Reading: The Nature of Reading

THE NATURE OF READING
Reading
 Similar to listening, speaking, and writing, it is a communication skill.
 Reading is a process because it has series of acts proceeding from one step to the next.
 The reader draws information from a text and combines it with old information and expectations.
STEPS INVOLVED IN READING

 Perception → Comprehension → Reaction
1. Perception
 The reader perceived the written symbols on the text through the use of his external senses.
2. Comprehension
 The reader understands the text.
3. Reaction
 The reader evaluates the text which is being read.
CHARACTERISTICS OF THE READING PROCESS

 Reading is a complex process.
 Reading is a two-way process.
 Reading is a largely visual process.
 Reading is an active process.
 Reading makes use of a linguistic system which enables readers to be more effective users of written language.
 Effective reading is partly dependent on the reader’s prior knowledge or background experiences.
READING THEORIES AND THEORISTS
1. Kenneth Goodman – Cognitivism

 Reading is a psycholinguistic guessing game.
 Psycho or “Mind”
 Linguistic
 Letters  Clauses
 Words  Sentences
 Phrases  Paragraphs
 Input
 The student reads the text through his or her eyes.
 Output
 The student creates the meaning of the text.
2. Jean Piaget – Cognitivism

 Assimilation
 The process by which the readers incorporate new experience into an already existing knowledge.
 Accommodation
 The process by which the reader changes his existing knowledge as a result of the experiences.
3. Rumelhart – Cognitivism
 Schema
 It is the “Building Block of Cognition.”
4. Patricia Carrell – Cognitivism
 Two Kinds of Schema
1. Formal Schema
o Rhetorical patterns of writing
2. Content Schema
o Culture of the reader
5. Keith Stanovich – Social Constructivism

 Context Clues can be used to compensate for the meaning of words which we do not know.
 Ex. The façade of the building is destroyed by the dinosaur.
 What is a façade?
o Beauty of a building.
o Structure of a building.
o Face of a building.
o The entire building.
HOW DO WE LEARN TO READ?

1. Behaviorist or Bottom-up Model
 Learning to read from letters and sounds to words, sentences, paragraphs, and eventually to text.
2. Gestaltist or Top-down Theory
 Reading starts by making predictions about the text.
 Making predictions are guided by reader’s knowledge prior knowledge.
3. Interactive Model
 Good readers are both decoders and good interpreters of the text.
READING THEORY DIRECTION SAMPLE ACTIVITIES

Recognition of Letters
Uni-directional
Bottom-up Grammatical Structure
(From part to whole)
Identification
Making Prediction
Uni-directional
Top-down Making Inferences
(Whole to part)
Finding Context
Bi-directional
Interactive Model Reading Story Books with Phonics or Syllables
(Combine the 2 models)
REASONS FOR READING

Why is Reading Important?
1. Reading is fundamental to function in today’s society.
2. Reading is a vital skill in finding a good job.
3. Reading is important because it develops the mind.
4. It is how we discover new things.
5. Reading develops the imagination.
6. Reading develops the creative side of people.
7. Reading is fundamental in developing self-image.
8. Good reading skills, especially in phonics reading program, improve spelling.
9. Reading helps to expand the vocabulary.
10. Only by reading can we be armed in this never-ending, life-and-death struggle.
11. The fact of the power of written ideas communicated through reading is a foundational reason why some
governments oppose free and honest communication.
12. Reading is important because words – spoken and written – are the building blocks of life.
TYPES OF READING MATERIALS

1. Developmental
 Scientifically prepared materialswhich are aimed at developing reading skills.
 Examples:
 Phonics Books
 Reading Comprehension Books
2. Remedial
 Specifically prepared to help learners overcome reading difficulties.
 Examples:
 Reading Drills Books
3. Recreatory
 Provide for the development of appreciation and enjoyment of reading material.
 Examples:
 Storybooks
 Novels
4. Functional
 Provide for the development of comprehension and utilization of skills in areas of study.
 Examples:
 Science Books
 Mathematics Books

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THE NATURE OF READING

STEPS INVOLVED IN READING

CHARACTERISTICS OF THE READING PROCESS

READING THEORIES AND THEORISTS

1. Kenneth Goodman – Cognitivism

2. Jean Piaget – Cognitivism

5. Keith Stanovich – Social Constructivism

HOW DO WE LEARN TO READ?

READING THEORY DIRECTION SAMPLE ACTIVITIES

REASONS FOR READING

TYPES OF READING MATERIALS

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