TWO DIMENSIONAL DIGITAL SWITCHING

CHAPTER FOUR

TWO DIMENSIONAL DIGITAL SWITCHING

D. Tsega

May 24, 2019

SWITCHING
TWO DIMENSIONAL DIGITAL SWITCHING

Outline

TWO DIMENSIONAL DIGITAL SWITCHING

Need for Two-Dimensional Switching:

SWITCHING
TWO DIMENSIONAL DIGITAL SWITCHING

Need for Two-Dimensional Switching:

Need for Two-Dimensional Switching:

I The advantage of space-division switching is that it is
instantaneous.
I Its disadvantage is the number of cross points required to
make space-division switching acceptable in terms of blocking.
I The advantage of time-division switching is that it needs no
cross points.
I Its disadvantage, in the case of TSI, processing each
connection creates delays. Each time slot must be stored by
the RAM, then retrieved and passed on.
I In a third option, we combine space-division and time-division
technologies to take advantage of the best of both.
I Combining the two results in switches that are optimized both
physically (the number of cross points) and temporally (the
amount of delay).
SWITCHING
TWO DIMENSIONAL DIGITAL SWITCHING

Need for Two-Dimensional Switching:

Need for Two-Dimensional Switching:

I The space switching and time switching may be accomplished
in many ways.
I A two stage combination switch may be organised with time
switch as first stage and the space switch as the second stage
or vice versa.
I The resulting configuations are referred as time space (TS)or
space time (ST) switches respectively.
I Three stage time and space combinations of TST and STS
configurations are more pupular and flexible.
I Very large division switches includes many combinations of
time and space switches. Typical configurations are TSST,
TSSSST, and TSTSTSTS.
I These switches support 40000 lines or more economically.
SWITCHING
TWO DIMENSIONAL DIGITAL SWITCHING

Need for Two-Dimensional Switching:

Time-space (TS) Switching:

I The general block diagram involving time and space switching

I The main task of the switching part is to interconnect an

incoming time slot and an outgoing time slot.
I The unit responsible for this function is group switch.
I There are two types of building block in the digital group
switch.
I They are time switch and space switch.
SWITCHING
TWO DIMENSIONAL DIGITAL SWITCHING

Need for Two-Dimensional Switching:

Time-space (TS) Switching:

I Let the communication is to take place between subscriber A
and B.
I Let A is assigned time slot 3 and line 7 and subscriber B is
assigned time slot 1 and line 11.
I Then the signal moved from time slot 3 to time slot 1 by the
time-slot exchanger and is transfered from line 7 to line 11 in
the space array.
I Similarly, the signal originated by B is moved from slot 1 to
slot 3 through line 11 to 7.
I Let each time slot interchanger have T slots. If the space array
is a N × N, then the simultaneous connections possible is NT.
I If T = 128 and N = 16, 2048 connections can be supported.

SWITCHING
TWO DIMENSIONAL DIGITAL SWITCHING

Need for Two-Dimensional Switching:

Time-space (TS) Switching:

I This structure is not free of blocking.
Blocking probability:
I The blocking probability of TS switching is calculated as
follows.
I The probability that a subscriber A is active
ρ
=
T
I where ρ = fraction of time that a particular link is busy
measured in Erlangs, T = number of time slots in a frame.
I The probability that any other subscriber is active on the same
link
(T − 1)ρ
=
T

SWITCHING
TWO DIMENSIONAL DIGITAL SWITCHING

Need for Two-Dimensional Switching:

Time-space (TS) Switching:

Blocking probability:
I The probability that a particular called subscriber is chosen by
A
1 1
=
NT T
I where N = Number of inlets (or outlets) for N × N space
array. NT = Simultaneous connection
I The probability that the same time slot on a different outlet is
chosen by the other subscribers on the same inlet

(T − 1)(N − 1)ρ
=
T (NT − 1)

SWITCHING
TWO DIMENSIONAL DIGITAL SWITCHING

Need for Two-Dimensional Switching:

Time-space (TS) Switching:

Blocking probability:
I From Blocking probability

(T − 1)(N − 1)
  
