4 Types of Sentence Structure

The 4 Types of Sentence Structure
In What is a Sentence? we saw the minimum requirements for the formation

of a sentence. Now we can look in more detail at the four types of sentence
structure.
Simple Sentence Structure

A simple sentence consists of one independent clause. (An independent
clause contains a subject and verb and expresses a complete thought.)
 I like coffee.
 Mary likes tea.
 The earth goes round the sun.
 Mary did not go to the party.
Compound Sentence Structure

A compound sentence is two (or more) independent clauses joined by a
conjunction or semi-colon. Each of these clauses could form a sentence
alone.
 I like coffee and Mary likes tea.

 Mary went to work but John went to the party.
 Our car broke down; we came last.
There are seven coordinating conjunctions:
 and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so
Complex Sentence Structure

A complex sentence consists of an independent clause plus a dependent
clause. (A dependent clause starts with a subordinating conjunction or a
relative pronoun, and contains a subject and verb, but does not express a
complete thought.)
 We missed our plane because we were late.

 Our dog barks when she hears a noise.
 He left in a hurry after he got a phone call.
 Do you know the man who is talking to Mary?
Here are some common subordinating conjunctions:
 after, although, as, because, before, how, if, once, since, than, that,
though, till, until, when, where, whether, while
Here are the five basic relative pronouns:
 that, which, who, whom, whose
Compound-Complex Sentence Structure

A compound-complex sentence consists of at least two independent
clauses and one or more dependent clauses.
 John didn't come because he was ill so Mary was not happy.
 He left in a hurry after he got a phone call but he came back five
minutes later.
A dependent clause is also called a subordinate clause.
The above sentences are basic examples only. In some cases other
arrangements are possible (for example, a dependent clause can come
before an independent clause).
Phrasal Verbs List

200 common phrasal verbs, with meanings and example sentences
phrasal verb meaning example sentence
ask somebody out invite on a date Brian asked Judy out to dinner and a
movie.
ask around ask many people the I asked around but nobody has seen my
same question wallet.
add up to something equal Your purchases add up to $205.32.
back something up reverse You'll have to back up your car so that I

can get out.
back somebody up support My wife backed me up over my decision

to quit my job.
blow up explode The racing car blew up after it crashed

into the fence.
blow something up add air We have to blow 50 balloons up for the

party.
break down stop functioning Our car broke down at the side of the
(vehicle, machine) highway in the snowstorm.
break down get upset The woman broke down when the
police told her that her son had died.
break something down divide into smaller Our teacher broke the final
parts project down into three separate parts.
break in force entry to a Somebody broke in last night and stole

building our stereo.
break into something enter forcibly The firemen had to break into the room
to rescue the children.
break something in wear something a few I need to break these shoes in before we
times so that it doesn't run next week.
look/feel new
break in interrupt The TV station broke in to report the

news of the president's death.
break up end a relationship My boyfriend and I broke up before I

moved to America.
break up start laughing The kids just broke up as soon as the

(informal) clown started talking.
break out escape The prisoners broke out of jail when the
guards weren't looking.
break out in something develop a skin I broke out in a rash after our camping
condition trip.
bring somebody down make unhappy This sad music is bringing me down.
bring somebody up raise a child My grandparents brought me up after

my parents died.
bring something up start talking about a My mother walks out of the room when
subject my father brings up sports.
bring something up vomit He drank so much that he brought his

dinner up in the toilet.
call around phone many different We called around but we weren't able
places/people to find the car part we needed.
call somebody back return a phone call I called the company back but the
offices were closed for the weekend.
call something off cancel Jason called the wedding off because he
wasn't in love with his fiancé.
call on somebody ask for an answer or The professor called on me for question
opinion 1.
call on somebody visit somebody We called on you last night but you
weren't home.
call somebody up phone Give me your phone number and I

will call you up when we are in town.
calm down relax after being angry You are still mad. You need to calm
down before you drive the car.
not care for somebody/ not like (formal) I don't care for his behaviour.
something
catch up get to the same point You'll have to run faster than that if you
as somebody else want to catch up with Marty.
check in arrive and register at a We will get the hotel keys when
hotel or airport we check in.
check out leave a hotel You have to check out of the hotel
before 11:00 AM.
check somebody/ something out look at carefully, The company checks out all new
investigate employees.
check out somebody/ something look at (informal) Check out the crazy hair on that guy!
cheer up become happier She cheered up when she heard the

