Technology
• In applications involving manufacturing of products Masterplan

or services, the use of technology with environmentally https://bit.ly/kpkt5n25
friendly approaches is adopted starting from the utilisation Bab 13/5 Nota5 B05-191b
The National Green

and management of resources to waste management.

• Figure 5.23 shows the main Green Technology sectors in Technology Policy
Malaysia and examples of applications within the sectors.
Energy supply Transportation Buildings

Renewable energy such as Vehicles using alternative Use of environmentally
solar, hydro, geothermal fuels. friendly building materials
and wind. and energy saving buildings.
Waste and Wastewater Agriculture and Forestry Industry

Management Use of compost and forest Use of energy efficient tools
Recycling and Landfill preservation. and technology.
Leachate Treatment
Method.
Figure 5.23 Green Technology sectors and the applications involved
191
Green Technology in Waste and Wastewater Management

• Green Technology is utilised in waste and wastewater
Waste Disposal management with the aim of ensuring more efficient
waste management, reduction in greenhouse gases
emission and removal of cleaner wastewater.
Disposal Site • The carbon footprints can also be indirectly reduced
Management and various alternative methods in managing waste and
wastewater can be explored through Green Technology.
Wastewater • Green Technology approaches in waste and wastewater
Treatment management are shown in Figure 5.24.
Figure 5.24 Green Technology approaches in

waste and wastewater management
Waste Management
Leachate is contaminated
• Rapid developments and growth in population have contributed to liquid produced from water
large quantities of generated solid waste or rubbish. If not properly leached from solid waste.
managed, the quality of life and public health will be affected.
• Waste management does not only involve local authorities, but all
communities also need to play a role in ensuring the effectiveness
of waste management, especially solid wastes. Interested and curious
• Figure 5.25 shows the stages in waste management. Can you identify about the environment.
the stage of waste management that utilises Green Technology?
Composting organic Incineration

solid waste
Waste Sorting
Centre
Landfill Leachate
Treatment
Solid Waste
Solid waste Landfill
Collection
Recycling
Methane Gas
Waste segregation
Recovery
Figure 5.25 Green Technology in various stages of waste management.
Wastewater Management
• Wastewater is a liquid waste that consists of human waste, food waste, oil and chemicals. Wastewater
can be divided into domestic wastewater, stormwater runoff and industrial wastewater.
• Compared to domestic wastewater and stormwater runoff, industrial wastewater may contain
acrylonitrile, methylbenzene, toluene and heavy metals, such as arsenic, mercury and lead.
• These hazardous chemicals are difficult to decompose biologically and require more systematic
treatments so that they will not pollute the environment nor affect human health.
192
A ctivity 5N
“How is industrial wastewater treated before being discharged?”
PAK 21
1. In groups, discuss the solution to the above question

through a brainstorming session.
2. Scan the QR code to obtain the Chemistry
Bab 13/5 Nota8 B05-193a
Chemistry Green
Green Technology Module (pages 29 – 32) for an activity Technology Module

on wastewater treatment using electrolysis. https://bit.ly/kpkt5n8
3. Conduct this activity under the supervision of your teacher.
4. Present your findings in class in a Gallery Walk activity.
• Landfill Leachate Treatment Method by using the electrolysis

principle, which is also known as electrocoagulation process, is a
Green Technology approach that can be used to treat wastewater, Effluent is waste
including industrial wastewater. in the liquid form
• Carbon or copper electrodes are used while wastewater is the discharged into the
electrolyte in the electrocoagulation process. Pollutants will form drainage system or
flocs and can be isolated from water and then removed as sludge. water source.
• After proper treatment, sludge can be used as fertilisers for the
agricultural sector or disposed of by appropriate methods depending
on the composition of the materials contained in sludge.
• Wastewater that has been treated can be reused for crop irrigation, or Bab 13/5 Video49 B05-193bc
Wastewater
discharged as effluent. Treatment

• Steps in wastewater treatment are briefly shown in Figure 5.26. https://bit.ly/
kpkt5v49
Electrocoagulation
3 process Solid and wastewater
4 settling process
2 Screening of solid waste
1 Wastewater is pumped in
5 Collection of sludge
Further treatment
6
of wastewater
7 Discharge of effluent
to the water source
Figure 5.26 Wastewater treatment process
193
The Importance of Green Technology in Life