ρ
B=
T × NT T (NT − 1)
I Mostly T >> 1 N >> 1 NT >> 1
ρ
B=
NT 3

SWITCHING
TWO DIMENSIONAL DIGITAL SWITCHING

Need for Two-Dimensional Switching:

Time-space (TS) Switching:

Implementaion complexity
I To take this into account the cost of memory bit is assumed
one hundredth of the cost of cross point.
NB
Implementationcomplexity = Nx +
100
I where NX = Number of space stage cross points, NB =
Number of bits of memory.
I The NB not only includes the time stage memory arrays, but
also the control memory(store) of the time stage and space
stage.
I Thus, NB = NBX + NBT where

SWITCHING
TWO DIMENSIONAL DIGITAL SWITCHING

Need for Two-Dimensional Switching:

Time-space (TS) Switching:

Implementaion complexity
I NBX = Number of memory bits for the space stage control
store= N×(Number of control words) (number of bits per
control word)
I NBT = Number of memory bits in the time stage equal to sum
of time slot interchange and the control store bits.
I = N× number of channels × number of bits per channel + N
× number of control words × number of bits per control world.

SWITCHING
TWO DIMENSIONAL DIGITAL SWITCHING

Need for Two-Dimensional Switching:

Time-space (TS) Switching:

Example
I If N = 80, NBX = 13,440 and NBT = 24,960 for a typical TS
switch, calculate the implementation complexity.

SWITCHING
TWO DIMENSIONAL DIGITAL SWITCHING

Need for Two-Dimensional Switching:

Multiple-Stage Time and Space Switching

I There are practical limits as to how many channels can be

multiplexed into a common TDM link for time stage switching
I When these limits are reached, complexity can be further
reduced only by using multiple stages
I Separating the space stages by a time stage
Time stage between two space stages
Space-Time-Space (STS) switch
I Separating the time stages by a space stage
Space stage between two time stages
Time-Space-Time (TST) switch

SWITCHING
TWO DIMENSIONAL DIGITAL SWITCHING

Need for Two-Dimensional Switching:

Space-Time-Space(STS)Switch
I Each of the space switches is assumed to be a single stage
(nonblocking) Switch.
I For large switches, space switches are implemented with
multiple stages.

I When each individual stage (S, T, S) is nonblocking, the

operation is functionally equivalent to the operation of a three
stage space switch.
SWITCHING
TWO DIMENSIONAL DIGITAL SWITCHING

Need for Two-Dimensional Switching:

Space-Time-Space(STS)Switch
blocking Probability
I The STS switch is identical to the probability graph of three
"  #k
p 2

B = 1− 1−
β

Implementation capacity (IC)

2KC logN C
2 +KC (8) + KC log2
IC = 2NK +
100
where K = The minimum number of centre stage TSM to provide
desired grade of service, C = number of channel.
SWITCHING
TWO DIMENSIONAL DIGITAL SWITCHING

Need for Two-Dimensional Switching:

TST SWITCHING

blocking Probability
I Is minimized if the number of space stage time slot L is made
to be large.
I Space switches the TST switch is strictly non blocking
L = 2T − L

I T is number of time slot of time switch

I L is number of space slot of space switch
SWITCHING
TWO DIMENSIONAL DIGITAL SWITCHING

Need for Two-Dimensional Switching:

Space-Time-Space(STS)Switch

blocking Probability
"   2 #2
T
B = 1− 1−ρ
2

Implementation capacity (IC)

2NL logN T
2 +2NT (8) + 2NL log2
IC = N 2 +
100

SWITCHING
TWO DIMENSIONAL DIGITAL SWITCHING

Need for Two-Dimensional Switching:

STS and TST Comparisons

I TST architecture is more complex than the STS architecture

I Time expansion can be achieved at less cost than space
expansion
I TST switch becomes more cost effective than an STS switch
for high channel utilization
I STS has relatively simpler control requirements: Small switch

SWITCHING
TWO DIMENSIONAL DIGITAL SWITCHING

Need for Two-Dimensional Switching:

SWITCHING
TWO DIMENSIONAL DIGITAL SWITCHING

Need for Two-Dimensional Switching:

SWITCHING