good news.
cheer somebody up make happier I brought you some flowers

to cheer you up.
chip in help If everyone chips in we can get the

kitchen painted by noon.
clean something up tidy, clean Please clean up your bedroom before

you go outside.
come across something find unexpectedly I came across these old photos when I
was tidying the closet.
come apart separate The top and bottom come apart if you
pull hard enough.
come down with something become sick My nephew came down with chicken
pox this weekend.
come forward volunteer for a task or The woman came forward with her
to give evidence husband's finger prints.
come from some place originate in The art of origami comes from Asia.
count on somebody/ something rely on I am counting on you to make dinner

while I am out.
cross something out draw a line through Please cross out your old address and
write your new one.
cut back on something consume less My doctor wants me to cut back

on sweets and fatty foods.
cut something down make something fall to We had to cut the old tree in our
the ground yard down after the storm.
cut in interrupt Your father cut in while I was dancing

with your uncle.
cut in pull in too closely in The bus driver got angry when that
front of another car cut in.
vehicle
cut in start operating (of an The air conditioner cuts in when the
engine or electrical temperature gets to 22°C.
device)
cut something off remove with The doctors cut off his leg because it
something sharp was severely injured.
cut something off stop providing The phone company cut off our phone
because we didn't pay the bill.
cut somebody off take out of a will My grandparents cut my father off when
he remarried.
cut something out remove part of I cut this ad out of the newspaper.
something (usually
with scissors and
paper)
do somebody/ something over beat up, ransack (BrE, He's lucky to be alive. His shop was done
informal) over by a street gang.
do something over do again (AmE) My teacher wants me to do my

essay over because she doesn't like my
topic.
do away with something discard It's time to do away with all of these old
tax records.
do something up fasten, close Do your coat up before you go outside.

It's snowing!
dress up wear nice clothing It's a fancy restaurant so we have

to dress up.
drop back move back in a Andrea dropped back to third place

position/group when she fell off her bike.
drop in/ by/ over come without an I might drop in/by/over for tea
appointment sometime this week.
drop somebody/ something off take somebody/ I have to drop my sister off at work
something somewhere before I come over.
and leave them/it
there
drop out quit a class, school etc I dropped out of Science because it was
too difficult.
eat out eat at a restaurant I don't feel like cooking tonight. Let's eat
out.
end up eventually We ended up renting a movie instead of

reach/do/decide going to the theatre.
fall apart break into pieces My new dress fell apart in the washing
machine.
fall down fall to the ground The picture that you hung up last
night fell down this morning.
fall out separate from an The money must have fallen out of my
interior pocket.
fall out (of hair, teeth) become His hair started to fall out when he was
loose and unattached only 35.
figure something out understand, find the I need to figure out how to fit the piano
answer and the bookshelf in this room.
fill something in to write information in Please fill in the form with your name,
blanks, as on a form address, and phone number.
(BrE)
fill something out to write information in The form must be filled out in capital
blanks, as on a form letters.
(AmE)
fill something up fill to the top I always fill the water jug up when it is
empty.
find out discover We don't know where he lives. How can

we find out?
find something out discover We tried to keep the time of the party a
secret, but Samantha found it out.
get something across/ over communicate, make I tried to get my point across/over to
understandable the judge but she wouldn't listen.
get along/on like each other I was surprised how well my new
girlfriend and my sister got along/on.
get around have mobility My grandfather can get around fine in

his new wheelchair.
get away go on a vacation We worked so hard this year that we

had to get away for a week.
get away with something do without being Jason always gets away with cheating in
noticed or punished his maths tests.
get back return We got back from our vacation last

week.
get something back receive something you Liz finally got her Science
had before notes back from my room-mate.
get back at somebody retaliate, take revenge My sister got back at me for stealing her
shoes. She stole my favourite hat.
get back into something become interested in I finally got back into my novel and
something again finished it.
get on something step onto a vehicle We're going to freeze out here if you
don't let us get on the bus.
get over something recover from an I just got over the flu and now my sister
illness, loss, difficulty has it.
get over something overcome a problem The company will have to close if it
can't get over the new regulations.
get round to something finally find time to do I don't know when I am going to get
(AmE: get around round to writing the thank you cards.
to something)
get together meet (usually for social Let's get together for a BBQ this
reasons) weekend.
get up get out of bed I got up early today to study for my