• Green Technology has trailblazed a new chapter in the field of technology with more
environmentally friendly approaches without neglecting the original purpose of technology.
This development contributes to the economic sector of the country through the creation of new
industrial sectors and employment opportunities based on Green Technology. The importance
of Green Technology in life can be seen in Figure 5.27.
• Environmental pollution can be reduced and management of resources will be more efficient
and well organised. How can you as a pupil integrate Green Technology in your daily life?
Cleaner source
of energy
More
Mitigating
effective waste (Source: nst.com.my, 2019)
global warming
The management
Importance
of Green Technology
Improving
Spearheading
standards
innovation
of living
(Source: astroawani.com, 2019)
Photograph 5.11 The pollution of
Kim Kim River in 2019 was caused by
Figure 5.27 Importance of Green Technology the discharge of untreated industrial
A ctivity
wastewater into the river
5O
PAK 21
There are various wastes in your school that include food wastes and plastic bottles. Electricity
consumption is also high due to the lengthy use of fans and lights.
1. Plan a competition in class.
2. Each group is required to submit a product or proposal to address the above issues using the
Green Technology approach.
3. Invite the teachers to judge the product from each group.
5.6
1. What is the meaning of Green Technology?
2. Why is there a need to treat the leachate in solid waste disposal process?
3. List the Green Technology used in wastewater management.
4. How can Green Technology mitigate the greenhouse effect?
194
Concept
Map CONSUMER AND
INDUSTRIAL CHEMISTRY
Soaps and Medicines and Green

Oils and Fats Food Additives Nanotechnology
Detergents Cosmetics Technology
Comparison Meaning Traditional Meaning Examples

• Physical Medicines
properties • Waste
• Saturation Modern • Semiconductors
Preparation and electronics management
• Melting point medicines
• Energy and sector
• Sources • Analgesics
electricity • Industrial
• Antimicrobials
• Agriculture wastewater
Conversion of • Anti allergies
Cleansing • Textile
unsaturated fat • Preservatives • Psychotic drugs
Effectiveness • Food
to saturated fat • Antioxidants • Corticosteroids
• Soft water • Medical
• Hard water • Flavourings
• Stabilisers Cosmetics • Cosmetics
Uses • Acidic water
• Emulsifiers • Makeup
• Thickening cosmetics Graphene
agents • Treatment • Physical properties
• Colouring cosmetics • Chemical properties
agents • Fragrances • Uses
195
Consumer and Industrial Chemistry
Chapter 5
SELF Reflection
1. Have you mastered the topic of Consumer and Industrial Chemistry?
2. What is the content in the topic of Consumer and Industrial Chemistry that you want to
have a more in-depth understanding of? Why?
3. How does the topic of Consumer and Industrial Chemistry benefit you in daily life?
4. How would you assess your ability to describe the contents in the topic of Consumer and
Industrial Chemistry to your friends?
5. What can you do to improve your understanding of the topic of Consumer and
Industrial Chemistry?
Achievement Test
1. Oils and fats are the products of reactions between fatty acids and glycerol.
Figure 1 shows the structure of fatty acid P.
O H H H H H H H H H H H H H
HO C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C C H
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H
Figure 1
(a) State the type of fat produced when fatty acid P reacts with glycerol.
(b) Oils or fats that consist of fatty acid P easily oxidise and turn rancid when exposed
to the air. Explain why.
2. (a) The equation below shows the reaction for the preparation of soap in a laboratory.
Palm oil + concentrated sodium hydroxide → sodium palmitate (soap) + glycerol
(i) What is the name of the reaction?
(ii) What is the homologous series for palm oil?
(b) A pupil wants to prepare potassium palmitate soap.
What alkali should the pupil use?
3. Figure 2 shows the cleansing results for clothes with greasy stains by using two different
cleaning agents, A and B.
Cleaning agent A B
Anion formula CH3(CH2)11OSO3 −
CH3(CH2)16COO−
Hard water + Hard water +

Cleaning in hard cleaning agent A cleaning agent B
water Greasy stains Greasy stains
Result Greasy stains are cleaned Some greasy stains remain

Figure 2
(a) State types of cleaning agents A and B.
(b) Based on Figure 2, compare and contrast the cleansing actions for both cleaning
agents in hard water. Explain your answer.
196
4. Table 1 shows the information found on labels of three types of food. P, Q and R are food
additives.
Table 1
Pineapple in syrup Tomato sauce Vanilla Ice Cream
Sweet and manufactured
Tasty and lasts long. Flavourful and soft
naturally from natural sources.
Ingredients: Ingredients: Ingredients:
Fresh pineapple cuts, food Tomato, sugar, salt, corn flour, Milk, vanilla, sugar,
additive P artificial colouring, food additive Q artificial colouring, food
additive R
Based on the labels found on food containers in Table 1:
(a) State the names of food additives P, Q and R.
(b) Identify the type of food additives and their corresponding functions.
5. Table 2 shows the information about two types of antimicrobial medicines X and Y.
Table 2
Medicine Remarks
• Applied to wounds or injuries
X
• Cannot be consumed
Y • Used for tuberculosis and pneumonia
(a) Name the types of medicines X and Y.

