Data Summarization and Visualization

CH- 3
Data summarization and

visualization
 Proportion: (P)
Diabetics
P = a/a+b
Non-diabetics
All population
Percentage = P*100
Ratio = a/b
That’s mean depend on (n)
n
Rates 10
base
= P*10n Aspirin
group
 Interpretation MI+ 139
………
Tota 11,037
Rate 139/11,176 *10,000 l
139+11,037
Result after one year
= 124
That’s mean: 124 per 10,000 patient’s taking

aspirin had MI within year.
# of # of deaths
Mortality rate = total population
• Age-specific mortality rate = mortality rate in specific age

group.
• Cause-specific mortality rate = measure mortality in a
population from a specific disease.
• Infant mortality rate= is the number of infants who die
before 1 year of age per 1000 live births.
• The case fatality rate= is the number of deaths from a
specific disease occurring in a given period of time divided
by the number of individuals with the disease over the
same period of time.
Morbidity measures
Incidence refers to the occurrence of new cases of (disease) in a population
over a specified period of time.
Prevalence is the proportion of persons in a population who have a
particular disease or attribute at a specified point in time or over a specified
period of time.
Point prevalence refers to the prevalence measured at a particular point in
time. It is the proportion of persons with a particular disease or attribute on
a particular date.
Period prevalence refers to prevalence measured over an interval of time.
It is the proportion of persons with a particular disease or attribute at any
time during the interval.
Bar plots
A vertical bar is drawn
above each category
A bar plot is a common

way to display a single
categorical variable
Stacked bar plot could use
proportions rather than
frequencies, standardized
stacked bar plot
Categorical
Stacked bar plot
data graphs
Mosaic plot
display of contingency visualization technique

suitable for contingency
table information tables that resembles a
standardized stacked bar plot
with the benefit
Pie chart
Contingency tables
using row or column
proportions are
especially useful for
examining how two
categorical variables
It is also difficult to
are related.
see details in a pie
chart compared to
bar plot.
The Relationship between
Two Nominal Characteristics
Contingency table Constructing contingency
summarizes data for Yes / No

two categorical
variables Table
Each value in the table shows proportions for

represents the number each combination of
of times a particular categories
combination of variable
outcomes occurred
useful to understand
the fractional
breakdown of one
variable in another.
Risk measures
EER Event experimental rate the proportion of people with the
risk factor who have or develop the
disease
CER control event rate the proportion of people without
the risk factor who have or develop
the disease
OR Odds ratio is the odds that a person with an
adverse outcome was at risk divided
by the odds that a person without
an adverse outcome was at risk.
RR Relative risk is the risk to develop the disease in
the exposed persons to the risk of
developing the disease of non-
exposed persons.
AAR Absolute risk reduction Provides a way to assess the
reduction in risk compared with the
baseline risk.
RRR Relative risk reduction Measure the amount of risk
reduction relative to the baseline
risk.
NNT Number needed to treat The number of people that need to
be treated to avoid one event
(disease). Lower number is better
AR Attributable risk
NNH Number needed to harm
When the disease is rare OR approximate RR.

Interpretation of RR smoker
MI
40
not
60
non 20 80
If RR = 2 what does that mean?
The smoker (for example) have 2 times risk of MI compares to
non-smoker risk. or (as high as the risk of /
‫ممكن انها تستبدل بأحد هذه العبارات‬ more likely to / as likely to
Advantages & disadvantages
Pros: Stable across populations; useful when combining the

results (meta-analysis).
Cons: doesn’t reflect the baseline risk of individuals and
can’t discriminate between large and small effect.
absolute risk is better since it reflects baseline risk of

individuals and discriminate between small and large effect
‫األسئلة المتوقعه رح تنزل بفايل لحالها قبل االمتحان باذن هللا‬

Data Summarization and Visualization

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Data Summarization and Visualization

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Description:

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Data Summarization and Visualization

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

CH- 3

Data summarization and

That’s mean: 124 per 10,000 patient’s taking

• Age-specific mortality rate = mortality rate in specific age

A bar plot is a common

display of contingency visualization technique

Contingency table Constructing contingency

summarizes data for Yes / No

Each value in the table shows proportions for

When the disease is rare OR approximate RR.

Advantages & disadvantages

Pros: Stable across populations; useful when combining the

absolute risk is better since it reflects baseline risk of

‫األسئلة المتوقعه رح تنزل بفايل لحالها قبل االمتحان باذن هللا‬

You might also like