exam.
get up stand You should get up and give the elderly

man your seat.
give somebody away reveal hidden His wife gave him away to the police.
information about
somebody
give somebody away take the bride to the My father gave me away at my
altar wedding.
give something away ruin a secret My little sister gave the surprise
party away by accident.
give something away give something to The library was giving away old books
somebody for free on Friday.
give something back return a borrowed I have to give these skates back to Franz
item before his hockey game.
give in reluctantly stop My boyfriend didn't want to go to the

fighting or arguing ballet, but he finally gave in.
give something out give to many people They were giving out free perfume
(usually at no cost) samples at the department store.
give something up quit a habit I am giving up smoking as of January 1st.
give up stop trying My maths homework was too difficult so

I gave up.
go after somebody follow somebody My brother tried to go after the thief in

his car.
go after something try to achieve I went after my dream and now I am a

something published writer.
go against somebody compete, oppose We are going against the best soccer
team in the city tonight.
go ahead start, proceed Please go ahead and eat before the food
gets cold.
go back return to a place I have to go back home and get my

lunch.
go out leave home to go on a We're going out for dinner tonight.

social event
go out with somebody date Jesse has been going out with Luke
since they met last winter.
go over something review Please go over your answers before you

submit your test.
go over visit somebody nearby I haven't seen Tina for a long time. I
think I'll go over for an hour or two.
go without something suffer lack or When I was young, we went

deprivation without winter boots.
grow apart stop being friends over My best friend and I grew apart after
time she changed schools.
grow back regrow My roses grew back this summer.
grow into something grow big enough to fit This bike is too big for him now, but he
should grow into it by next year.
grow out of something get too big for Elizabeth needs a new pair of shoes
because she has grown out of her old
ones.
grow up become an adult When Jack grows up he wants to be a

fireman.
hand something down give something used to I handed my old comic books down to
somebody else my little cousin.
hand something in submit I have to hand in my essay by Friday.
hand something out to distribute to a group We will hand out the invitations at the
of people door.
hand something over give (usually The police asked the man to hand
unwillingly) over his wallet and his weapons.
hang in stay positive (informal) Hang in there. I'm sure you'll find a job
very soon.
hang on wait a short time Hang on while I grab my coat and shoes!
(informal)
hang out spend time relaxing Instead of going to the party we are just
(informal) going to hang out at my place.
hang up end a phone call He didn't say goodbye before he hung

up.
hold somebody/ something back prevent from I had to hold my dog back because there
doing/going was a cat in the park.
hold something back hide an emotion Jamie held back his tears at his
grandfather's funeral.
hold on wait a short time Please hold on while I transfer you to

the Sales Department.
hold onto somebody/ hold firmly using your Hold onto your hat because it's very
something hands or arms windy outside.
hold somebody/ something up rob A man in a black mask held the

bank up this morning.
keep on doing something continue doing Keep on stirring until the liquid comes to
a boil.
keep something from somebody not tell We kept our relationship from our
parents for two years.
keep somebody/ something out stop from entering Try to keep the wet dog out of the living
room.
keep something up continue at the same If you keep those results up you will get
rate into a great college.
let somebody down fail to support or help, I need you to be on time.

disappoint Don't let me down this time.
let somebody in allow to enter Can you let the cat in before you go to
school?
log in (or on) sign in (to a website, I can't log in to Facebook because I've
database etc) forgotten my password.
log out (or off) sign out (of a website, If you don't log off somebody could get
database etc) into your account.
look after somebody/ take care of I have to look after my sick

something grandmother.
look down on somebody think less of, consider Ever since we stole that chocolate bar
inferior your dad has looked down on me.
look for somebody/ something try to find I'm looking for a red dress for the
wedding.
look forward to something be excited about the I'm looking forward to the Christmas
future break.
look into something investigate We are going to look into the price of
snowboards today.
look out be careful, vigilant, and Look out! That car's going to hit you!
take notice
look out for somebody/ be especially vigilant Don't forget to look out for snakes on
something for the hiking trail.
look something over check, examine Can you look over my essay for spelling
mistakes?
look something up search and find We can look her phone number up on
information in a the Internet.
reference book or
database
look up to somebody have a lot of respect My little sister has always looked up to
for me.
make something up invent, lie about Josie made up a story about why we
something were late.
make up forgive each other We were angry last night, but we made
up at breakfast.
make somebody up apply cosmetics to My sisters made me up for my

graduation party.
mix something up confuse two or more I mixed up the twins' names again!
things
pass away die His uncle passed away last night after a
long illness.
pass out faint It was so hot in the church that an

elderly lady passed out.
pass something out give the same thing to The professor passed the
many people textbooks out before class.
pass something up decline (usually I passed up the job because I am afraid

something good) of change.
pay somebody back return owed money Thanks for buying my ticket.
I'll pay you back on Friday.
pay for something be punished for doing That bully will pay for being mean to my
something bad little brother.
pick something out choose I picked out three sweaters for you to
try on.
point somebody/ something out indicate with your I'll point my boyfriend out when he runs
finger by.
put something down put what you are You can put the groceries down on the
holding on a surface or kitchen counter.
floor
put somebody down insult, make somebody The students put the substitute
feel stupid teacher down because his pants were
too short.
put something off postpone We are putting off our trip until January
because of the hurricane.
put something out extinguish The neighbours put the fire out before
the firemen arrived.
put something together assemble I have to put the crib together before
the baby arrives.
put up with somebody/ tolerate I don't think I can put up with three
something small children in the car.
put something on put clothing/ Don't forget to put on your new earrings
accessories on your for the party.
body
run into somebody/ something meet unexpectedly I ran into an old school-friend at the
mall.
run over somebody/ something drive a vehicle over a I accidentally ran over your bicycle in
person or thing the driveway.
run over/ through something rehearse, review Let's run over/through these lines one
more time before the show.
run away leave unexpectedly, The child ran away from home and has
escape been missing for three days.
run out have none left We ran out of shampoo so I had to wash
my hair with soap.
send something back return (usually by mail) My letter got sent back to me because I
used the wrong stamp.
set something up arrange, organize Our boss set a meeting up with the
president of the company.
set somebody up trick, trap The police set up the car thief by using a
hidden camera.
shop around compare prices I want to shop around a little before I

decide on these boots.
show off act extra special for He always shows off on his skateboard
people watching
(usually boastfully)
sleep over stay somewhere for You should sleep over tonight if the
the night (informal) weather is too bad to drive home.
sort something out organize, resolve a We need to sort the bills out before the
problem first of the month.
stick to something continue doing You will lose weight if you stick to the
something, limit diet.
yourself to one
particular thing
switch something off stop the energy flow, The light's too bright. Could
turn off you switch it off.
switch something on start the energy flow, We heard the news as soon as
turn on we switched on the car radio.
take after somebody resemble a family I take after my mother. We are both
member impatient.
take something apart purposely break into He took the car brakes apart and found
pieces the problem.
take something back return an item I have to take our new TV back because
it doesn't work.
take off start to fly My plane takes off in five minutes.
take something off remove something Take off your socks and shoes and come
(usually clothing) in the lake!
take something out remove from a place Can you take the garbage out to the
or thing street for me?
take somebody out pay for somebody to My grandparents took us out for dinner
go somewhere with and a movie.
you
tear something up rip into pieces I tore up my ex-boyfriend's letters and

gave them back to him.
think back remember (often + to, When I think back on my youth, I wish I
sometimes + on) had studied harder.
think something over consider I'll have to think this job

offer over before I make my final
decision.
throw something away dispose of We threw our old furniture away when
we won the lottery.
turn something down decrease the volume Please turn the TV down while the
or strength (heat, light guests are here.
etc)
turn something down refuse I turned the job down because I don't
want to move.
turn something off stop the energy flow, Your mother wants you to turn the
switch off TV off and come for dinner.
turn something on start the energy, It's too dark in here. Let's turn some
switch on lights on.
turn something up increase the volume or Can you turn the music up? This is my
strength (heat, light favourite song.
etc)
turn up appear suddenly Our cat turned up after we put posters

up all over the neighbourhood.
try something on sample clothing I'm going to try these jeans on, but I
don't think they will fit.
try something out test I am going to try this new brand of

detergent out.
use something up finish the supply The kids used all of the toothpaste up so
we need to buy some more.
wake up stop sleeping We have to wake up early for work on

Monday.
warm somebody/ something up increase the You can warm your feet up in front of
temperature the fireplace.
warm up prepare body for I always warm up by doing sit-ups

exercise before I go for a run.
wear off fade away Most of my make-up wore off before I

got to the party.
work out exercise I work out at the gym three times a

week.
work out be successful Our plan worked out fine.
work something out make a calculation We have to work out the total cost
before we buy the house.
Irregular Verbs List

This is a list of some irregular verbs in English. Of course, there are many
others, but these are the more common irregular verbs. You can test yourself
with these fun irregular verbs quizzes.
V1 V2 V3
Base Form Past Simple Past Participle
awake awoke awoken
be was, were been
beat beat beaten
become became become
begin began begun
bend bent bent
bet bet bet
bid bid bid
bite bit bitten

V1 V2 V3
blow blew blown
break broke broken
bring brought brought
broadcast broadcast broadcast
build built built
burn burned or burnt burned or burnt
buy bought bought
catch caught caught
choose chose chosen

V1 V2 V3
come came come
cost cost cost
cut cut cut
dig dug dug
do did done
draw drew drawn
dream dreamed or dreamt dreamed or dreamt
drive drove driven
drink drank drunk

V1 V2 V3
eat ate eaten
fall fell fallen
feel felt felt
fight fought fought
find found found
fly flew flown
forget forgot forgotten
forgive forgave forgiven
freeze froze frozen

V1 V2 V3
get got got (sometimes gotten)
give gave given
go went gone
grow grew grown
hang hung hung
have had had
hear heard heard
hide hid hidden
hit hit hit

V1 V2 V3
hold held held
hurt hurt hurt
keep kept kept
know knew known
lay laid laid
lead led led
learn learned or learnt learned or learnt
leave left left
lend lent lent

V1 V2 V3
let let let
lie lay lain
lose lost lost
make made made
mean meant meant
meet met met
pay paid paid
put put put
read read read

V1 V2 V3
ride rode ridden
ring rang rung
rise rose risen
run ran run
say said said
see saw seen
sell sold sold
send sent sent
show showed showed or shown

V1 V2 V3
shut shut shut
sing sang sung
sink sank sunk
sit sat sat
sleep slept slept
speak spoke spoken
spend spent spent
stand stood stood
stink stank stunk

V1 V2 V3
swim swam swum
take took taken
teach taught taught
tear tore torn
tell told told
think thought thought
throw threw thrown
understand understood understood
wake woke woken

V1 V2 V3
wear wore worn
win won won
write wrote written
The 12 Basic English Tenses

The English Tense System
The links below are to lessons for each of the 12 basic English tenses*. For
each tense we look at:
 Structure: How do we make the tense?

 Use: When and why do we use the tense?
Some lessons look at additional matters, and most of them finish with a quiz
to check your understanding.
 Present Simple
I do, I do do
 Present Continuous
I am doing
 Present Perfect
I have done
 Present Perfect Continuous
I have been doing
 Past Simple
I did, I did do
 Past Continuous
I was doing
 Past Perfect
I had done
 Past Perfect Continuous
I had been doing
 Future Simple
I will do
 Future Continuous
I will be doing
 Future Perfect
I will have done
 Future Perfect Continuous
I will have been doing
Many English learners worry too much about tense. If you stopped 100 native
English speakers in the street and asked them about tense, 1 of them might
give you an intelligent answer - if you were lucky. The other 99 would know
little about terms like "past perfect" or "present continuous". And they would
know nothing about aspect, voice or mood. But they can all speak fluent
English and communicate effectively. Of course, for ESL it helps to know
about tenses, but don't become obsessed with them. Be like those native
speakers! Speak naturally!
*Some grammarians consider that strictly-speaking there are only two English
tenses. Others argue six or other quantities. For the sake of simplicity,
Learners of English as a Foreign or Second Language are usually taught that
- taking into account aspect and future modals - there are 12 tenses in
English.
Word-level Grammar
9 Parts of Speech
These are the words that you use to make a sentence.
Verbs and Verb Tenses
Action verbs, express what is happening (do, work). State verbs express a
situation (be, have).
Nouns
Nouns represent people (teacher, Mary), places (town, Asia) and
things (table, music).
Adjectives
An adjective is a word that tells us more about a noun (big, red, expensive).
Adverbs
Adverbs tell us more about verbs, adjectives or adverbs (loudly, really,
extremely).
Determiners
Determiners are words like the, an, this that start a noun phrase.
Prepositions
A preposition expresses the relationship of a noun or pronoun to another
word (at, in, from).
Pronouns
Pronouns are small words like you, ours, some that can take the place of a
noun.
Conjunctions
Conjunctions join two parts of a sentence (and, but, though).
Interjections
Short exclamations with no real grammatical value (ah, dear, er)
Here are 20 simple rules and tips to help you avoid mistakes in English
grammar. For more comprehensive rules please look under the appropriate
topic (part of speech etc) on our grammar and other pages.
1. A sentence starts with a capital letter and ends with a period/full stop,
a question mark or an exclamation mark. see Punctuation
 The fat cat sat on the mat.

 Where do you live?
 My dog is very clever!
2. The order of a basic positive sentence is Subject-Verb-Object.
(Negative and question sentences may have a different order.)
 John loves Mary.

 They were driving their car to Bangkok.
3. Every sentence must have a subject and a verb. An object is optional.

Note that an imperative sentence may have a verb only, but the subject
is understood.
 John teaches.
 John teaches English.
 Stop! (ie You stop!)
4. The subject and verb must agree in number, that is a singular subject
needs a singular verb and a plural subject needs a plural verb.
 John works in London.

 That monk eats once a day.
 John and Mary work in London.
 Most people eat three meals a day.
5. When two singular subjects are connected by or, use a singular verb.
The same is true for either/or and neither/nor.
 John or Mary is coming tonight.

 Either coffee or tea is fine.
 Neither John nor Mary was late.
6. Adjectives usually come before a noun (except when a verb separates

the adjective from the noun).
 I have a big dog.

 She married a handsome Italian man.
 (Her husband is rich.)
7. When using two or more adjectives together, the usual order

is opinion-adjective + fact-adjective + noun. (There are some additional
rules for the order of fact adjectives.)
 I saw a nice French table.

 That was an interesting Shakespearian play.
8. Treat collective nouns (eg committee, company, board of directors) as

singular OR plural. In BrE a collective noun is usually treated as plural,
needing a plural verb and pronoun. In AmE a collective noun is often
treated as singular, needing a singular verb and pronoun.
 The committee are having sandwiches for lunch. Then they will go to
London. (typically BrE)
 The BBC have changed their logo. (typically BrE)
 My family likes going to the zoo. (typically AmE)
 CNN has changed its logo. (typically AmE)
9. The words its and it's are two different words with different meanings.
 The dog has hurt its leg.

 He says it's two o'clock.
10. The words your and you're are two different words with different
meanings.
 Here is your coffee.

 You're looking good.
11. The words there, their and they're are three different words with
different meanings.
 There was nobody at the party.
 I saw their new car.
 Do you think they're happy?
12. The contraction he's can mean he is OR he has. Similarly, she's can
mean she is OR she has, and it's can mean it is OR it has,
and John's can mean John is OR John has.
 He is working
 He has finished.
 She is here.
 She has left.
 John is married.
 John has divorced his wife.
13. The contraction he'd can mean he had OR he would.

Similarly, they'd can mean they had OR they would.
 He had eaten when I arrived.

 He would eat more if possible.
 They had already finished.
 They would come if they could.
14. Spell a proper noun with an initial capital letter. A proper noun is a
"name" of something, for example Josef, Mary, Russia, China, British
Broadcasting Corporation, English.
 We have written to Mary.

 Is China in Asia?
 Do you speak English?
15. Spell proper adjectives with an initial capital letter. Proper adjectives
are made from proper nouns, for example Germany → German, Orwell →
Orwellian, Machiavelli → Machiavellian.
 London is an English town.

 Who is the Canadian prime minister?
 Which is your favourite Shakespearian play?
16. Use the indefinite article a/an for countable nouns in general. Use
the definite article the for specific countable nouns and all uncountable
nouns.
 I saw a bird and a balloon in the sky. The bird was blue and the
balloon was yellow.
 He always saves some of the money that he earns.
17. Use the indefinite article a with words beginning with a consonant
sound. Use the indefinite article an with words beginning with a vowel
sound. see When to Say a or an
 a cat, a game of golf, a human endeavour, a Frenchman, a university

(you-ni-ver-si-ty)
 an apple, an easy job, an interesting story, an old man, an umbella, an
honorable man (on-o-ra-ble)
18. Use many or few with countable nouns. Use much/a lot or little for
uncountable nouns. see Quantifiers
 How many dollars do you have?

 How much money do you have?
 There are a few cars outside.
 There is little traffic on the roads.
19. To show possession (who is the owner of something) use

an apostrophe + s for singular owners, and s + apostrophe for plural
owners.
 The boy's dog. (one boy)

 The boys' dog. (two or more boys)
20. In general, use the active voice (Cats eat fish) in preference to
the passive voice (Fish are eaten by cats).
 We use active in preference to passive.

 Active is used in preference to passive.

4 Types of Sentence Structure

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4 Types of Sentence Structure

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The 4 Types of Sentence Structure

In What is a Sentence? we saw the minimum requirements for the formation

Simple Sentence Structure

Compound Sentence Structure

 I like coffee and Mary likes tea.

There are seven coordinating conjunctions:

 and, but, or, nor, for, yet, so

Complex Sentence Structure

 We missed our plane because we were late.

Here are some common subordinating conjunctions:

Here are the five basic relative pronouns:

 that, which, who, whom, whose

Compound-Complex Sentence Structure

A dependent clause is also called a subordinate clause.

Phrasal Verbs List

phrasal verb meaning example sentence

add up to something equal Your purchases add up to $205.32.

back something up reverse You'll have to back up your car so that I

back somebody up support My wife backed me up over my decision

blow up explode The racing car blew up after it crashed

blow something up add air We have to blow 50 balloons up for the

break in force entry to a Somebody broke in last night and stole

break in interrupt The TV station broke in to report the

break up end a relationship My boyfriend and I broke up before I

break up start laughing The kids just broke up as soon as the

bring somebody up raise a child My grandparents brought me up after

bring something up vomit He drank so much that he brought his

call somebody up phone Give me your phone number and I

cheer up become happier She cheered up when she heard the

cheer somebody up make happier I brought you some flowers

chip in help If everyone chips in we can get the

clean something up tidy, clean Please clean up your bedroom before

count on somebody/ something rely on I am counting on you to make dinner

cut back on something consume less My doctor wants me to cut back

cut in interrupt Your father cut in while I was dancing

do something over do again (AmE) My teacher wants me to do my

do something up fasten, close Do your coat up before you go outside.

dress up wear nice clothing It's a fancy restaurant so we have

drop back move back in a Andrea dropped back to third place

end up eventually We ended up renting a movie instead of

find out discover We don't know where he lives. How can

get around have mobility My grandfather can get around fine in

get away go on a vacation We worked so hard this year that we

get back return We got back from our vacation last

get up get out of bed I got up early today to study for my

get up stand You should get up and give the elderly

give in reluctantly stop My boyfriend didn't want to go to the

give something up quit a habit I am giving up smoking as of January 1st.

give up stop trying My maths homework was too difficult so

go after somebody follow somebody My brother tried to go after the thief in

go after something try to achieve I went after my dream and now I am a

go back return to a place I have to go back home and get my

go out leave home to go on a We're going out for dinner tonight.

go over something review Please go over your answers before you

go without something suffer lack or When I was young, we went

grow back regrow My roses grew back this summer.

grow up become an adult When Jack grows up he wants to be a

hand something in submit I have to hand in my essay by Friday.

hang up end a phone call He didn't say goodbye before he hung

hold on wait a short time Please hold on while I transfer you to