(b) What action should be taken to ensure that the intake of medicine Y is effective?
Give your reason.
6. Photograph 1 shows a sunblock lotion that utilises nanotechnology.
(a) What is the meaning of nanotechnology?
(b) Explain the advantage of nanotechnology
application in sunblock lotions.
(c) State two other uses of nanotechnology.
Photograph 1
7. Water pollution could possibly be sourced from
the leachate of untreated wastewater disposal.
(a) Explain the steps to overcome this issue using Green Technology.
(b) Describe the advantages of using Green Technology
in wastewater treatment process.
(c) Sludge is the substance produced from
the wastewater treatment process.
Bab 13 /5 Nota26 B05-197
Additional Exercise
How can sludge benefit mankind? https://bit.ly/kpkt5n26
Virgin coconut oil has various benefits and consists of low percentage of unsaturated fatty acids,
which is around 8%, while palm oil can consist up to 50% of unsaturated fatty acids. In your opinion,
which oil will last longer and cannot be easily oxidised? Explain your answer.
197

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Chapter

What will you learn?

What is the function

What is the diﬀerence

5.1 OILS AND FATS

• Fatty acids have very long carbon chains. The characteristics

Saturated Fats and Unsaturated Fats

Conversion of Unsaturated Fats to Saturated Fats

hydrogenation reaction. Hydrogenation

• The addition of hydrogen atoms to the carbon chain https://bit.ly/kpkt5v41

produced from oil. CH (CH ) CH=CH(CH ) COOCH

Unsaturated fats Hydrogen Saturated fats

A ctivity 5B Field Trip

2. Plan a field trip to a margarine processing factory.

Uses of Oils and Fats in Life

Biofuel Nutritional Source

Soap and Personal Care Animal Feeds

5.2 CLEANING AGENTS

• The use of cleaning agents for washing and

CH3 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2 CH2

Example of structural formula: Example of structural formula:

General equation of saponification reaction

Oil/Fat + Concentrated alkali → Soap + Glycerol

• Oils and fats are natural esters known as triglycerides.

CH2 OH +R COO– Na+

(a) Preparation of Sodium Alkylbenzene Sulphonate

Alkylbenzene Sulphuric acid Alkylbenzene sulphonic acid Water

Alkylbenzene sulphonic acid Sodium hydroxide Sodium alkylbenzene sulphonate Water

(b) Preparation of Sodium Alkyl Sulphate

CH3 (CH2)nCH2 O H + HO S OH CH3 (CH2)nCH2 O S OH + H2O

CH3 (CH2)nCH2 O S OH + NaOH CH3 (CH2)nCH2 O S ONa + H2O

Bab 13/5 Video42 B05-172a

Easy Methods to Make Soap

Making Soap from Used

Photograph 5.4 Examples of handmade soaps

Using a suitable cooking oil and solid

Cleansing Action of Soap and Detergent

Soap anion structural formula Detergent anion structural formula

Bab 13/5 Nota19 B05-174a

Bab 13/5 Video44 B05-174b

Dry cleaning does not use water, Cleansing Action of

but use other solvents instead, Soap and Detergent

Comparison of Cleansing Action of Soap and Detergent

2ROSO3−(aq) + Ca2+(aq) (ROSO3)2Ca(aq)

2ROSO3−(aq) + Mg2+(aq) (ROSO3)2Mg(aq)

5A Effectiveness of Cleansing Action of Soap and Detergent

Prepare a complete report after carrying out this experiment.

Table 5.5 Additives in detergents

1. When choosing a detergent, the following criteria may be considered:

5.3 FOOD ADDITIVES

What are food additives?

Types of Food Additives

Preservatives Antioxidants Flavourings Stabilisers

Emulsifiers Thickeners Dyes

Antioxidants • Ascorbic acid (Vitamin C) in sweets.

Mind Malaysian Excellence

How does the of herbs from the

1. Carry out this activity in groups.

3. Determine the type of food dyes whether they are: