Multi-harmonic Suppression Band-Pass Filter for

Communication System

Wenmei Zhang, Liping Han, Runbo Ma, and Junfa Mao

ABSTRACT⎯For the purpose of decreasing intermodulation band-gap (EBG) structures were used to suppress the spurious
distortion, a new multi-harmonic suppression band-pass filter passbands and harmonics [5]. However, the structures etched in
based on a microstrip radial stub is studied. Compared with the ground plane cause problems during the packaging and
traditional resonator filters, the new filter can suppress the
realization of MMICs. In [6], a new type of filter with one gap
second, third, and even fourth harmonics directly. The dimension
based on symmetrical microstrip EBG structures was presented.
of the filter is about 0.3 λg0 × 0.13 λg0 (λg0 is the guiding
wavelength at the resonant frequency). Only one gap was In this paper, a new type of compact band-pass filter based
introduced, so lower insertion loss can be obtained. Basic on radial stubs is proposed. Because of its wide bandwidth and
agreement between the measured and simulated results has been the low characteristic impedance of radial stubs, the new filter
achieved. has a wider stopband. Unlike the filters proposed in [1]-[6], the
proposed filter can suppress second, third, and fourth
Keywords⎯Band-pass filter, microstrip radial stub,
harmonic, slow-wave structure. harmonics directly. Also, it is very compact due to the slow-
wave characteristics. The filter measures about 0.3 λg0×0.13 λg0.
I. Introduction
In communication systems, harmonics cause intermodulation
II. Theory and Design
distortion. Traditional band-pass filters with half-wavelength
Consider a loaded lossless transmission line as shown in Fig.
resonators have inherently spurious passbands at harmonics;
1, where 2Y and Y are the loaded admittance, and Z01, β1, and p
therefore, low-pass filters or band-stop filters must be used to
are the characteristic impedance, the propagation constant, and
suppress the harmonics. For band-pass filters with wide upper
the length of the unloaded lossless line, respectively. The
stopbands in [1]-[4], the harmonics fall into the stopband, and
electronic length of the unloaded line is θ = β1 p. The circuit
can be suppressed directly, whereas the filters shown in [1]-[4]
response of Fig. 1 can be described by
are end-coupled slow-wave resonator filters [1]; slow-wave
open-loop resonator filters [2], [3]; and stepped-impedance ⎡V1 ⎤ ⎡ A B ⎤ ⎡ V1 ⎤
⎢ ⎥=⎢ ⎥⋅⎢ ⎥ (1)
resonator (SIR) filters [4], respectively. The common ⎣ I1 ⎦ ⎣C D ⎦ ⎣− I 2 ⎦
characteristic of the filters in [1]-[4] is that more than one gap
with
was used, resulting in larger insertion loss and a difficult design,
especially in millimeter wavebands. Also, electromagnetic A = cosθ + jYZ 01 sin θ , (2a)

Manuscript received Feb. 7, 2007; revised Apr. 12, 2007. B = jZ 01 sin θ , (2b)
This work was supported by the Natural Science Foundation of Shanxi province
(2006011029), China.
1
Wenmei Zhang (phone: + 86 351 6616042, email: [email protected]), Liping Han
C= j sin θ + j 2Y 2 Z 01 sin θ + 3Y cosθ , (2c)
(email: [email protected]), and Runbo Ma (email: [email protected]) are with the College Z 01
of Physics and Electronics, Shanxi University, Shanxi, China.
Junfa Mao (email: [email protected]) is with the Department of Electronic Engineering,
Shanghai JiaoTong University, Shanghai, China.
D = cosθ + j 2YZ 01 sin θ , (2d)

ETRI Journal, Volume 29, Number 4, August 2007 Wenmei Zhang et al. 533
where A, B, C, and D are the network parameters of the 12 5.0
transmission matrix. Because
10 f0
V ⎧−1 for the fundamental resonance, f1
4.5
A= 1 =⎨ (3) f1./f0
V2 ⎩1 for the first spurious resonance, 8

f0, f1 (GHz)
4.0

f1/ f0
we have from (2a) that 6

cosθ 0 + jYZ 01 sin θ 0 = −1 , (4a) 3.5

4

cosθ1 + jYZ 01 sin θ1 = 1 , (4b) 2 3.0

1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6
r (mm)
where the subscripts 0 and 1 indicate the parameters associated
with the fundamental frequency and the first spurious Fig. 4. Simulated results for different r (θ=90°, p=3.75 mm,
s=0.15 mm, r1=0.05 mm, w=0.146 mm, h=0.625 mm).
resonance, respectively. Since we know Y, the ratio of the first
spurious resonant frequency (f1) and the fundamental
frequency (f0) can also be obtained. 11 5.0
Based on the circuit model of Fig. 1, a filter with radial stub 10
is presented (shown in Fig. 2). It consists of two resonators 4.5
9
8 4.0
p
I1 I2 7 f0
f0, f1 (GHz)

3.5
Z01, β1 6 f1

f1/ f0
f1./f0
5 3.0
V1 2Y Y V2 4
2.5
3
2 2.0
40 60 80 100 120 140
θ (Degree)
Fig. 1. Admittance loaded transmission line resonator.
Fig. 5. Simulation results for different θ (r=2.3 mm, p=3.75 mm,
s=0.15 mm, r1=0.05 mm, w=0.146 mm, h=0.625 mm).
s
r
w θ coupling through a gap. Gap s mainly influences coupling
between resonators, and has little effect on resonant frequency.
r1 According to [7], the simulation results for different r, p, and θ
are obtained and shown in Figs. 3 to 5, respectively.
p
Figures 3 to 5 show that p, r, and θ have different influences
Fig. 2. Layout of the filter based on microstrip radial stub. on the filter. Larger r and θ result in a lower 1/(YZ01) ratio, and
thus, larger f1/f0 [4]. However, larger p leads to a lower f1/f0 ratio
14 due to f1 decreasing. Also, by selecting r, p, and θ, the second,
f0
f1
3.8 third, and fourth harmonics fall into the stopband, and can be
12
f1/f0 suppressed.
3.6
10 Considering the open-circuit effect of the microstrip line and
the structure of filter, p must meet
f0, f1 (GHz)

3.4
8
f1/f0

6 3.2 P – 2rcos((180–θ)/2)≥2 × 0.44h, (5)

4 3.0 where h is the thickness of the substrate.

Also, the multiple regression method is used to obtain the
2 2.8
2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 guiding wavelength λg0, λg1 at f0 and f1. On the condition that
p (mm) the filter has the minimum length and insert loss (less than
Fig. 3. Simulated results for different p (r = 2.3 mm, θ = 90°, 0.5dB), the results are
s = 0.15 mm, r1=0.05 mm, w = 0.146 mm, h = 0.625 mm). λ g0 /2=4r+p+3/2r θ +2r 1 –0.5(w/h+h/w) (6)

534 Wenmei Zhang et al. ETRI Journal, Volume 29, Number 4, August 2007
 λg1 = 2r + 1.5p – 0.2rθ + 2r1 (7) 0

-5
s < 0.05(r + h). (8)
-10

-15
Also, h can be obtained according to the center frequency Measured

S11 (dB)
-20 Simulated
and substrate, and w must be designed reasonably, so that the
input impedance loaded by the radial stub is 50 Ω. -25

In addition, for (6) to (8), the effect of the dielectric constant -30
has been taken into account. Table 1 shows the results for -35
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
different εr. The errors were obtained by comparing with results Frequency (GHz)
from Ensemble SV. (a)
0

-10
Measured
Table 1. The comparing results with Ensemble for different εr -20 Simulated

εr f0: GHz f1: GHz λg0: mm λg1: mm Err. of (6) Err. of (7) -30

S21 (dB)
12.9 3.1 13.25 34.8 7.86 -0.34% -1.37% -40

9.8 3.8 14.1 32.3 7.92 7.54% 1.75% -50

8 3.9 17.06 34.5 7.9 0.68% 2.01% -60

6. 4.425 19.32 34.6 7.93 0.39% 1.62% -70

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16
4.4 5.1 22.1 34.4 7.93 0.97% 1.62% Frequency (GHz)
(b)

Fig. 6. Simulated and measured S11 (a) and S21 (b).

III. Simulation and Measurement References

The dimensions of the realized filter are r=2.3 mm, θ=90°, [1] J.S. Hong and M.J. Lancaster, “Theory and Experiment of Novel
p＝3.75 mm, s=0.15 mm, r1=0.05 mm, and w=0.146 mm. The Microstrip Slow-Wave Open-Loop Resonator Filters,” IEEE
substrate used is GaAs with a relative dielectric constant (εr) of Trans. on Microwave Theory and Tech., vol. 45, no. 12, Dec.
12.9 and a thickness (h) of 0.5 mm. The S-parameters of the 1997, pp. 2358-2365.
fabricated filter are measured with N5230A and shown in Fig. [2] J.S. Hong and M.J. Lancaster, “End-Coupled Microstrip Slow-
6. Basic agreement between the measured and simulated Wave Resonator Filter,” Electron. Letters, vol. 32, no. 16, Aug.
results has been achieved. 1996, pp. 1494-1496.
In Fig. 6, the resonant frequency of the realized filter is 2.9 [3] P. Akkaraekthalin and J. Jantree, “Microstrip Slow-Wave Open-
GHz, the passband loss is 2.2 dB, and the 3-dB bandwidth is Loop Resonator Filters with Reduced Size and Improved
from 2.6 GHz to 3.2 GHz. Also, the stop-band rejection is Stopband Characteristics,” ETRI Journal, vol. 28, no. 5, Oct. 2006,
better than -50 dB at the second, third, and fourth harmonics. pp. 607-614.
The size of the filter is 10.9 mm×4.8 mm, which is equal to [4] M. Makimoto and S. Yamashita, “Microwave Resonators and
0.3 λg0×0.13 λg0 (λg0 at f0 is 35.8 mm). It is very compact for a Filters for Wireless Communications Theory and Design,”
filter realized with microstrip line. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Germany, 2001.
[5] S.T. Chew and T. Itoh, “PBG-Excited Split-Mode Resonator
IV. Conclusion Bandpass Filter,” IEEE Microwave and Wireless Components
Letters, vol. 11, no. 9, Sep. 2001, pp. 364-366.
A new type of resonator band-pass filter based on a [6] W.M. Zhang, J.F. Mao, and X.W. Sun, “Compact Resonant
microstrip radial stub was presented. The filter can suppress the Bandpass Filter Based on PBG Structure,” Electronics Letters, vol.
second, third, and fourth harmonics directly. It is also much 39, no. 3, Apr. 2003, pp. 615-617.
easier to fabricate and more compact. The dimension of the [7] R. Sorrentino and L. Roselli, “A New Simple and Accurate
filter is reduced to about 0.3 λg0×0.13 λg0. When the filter is Formula for Microstrip Radial Stub,” IEEE Microwave and
used in an oscillator or amplifier, the harmonics which fall into Guided Wave Letters, vol. 2, no. 12, Dec. 1992, pp. 480-482.
the stop-band can be suppressed directly.

ETRI Journal, Volume 29, Number 4, August 2007 Wenmei Zhang et al. 535